Paternalistic Conservatism

Paternalistic conservatism is a strand of conservatism which reflects the belief that societies exist and develop organically and that members within them have obligations towards each other. There is particular emphasis on the paternalistic obligation of those who are privileged and wealthy to the poorer parts of society. Consistent with principles such as duty, hierarchy and organicism, it can be seen an outgrowth of traditionalist conservatism. Paternalistic conservatives support neither the individual nor the state in principle, but are instead prepared to support either or recommend a balance between the two depending on what is most practical.

Paternalistic conservatism does emphasize the duties of government to entail fairly broad state interventionism to cultivate a good life for all citizens. This leads to a dirigiste path in which the government is envisaged as a benevolent paternal figure setting goals and ensuring fair play and equal opportunity, with a stress on the importance of a social safety net to deal with poverty and support of redistribution of wealth along with government regulation of markets in the interests of both consumers and producers.Dunleavy, Patrick; Kelly, Paul Joseph; Mora, Michael (2000). ''British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies''. Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 107–108. Although accepting of state intervention, paternalist conservatives are not supportive of anything resembling a command economy.

Paternalistic conservatism first arose as a result of the industrial revolution during the 19th century, which had created social unrest, appalling working conditions and inequality. In Britain, Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's one-nation Toryism sought to deal with these effects. In the United Kingdom, there has been a continuation of one-nation conservative governments, such as those of Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan. Additionally during 19th-century in Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck established the first modern welfare state, with the goal of undermining Socialism by gaining working class support. He implemented policies of state-organized compulsory insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity and old age as part of his programme. Leo von Caprivi, another German Chancellor, also promoted a policy called the New Course.

Origins

Paternalist conservatism has its origins in the Industrial Revolution, which had caused widespread inequality, poverty and social discontent. In Britain, Tory politicians such as Richard Oastler, Michael Thomas Sadler and Lord Shaftesbury combined their elitist responsibility and a strong humanitarian element with their involvement on the Factory Acts. Critical of individualism and classical economics, they also disliked the 1834 New Poor Law and believed in the role of the state in guaranteeing decent housing, working conditions, wages and treatment of the poor.

One-nation conservatism

One-nation conservatism was first conceived by Conservative British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who presented his political philosophy in two novels, ''Sybil, Or The Two Nations'' and '' Coningsby'', published in 1845 and 1844 respectively. Disraeli's conservatism proposed a paternalistic society with the social classes intact but the working class receiving support from the well off. Disraeli emphasised the importance of social obligation rather than the individualism that pervaded British society. Disraeli warned that Britain would become divided into two nations (of the rich and poor) as a result of increased industrialisation and inequality. Concerned at that division, he supported measures to improve the lives of the people to provide social support and protect the working classes.

Disraeli justified his ideas by his belief in an organic society in which the different classes have natural obligations to one another. He saw society as naturally hierarchical and emphasised the obligations of those at the top to those below. This was a continuation of the feudal concept of '' noblesse oblige''. which asserted that the aristocracy had an obligation to be generous and honourable. To Disraeli, that implied that government should be paternalistic. One-nation conservatism identifies its approach as pragmatic and non-ideological. There is an acceptance of the need for flexible policies, and one-nation conservatives have often sought compromise with their ideological opponents for the sake of social stability. Disraeli justified his views pragmatically by arguing that should the ruling class become indifferent to the suffering of the people, society would become unstable and social revolution would become a possibility.

History

Germany

The German conservative Lutheran figure Adolf Stoecker founded the Christian Social Workers' Party in 1878 that aimed to align workers with Protestant Christianity and the German monarchy. Stoecker respected existing social hierarchies, but he also desired a state that would be active in protecting the poor and vulnerable citizens.Lindemann, Albert S. (2000). ''Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews'' (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge, England; New York City, New York; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. Stoecker on occasion used antisemitic rhetoric to gain support, although he urged supporters to practice Christian love even towards Jews.

Chancellor Bismarck pursued a state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans more loyal to the country, implementing the modern welfare state in Germany during the 1880s. Bismarck was also fearful of a socialist revolution so he was created the first welfare state in the modern world, with the goal of gaining working class support that might otherwise go to his Socialist opponents.

He adopted policies of state-organized compulsory insurance for workers to guard against sickness, accident, incapacity and old age in what has been named State Socialism.Taylor, Alan John Percivale (2001) 988 ''The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History''. London, England; New York City, New York: Routledge. p. 149. The term ''State Socialism'' was coined by Bismarck's liberal opposition, but it was later accepted by Bismarck. Bismarck was not a socialist and enacted the Anti-Socialist Laws. Bismark's State Socialism was based upon Romantic political thought in which the state was supreme and carried out Bismarck's agenda of supporting "the protest of collectivism against individualism" and of "nationality against cosmopolitanism" and stated that "the duty of the State is to maintain and promote the interests, the well-being of the nation as such". Harris (1989), p. 442. Rather, his actions were designed to offset the growth of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. In addition, the policy of railway nationalization was established after the unification of Germany, bringing transportation under the control of the state.

Canada

A red Tory is an adherent of a political philosophy derived from the Tory tradition, predominantly in Canada, but also in the United Kingdom. This philosophy tends to favour communitarian social policies while maintaining a degree of fiscal discipline and a respect of social and political order. In Canada, red Toryism is found in provincial and federal Conservative political parties. The history of red Toryism marks differences in the development of the political cultures of Canada and the United States. Canadian conservatism and American conservatism have been different from each other in fundamental ways, including their stances on social issues and the role of government in society.

Red Tory governments in Canada, such as those of John A. Macdonald, Robert Borden, R. B. Bennett, and John Diefenbaker, were known for supporting an active role for the government in the economy. This included the creation of government- owned and operated Crown Corporations such as the Canadian National Railway, and the development and protection of Canadian industries with programs such as the National Policy.

France

In Europe, Catholic political movements emerged in the 19th century as a response to widespread deterioration of social conditions and rising anti-clerical and democratic tendencies amongst artisans and workers. It mixed social commitment, paternalistic social welfare and authoritarian patronage from above with deepening popular piety.

In France, the influence of these doctrines can be seen in the conservative socialism of Adrien Albert Marie de Mun and François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce.

Japan

During the post-war Japan, policies led by the right-wing conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) became a political model closer to "paternalistic democracy" than westen-style "liberal democracy". In many ways, modern Japan is considered to be a "paternalistic state", including socially conservative elements such as Confucian tradition. In the case of the LDP administration under the 1955 System in Japan, their degree of economic control was stronger than that of Western conservative governments; it was also positioned closer to social democracy at that time. Since the 1970s, the oil crisis has slowed economic growth and increased the resistance of urban citizens to policies that favor farmers. To maintain its dominant position, the LDP sought to expand party supporters by incorporating social security policies and pollution measures advocated by opposition parties. It was also historically closely positioned to corporate statism.

Founded in 1960, the Democratic Socialist Party (DSP) officially supported social democracy, but because of its nationalist, anti-communist and socially conservative nature, it was politically different from ordinary social democrats and was more politically close to the right-wing LDP. Therefore, it was regarded as a "conservative" political party in Japan at the time. The party was disbanded in 1994, but tradition of the DSP is carried on by the ''Minsha kyōkai'' ( 民社協会, Democratic Socialist Group) as a faction within the liberal Democratic Party of Japan, Democratic Party and now centre-right Democratic Party for the People.

United States

In the United States, Theodore Roosevelt has been the main figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand". Roosevelt's ideas such that of New Nationalism, an extension of his earlier philosophy of the Square Deal, have been described as paternalistic and contrasted with the individualistic New Freedom of progressive Democratic Woodrow Wilson. Wilson's program in practice has been described as resembling the more paternalistic ideas of Roosevelt, excluding the notion of reining in judges. The Republican administration of President William Howard Taft was progressive conservative and he described himself as "a believer in progressive conservatism", with Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower also declaring himself an advocate of "progressive conservatism". The term " Rockefeller Republican" has been used to describe the more paternalistic and moderate members of the Republican Party in contrast to party members of a more ideological nature, such as Barry Goldwater or the New Right more generally.

Perspectives

"Bourgeois socialism" and "right-wing socialism"Rothbard, Murray (2010). ''Left, Right, and the Prospects for Liberty''. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. p. 19. are pejorative terms that are used by some free-market conservative and right-libertarian movements and politicians to describe paternalistic conservatism, as they see it supporting paternalism and social solidarity, as opposed to commercialism, individualism and ''laissez-faire'' economics.Viereck (2006), p. 74. They argue that paternalist conservatism supports state promoted social hierarchy and allows certain people and groups to hold higher status in such a hierarchy, which is conservative.

However, although accepting of state intervention, paternalist conservatives usually do not support of anything resembling a command economy or planned economy, or an economy in which there is public control over the means of production, one of the stated goals of socialists. The economy that they support is usually similar to that of social democracy or social market economies.

See also

* Christian democracy
* Communitarianism
* Compassionate conservatism
* Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)
* Gandhian socialism
* High Tory
* Kōchikai
* National-Social Association
* Peronism
* ''Preussentum und Sozialismus''
* Progressive conservatism
* Red Toryism
* Social conservatism
* Social democracy
* Social market economy
* Tory socialism
* Traditionalist conservatism
* Yellow socialism

References

Notes

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Further reading
* Eley, Geoff (1997). ''Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930'' (1st paperback ed.). University of Michigan.
* Paxton, Robert O. (1975). ''Europe in the Twentieth Century''. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
* Paxton, Robert O.; Julie Hessler (2011) 005 ''Europe in the Twentieth Century''. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
* Sternhell, Ze'ev (1986). ''Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France'' (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
* Viereck, Peter (2006). ''Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
* Weitz, Eric D. (2007). Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

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