The Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom ( pt, Panteão da Pátria e da Liberdade Tancredo Neves) is a
cenotaph
A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenot ...
in the Brazilian capital Brasília, dedicated to the honour of national heroes. It was conceived during the national shock following the death in 1985 of
Tancredo Neves
Tancredo de Almeida Neves () (4 March 1910 – 21 April 1985) was a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and entrepreneur. He served as Minister of Justice and Interior Affairs from 1953 to 1954, Prime Minister from 1961 to 1962, Minister of Financ ...
, the first elected civilian president after twenty years of
military rule.
Unlike other national
pantheon
Pantheon may refer to:
* Pantheon (religion), a set of gods belonging to a particular religion or tradition, and a temple or sacred building
Arts and entertainment Comics
*Pantheon (Marvel Comics), a fictional organization
* ''Pantheon'' (Lone S ...
s it is not a
mausoleum
A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be consid ...
and does not contain any tombs.
It is located in the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasilia. It was designed by Oscar Niemeyer as a modernist building symbolizing a dove. It has three floors with a total area of . The foundation stone was laid by French President
François Mitterrand
François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was President of France, serving under that position from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he ...
on 15 October 1985.
The exhibition area, entirely dedicated to Tancredo Neves, was reopened in 2013. It includes copies of documents, films by
Silvio Tendler and interactive technologies.
The names of those honoured can be found in the ('Book of Steel'), also called the ('Book of National Heroes'). This is housed on the third floor between the , a sculpture in honour of the martyrs of eighteenth-century
uprising in Minas Gerais and the stained glass by
Marianne Peretti
Marie Anne Antoinette Hélène Peretti (born December 13, 1927) is a French-Brazilian artist.
Biography
Peretti was born in Paris. Her mother was the French model Antoinette Louise Clotilde Ruffier and her father was João de Medeiros Perett ...
. Each time a new name and biography is entered into its metal pages a ceremony in memory of the honouree is celebrated.
The building
The Pantheon of Motherland and Freedom, Tancredo Neves in the Praça dos Tres Poderes in Brasilia was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer in 1985.
Its foundation stone was laid by French President François Mitterrand on 15 October 1985 and the Pantheon was inaugurated on 7 September 1986.
The Pantheon has three floors with a total area of . Inside in the Red Hall is the Mural of Freedom by
Athos Bulcão.
On the third floor is stained glass by Marianne Peretti, who also designed the glass for the
Cathedral of Our Lady Aparecida in Brasilia.
On the outside, on top of a tower built on the diagonal, burns an eternal flame which represents the freedom of the people and the country's independence.
The Pantheon was listed in 2007 by the
National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (, IPHAN) is a heritage register of the federal government of Brazil. It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and ...
along with 34 other works of the then 100-year-old Oscar Niemeyer.
Honourees
Unlike other pantheons there are no tombs of any of the honoured. Their names and biographies are contained in the ('Book of Steel'). The current names are:
*
Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (Tiradentes). His was the first name entered in the book on 21 April 1992, the bicentennial of his execution.
*
Zumbi dos Palmares
Zumbi (1655 – November 20, 1695), also known as Zumbi dos Palmares (), was a Brazilian quilombola leader, being one of the pioneers of resistance to slavery of Africans by the Portuguese in colonial Brazil. He was also the last of the kings ...
. Entered 21 March 1997.
*
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (; 5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first president of Brazil. He was born in Alagoas in a military family, followed a military career, and became a n ...
. Entered on 15 November 1997 on the 108th anniversary of the
proclamation of the republic.
* Emperor
Dom Pedro I Dom or DOM may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Dom (given name), including fictional characters
* Dom (surname)
* Dom La Nena (born 1989), stage name of Brazilian-born cellist, singer and songwriter Dominique Pinto
* Dom people, an eth ...
. Proclaimed independence from
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
and founded the
Brazilian Empire
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pe ...
. Entered on 5 September 1999 on the 177th anniversary of the
proclamation of independence.
*
Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed "the Peacemaker" and "Iron Duke", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil. Like his father and uncles, Caxias pursued a ...
. Entered 28 January 2003.
*
José Plácido de Castro
José Plácido de Castro (9 September 1873 – 11 August 1908) was a Brazilian soldier, surveyor, rubber producer and politician who led the armed revolt during the Acre War of 1902–3, when the Republic of Acre broke away from Bolivia. He was t ...
. Leader of the
Acrean revolution. Entered 17 November 2004 during centennial celebrations of the
Treaty of Petrópolis
The Treaty of Petrópolis, signed on November 11, 1903, in the Brazilian city of Petrópolis, ended the Acre War between Bolivia and Brazil over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state), a desirable territory in the Bolivia-Braz ...
.
*
Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré
Joaquim Marques Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré (Rio Grande, December 13, 1807 – Rio de Janeiro, March 20, 1897) Porto-Alegre, Achylles. Homens Illustres do Rio Grande do Sul. Livraria Selbach, Porto Alegre, 1917. was a Brazilian admiral of the ...
. Entered on 13 December 2004 on the 197th anniversary of his birth and Mariner's Day.
*
Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas
Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas (September 29, 1804 in Lisbon – August 8, 1882 in Montevideo) was a respected and renowned Admiral of the Imperial Brazilian Navy.
He was the commander who led the Imperial Navy to victory in ...
. Entered 11 June 2005 on the 140th anniversary of the naval
battle of Riachuelo
The Battle of Riachuelo was a large and decisive naval battle of the Paraguayan War between Paraguay and the Empire of Brazil. By late 1864, Paraguay had scored a series of victories in the war, but on 11 June 1865, its naval defeat by the Brazi ...
.
*
Alberto Santos-Dumont
Alberto Santos-Dumont (Santos Dumont, Minas Gerais, Palmira, 20 July 1873 — Guarujá, 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian aeronaut, sportsman, inventor, and one of the few people to have contributed significantly to the early development of both l ...
, Entered on 26 July 2006 on the centenary of the flight of the
14-bis
The ''14-bis'' (french: Quatorze-bis), (), also known as ("bird of prey" in French), was a pioneer era, canard-style biplane designed and built by Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1906, near Paris, the ''14-bis'' made a m ...
.
*
José Bonifácio de Andrada
José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).
In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , is an old vernacul ...
. Patriarch of independence. Entered on 21 April 2007.
*
Martins, Miragaia, Dráusio e Camargo, known by the abbreviation MMDC. Heroes of the
Constitutionalist Revolution
The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 (sometimes also referred to as Paulista War or Brazilian Civil War) is the name given to the uprising of the population of the Brazilian state of São Paulo against the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 when ...
of 1932 in
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
. Entered on 20 June 2011.
*
Domingos José Martins, leader of the 1817
Pernambucan revolt
*
Leonel Brizola
Leonel de Moura Brizola (22 January 1922 – 21 June 2004) was a Brazilian politician. Launched into politics by Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas in the 1930–1950s, Brizola was the only politician to serve as elected governor of two Brazi ...
, former governor of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, and labor activist
*
Zuleika Angel Jones, political activist during the 1964–85 military dictatorship, and helped raise the issue of disappeared individuals and other causes.
*
Hipólito da Costa
Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça (August 13, 1774 – September 11, 1823) was a Brazilian journalist and diplomat considered to be the "father of Brazilian press".
He is the patron of the 17th chair of the Brazilian Academy o ...
, considered to be the founding father of the Brazilian press.
*
Luís Gama
Luís Gonzaga Pinto da Gama (Salvador, June 21, 1830 – São Paulo, August 24, 1882) was a Brazilian (self-taught lawyer), abolitionist, orator, journalist and writer, and the Patron of the .
Born to a free black mother and a white father, he ...
, lawyer, poet and journalist, and helped in the cause of the abolition of slavery.
* Saint
Joseph of Anchieta
José de Anchieta y Díaz de Clavijo (Joseph of Anchieta) (19 March 1534 – 9 June 1597) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the second half of the 16th century. A highly influential figure in Brazil's ...
, "Apostle of Brazil", co-founder of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and founding father of Brazilian literature and theater
*
Sepé Tiaraju
Sepé Tiaraju (unknown–1756) was an indigenous Guaraní leader in the Jesuit reduction mission of São Luiz Gonzaga and who died on February 7, 1756, in the municipality of São Gabriel, in the present-day state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
...
, Guarani tribal hero from Rio Grande do Sul
*
Frei Caneca, leader during the rebellion of the
Confederation of the Equator
The Confederation of the Equator ( pt, Confederação do Equador) was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of the Empire of Brazil in 1824, in the early years of the country's independence from Portugal. The secessioni ...
*
Bárbara de Alencar
Bárbara Pereira de Alencar (February 11, 1760 – August 18, 1832) was a Brazilian merchant and revolutionary, who was a major figure in the Pernambucan revolt. She was briefly the president of the Republic of Crato, which was set up in revolt a ...
, republican and advocate of women's rights
* Francisco Barreto de Meneses, João Fernandes Vieira, André Vidal de Negreiros, Henrique Dias, Antônio Filipe Camarão and Antônio Dias Cardoso, heroes of the
Second Battle of Guararapes
The Second Battle of Guararapes was the second and decisive battle in a conflict called the Pernambucana Insurrection, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in February 1649 at Jaboatão dos Guararapes in Pernambuco. The defeat convinced the ...
*
Jovita Feitosa, pioneer woman serviceman in the Brazilian Army who served in the
Paraguayan War
The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a South American war that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay. It was the deadlies ...
*
José Feliciano Fernandes Pinheiro, First Viscount of São Leopoldo, founding father of the
Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute
The Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute ( pt, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro), IHGB, founded on 21 October 1838, is the oldest and traditional authority to promote research and preservation of historical and geographical, cu ...
* Marshal
Cândido Rondon
Marshal Cândido Mariano da Silva Rondon (5 May 1865 – 19 January 1958) was a Brazilian military officer most famous for his telegraph commission and exploration of Mato Grosso and the Western Amazon Basin, as well as his lifelong support f ...
, founding father of telecommunications in Brazil, explorer, advocate and friend to the indigenous Brazilians
* Brigadier Antônio de Sampaio, Brazilian hero-martyr of the Allied victory in the
Battle of Tuyutí
The Battle of Tuyutí (Tuiuti in Portuguese) was a Paraguayan offensive in the Paraguayan War targeting the Triple Alliance encampment of Tuyutí. It is considered to be the bloodiest battle ever in South America. The result of the battle was a ...
*
João Pedro Teixeira, peasant community leader of the 1950s
*
Miguel Arraes, lawyer and politician, former senator, deputy and state governor of Pernambuco
*
Joana Angélica, Conceptionist nun who perished during the War of Independence
*
Antônio Conselheiro
Antônio Conselheiro, in English "Anthony the Counselor", real name Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel (March 13, 1830 – September 22, 1897) was a Brazilian religious leader, preacher, and founder of the village of Canudos, the scene of the War of ...
, Folk Catholic leader of the 1890s
War of Canudos
The War of Canudos (, , 1895–1898) was a conflict between the First Brazilian Republic and the residents of Canudos in the northeastern state of Bahia. It was waged in the aftermath of the abolition of slavery in Brazil (1888) and the overthr ...
*
Dandara
Dandara (full name in Portuguese: ''Dandara dos Palmares'') was an Afro-Brazilian warrior of the colonial period of Brazil and was part of the Quilombo dos Palmares, a settlement of Afro-Brazilian people who freed themselves from enslavement, ...
and
Luísa Mahin, Afro-Brazilian slave leaders of the slave revolts during the colonial era
*
Tobias Barreto
Tobias Barreto de Meneses (June 7, 1839 – June 26, 1889) was a Brazilian poet, philosopher, jurist and literary critic. He is famous for creating the " Condorism" and revolutionizing Brazilian Romanticism and poetry. He is patron of the 38th cha ...
, Father of 19th century
Condorism
*
Ulysses Guimarães
Ulysses Silveira Guimarães ( October 6, 1916 – October 12, 1992) was a Brazilian politician and lawyer who played an important role in opposing the military dictatorship in Brazil and in the fight to restore democracy in the country. He died i ...
, pro-democracy politician during the Martial Law years and co-writer of the 1988 Constitution
*
Chico Xavier
Chico Xavier () or Francisco Cândido Xavier, born Francisco de Paula Cândido (, April 2, 1910 – June 30, 2002), was a popular Brazilian philanthropist and spiritist medium. During a period of 60 years he wrote over 490 books and several ...
, philanthropist and spiritist medium and the father of the modern Brazilian Spiritism Doctrine
*
Maria Felipa de Oliveira, woman commander who led a 200-strong force in the Brazilian victory in the
Battle of Itaparica
The Battle of Itaparica was fought in the then province of Bahia, from 7 to 9 January 1823, between the Brazilian Army and Armada and the Portuguese Army and Navy during the Brazilian War of Independence.
Despite the fact that the independence ...
(October 1822)
*
Anita Garibaldi
Anita Garibaldi (, ; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized ...
, Brazilian wife of the Italian revolutionary
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( , ;In his native Ligurian language, he is known as ''Gioxeppe Gaibado''. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as ''Jousé'' or ''Josep''. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patr ...
The building also houses two sculptures honouring the martyrs of the
Inconfidência Mineira. The first, entitled the Liberty Wall, was created by Athos Bulcão and is located on the second floor in the Red Hall. It consists of three modular walls, each measuring long by high, forming the triangular symbol of the movement. The second, entitled the panel was created by John Hall and Son is located on the third floor. It consists of seven panels, each illustrating a phase of the and culminating in the torture of Tiradentes.
References
{{reflist
Monuments and memorials in Brazil
Buildings and structures in Brasília
Public art in Brazil
Modernist architecture in Brazil
Oscar Niemeyer buildings