The Pyrgi Tablets (dated ) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual Phoenician–

Etruscan __NOTOC__ Etruscan may refer to: Ancient civilization *The Etruscan language, an extinct language in ancient Italy *Something derived from or related to the Etruscan civilization **Etruscan architecture **Etruscan art **Etruscan cities ** Etrusca ...

dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from pre-Roman Italy and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient

Pyrgi Pyrgi (''Pyrgus'' in Etruscan) was originally an ancient Etruscan town and port in Latium, central Italy, to the north-west of Caere. Its location is now occupied by the borough of Santa Severa. It is notable for the discovery here of the go ...

, on the Tyrrhenian coast of

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whi ...

(Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its

dedication Dedication is the act of consecrating an altar, temple, church, or other sacred building. Feast of Dedication The Feast of Dedication, today Hanukkah, once also called "Feast of the Maccabees," is a Jewish festival observed for eight days fr ...

to the

Phoenicia Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their histor ...

n goddess

Astarte Astarte (; , ) is the Hellenized form of the Ancient Near Eastern goddess Ashtart or Athtart (Northwest Semitic), a deity closely related to Ishtar (East Semitic), who was worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity. The name i ...

, who is identified with the

supreme goddess

Uni Uni or UNI may refer to: Entertainment *Uni Records, a division of MCA, formally called Universal City Records *"U.N.I.", a song by Ed Sheeran from ''+'' (''Plus'') *Uni, a species in the Neopets Trading Card Game *Uni, a character in the anim ...

in the

text. The temple's construction is attributed to Tiberius Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of

Caere : Caere (also Caisra and Cisra) is the Latin name given by the Romans to one of the larger cities of southern Etruria, the modern Cerveteri, approximately 50–60 kilometres north-northwest of Rome. To the Etruscans it was known as Cisra, to ...

. Two of the tablets are inscribed in the

Etruscan language Etruscan () was the language of the Etruscan civilization, in Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany, western Umbria, northern Latium, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy and Campania). Etruscan influenced Latin but was eventually co ...

, the third in Phoenician. The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of

n or

Punic The Punic people, or western Phoenicians, were a Semitic people in the Western Mediterranean who migrated from Tyre, Phoenicia to North Africa during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship, the term ''Punic'' – the Latin equivalent of the ...

influence in the Western

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

. They may relate to

Polybius Polybius (; grc-gre, Πολύβιος, ; ) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period. He is noted for his work , which covered the period of 264–146 BC and the Punic Wars in detail. Polybius is important for his analysis of the mixed ...

's report (''Hist.'' 3,22) of an ancient and almost unintelligible treaty between the

Romans Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

and the

Carthaginians The Punic people, or western Phoenicians, were a Semitic people in the Western Mediterranean who migrated from Tyre, Phoenicia to North Africa during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship, the term ''Punic'' – the Latin equivalent of the ...

, which he dated to the

consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throug ...

ships of

Lucius Junius Brutus Lucius Junius Brutus ( 6th century BC) was the semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC. He was reputedly responsible for the expulsion of his uncle the Roman king Tarquinius Superbus after ...

and

Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus Lucius Tarquinius Ar. f. Ar. n. Collatinus was one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, together with Lucius Junius Brutus. The two men had led the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy. He was forced to resign his ...

(509 BC). The

Phoenician inscriptions The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occ ...

are known as KAI 277. The tablets are now held at the

National Etruscan Museum The National Etruscan Museum ( it, Museo Nazionale Etrusco) is a museum of the Etruscan civilization, housed in the Villa Giulia in Rome, Italy. History The villa was built for Pope Julius III, for whom it was named. It remained in papal prope ...

Villa Giulia The Villa Giulia is a villa in Rome, Italy. It was built by Pope Julius III in 1551–1553 on what was then the edge of the city. Today it is publicly owned, and houses the Museo Nazionale Etrusco, a collection of Etruscan art and artifacts. Hi ...

, Rome. Pallottino has claimed that the existence of this bilingual suggests an attempt by Carthage to support or impose a ruler (Tiberius Velianas) over Caere at a time when Etruscan sea power was waning and to be sure that this region, with strong cultural ties to Greek settlements to the south, stayed in the Etrusco-Carthaginian confederacy. The exact nature of the rule of Tiberius Velianas has been the subject of much discussion. The Phoenician root MLK refers to sole power, often associated with a king. But the Etruscan text does not use the Etruscan word for "king"--''lauχum'', instead presenting the term for "magistrate"--''zilac'' (perhaps modified by a word that may mean "great"). This suggests that Tiberius Velianas may have been a tyrant of the kind found in some Greek cities of the time. Building a temple, claiming to have been addressed by a god, and creating or strengthening his connections with foreign powers may all have been ways that he sought to solidify and legitimate his own power. Another area that the Pyrgi Tablets seem to throw light on is that Carthage was indeed involved in central Italy at this point in history. Such involvement was suggested by mentions by

of a treaty between Rome and Carthage at about the same time period (circa 500 BC), and by

Herodotus Herodotus ( ; grc, , }; BC) was an ancient Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria ( Italy). He is known f ...

's accounts of Carthaginian involvement in the

Battle of Allia The Battle of the Allia was a battle fought between the Senones – a Gallic tribe led by Brennus, who had invaded Northern Italy – and the Roman Republic. The battle was fought at the confluence of the Tiber and Allia rivers, 11 Roman m ...

(though this was over a century later). But these isolated accounts did not have any contemporaneous texts from the area to support them until these tablets were unearthed and interpreted. Schmidtz originally claimed that the language pointed more toward an eastern Mediterranian form of Phoenician rather than to Punic/Carthaginian. But he has more recently reversed this view, and he even sees the possibility that the Carthaginians are directly referred to in the text. The text is also important for our understanding of religion in central Italy around the year 500 BC. Specifically, it suggests that the commemoration of the death of

Adonis In Greek mythology, Adonis, ; derived from the Canaanite word ''ʼadōn'', meaning "lord". R. S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 23. was the mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite. One day, Adonis was gored by ...

was an important rite in Central Italy at least at this time (around 500 BC), that is if, as is generally assumed, the Phoenician phrase ''bym qbr ʼlm'' "on the day of the burial of the divinity" refers to this rite. This claim would be further strengthened if Schmidtz's recent claim can be accepted that the Phoenician phrase ''bmt n' bbt'' means "at the death of (the) Handsome (one)

" Together with evidence of the rite of

Adonai Judaism considers some names of God so holy that, once written, they should not be erased: YHWH, Adonai, El ("God"), Elohim ("God," a plural noun), Shaddai ("Almighty"), and Tzevaot (" fHosts"); some also include Ehyeh ("I Will Be").This is th ...

in the Liber Linteus in the 7th column, there is a strong likelihood that the ritual was practiced in (at least) the southern part of Etruria from at least circe 500 BC through the second century BC (depending on one's dating of the Liber Linteus). It must be noted, though that Adonis himself does not seem to be directly mentioned in any of the extant language of either text.

Phoenician text

The

are known as KAI 277; they read: ::lrbt lʻštrt, :: For the Lady, for

, ::ʼšr qdš ʼz, ʼš pʻl, wʼš ytn tbryʼ wlnš mlk ʻl kyšryʼ :: this is the holy place, which was made, and which was placed (by) Tiberius Velianas, king over Kasriye (= Caerites?), ::byrḥ zbḥ šmš, bmtnʼ bbt. :: during the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as an offering in the temple. :: wbn tw, kʻštrt ʼrš bdy, lmlky šnt šlš /// byrḥ krr, bym qbr ʼlm :: And he built a chamber (or ''-bn TW'' = "Tiberius Velianas built (it)"), because Astarte requested (this) from him, year three "3" of his reign, in the month of Krr, on the day of the burial of the divinity. ::wšnt lmʼš ʼlm bbty šnt km h kkb m ʼl. :: And (may) the years of the statue of the deity in her temple (be) years like (or "as numerous as") the stars. The Phoenician text has long been known to be in a Semitic, more specifically a

Canaanite language The Canaanite languages, or Canaanite dialects, are one of the three subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the others being Aramaic and Ugaritic, all originating in the Levant and Mesopotamia. They are attested in Canaanite inscriptions ...

(specifically North Canaanite; South Canaanite dialects include

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

, Moabite, and Edomite; More distantly related:

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...

and

Ugaritic Ugaritic () is an extinct Northwest Semitic language, classified by some as a dialect of the Amorite language and so the only known Amorite dialect preserved in writing. It is known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologis ...

); hence there was no need for it to be "deciphered." And while most of the inscription can certainly reliably be read, certain passages are philologically uncertain on account of perceived complications of syntax and the vocabulary employed in the inscription, and as such they have become the source of debate among both Semiticists and Classicists. For example, other translations of the final line, besides that cited above, include: "And I made a duplicate of the statue of the goddess in her temple as do the Kakkabites

; and "As for the red robe of the statues of the goddess in her temple, her/its red robe is like a those of the gods of the Kakkabites arthaginians (both of these from Krahmalkov's Phoenician-Punic Dictionary). Further, In Schmidtz's 2016 treatment of the text, he reinterprets the string ''bmtnʼ bbt'' (translated above and commonly as "as an offering in the temple") as ''bmt n' bbt'' to mean "at the death of (the) Handsome (one)

Etruscan text

This partial English translation is generally speculative, following van der Meer, except where noted. Line breaks are indicated with / with line numbers in superscript immediately following. Note that Schmitz has pointed out that "Etruscologists...dispute nearly every word in the Etruscan texts."

First plate

::Ita . tmia . icac . he/²ramašva vatieχe /³ unial astres θemia /⁴ sa meχ θuta. ::This temple and sacred buildings (''herama-šva'') have been requested by Uni...having been built at his own cost, (?) ::θefa/⁵riei velianas sal /⁶ cluvenias turu/⁷ce ::Tiberius Velianas ...has given (it) as an offering(?), (or "according to her own (''sal'') wishes (''cluvenias'')) ::munistas θuvas/⁸ tameresca . ::(as) custodian(?) of the place(?) of the ''cella'' (or "the funeral chamber" ''tameres-ca'') ::ilacve ./⁹ tule. rase . ::during the feast of the month of Tuler ::nac ci avi/l χar var tesiamet / ale ::when three years (were) full (?) from the day of Tesiamet :: ilacve. alšase/¹² ::on the feast of (the month) Alsasa ::nac . atranes . zila / cal . sel eita la acnašv/ers . ::when the ''atranes'' of the magistrate (was??) (the) great ''acnasvers''. ::Itanim . heram / ve . avil . eniaca . pul/umχva ::Indeed, in this sanctuary, the years are (going to be) as many as the stars.

Second plate

::nac . θefarie . vel/¹iiunas . θ amuce /² cleva . etanal/³ ::cleva acasri halx tei vacil iceusuni savlasieis mulu rizile picasri savlasieis vacil lunas1e / mulu on a vessel so that is your subject. Tmia 'l and amuce both found inscribed on vessels and that is what cleva relates to. ::When Tiberius Velianas had built the ''cleva'' ("altar(s)"? desiderata?) of ''etan'' (epithet of Uni?) ::masan . tiur /⁴ unias . šelace . ::he dedicated (''šela-ce'') an offering during the month (''tiur'') of Juno. tiur. usually stands before the word avil for year as tiur im in the Liber linteus. ::v/⁵acal . tmial . a/⁶vilχval . amuc/⁷e . pulumχv/⁸a . snuiaφ . ::The yearly (''avil-χva-l'' literally "of the years") offerings for the temple were (to be like the) eternal (''snuiaφ''?) stars. Notes: Wylin translates ''šelace vacal tmial'' (4-5) as "has ratified the offering of the temple." However, Steinbauer (agreeing with Rix) has challenged this assumptions and, considering that it seems to be positioned at the beginning of a series of phrases within the contexts of a step-by-step instruction in the Liber Linteus, proposed that ''vacal'' (with its variants ''vacil'' and ''vacl'') simply means "then." A minimalist 'translation' drawing only on well established meanings of Etruscan words, and not depending on the Phoenician text (which is often itself uncertain, see above, and is, in any case, not a word for word translation) has been presented by Adiego: ::This ''tmia-'' and the ''herama'', which were ...-ed from the part of Uni, Thefarie Velianas, ...ing the ''meχ θuta'', gave to her, the ''cluvenia-'' (or: to his ''cluvenia-''), to/of the ''muni θuva'', that from the chamber (?) in the day-''ilacv tuleras-'', when three years ''χurvar''. In the day-''ilacv'' the ''tešiam(a)-'' ''alsaš-'', when of the ''zilaχ''-magistracy ''atrane'', that ''sele acnavers'', and this(?)/thus...-ed the year ''eniaca'' the ''pulum''-s. ::When Thefarie Veliiunas ...-ed a ''cleva''-offering ''etenal masan'' the month ''unias'' ...-ed, ''vacal'' the ''pulum''-s of the years of the ''tmia-'' were ''sniuaφ''.

Supplementary Etruscan Texts

Inscription on a bronze tablet at Pyrgi

These were much more damaged than the gold tablets above. Cr 4.3: :: ..talen --- tin - ::[----[....html"_;"title="---.html"_;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...">---.html"_;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...''spuria[z.html" ;"title="---">- ::[----[....html" ;"title="---.html" ;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...">---.html" ;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...''spuria[z">---">- ::[----[....html" ;"title="---.html" ;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...">---.html" ;"title="- ::[----">- ::[----[...''spuria[zs'' . tera[s] ''spu[r]iaze''[...] ::''u]neial'' var θvarie χia ''uneial χias'' ::''tin[...]talenas seas'' ''tinas θvariena''s [...]e ..r ::...]ar[...]ra[...]il .. .. .. Cr_4.2 ::eta_:_''θesan'':e:tras_''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi_ha[...::hutilatina_e:tiasas:_a:calia[....html" ;"title="...html" ;"title=".. Cr 4.2 ::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...">.. Cr 4.2 ::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...::hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...">...html" ;"title=".. Cr 4.2 ::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...">.. Cr 4.2 ::eta : ''θesan'':e:tras ''u:ni''(χ?)iaθi ha[...::hutilatina e:tiasas: a:calia[...::θanaχ:vilus ''caθa''r:naial[...] Deities mentioned here include ''Catha, Thesan, Uni Chia, Tina Atalena Sea, Tina Thvariena,'' and ''Spuriaze.''

Inscriptions on vessels found in the sanctuary at Pyrgi

:: 1 ]tmia 2 ''usa :n32, fragment of a vase, VI ::unial : (div) patera, or plate V TLE 877 ::unial :(div) patera, or plate V REE 40 n54 ::* ''starte/s/ cve tarte/ / ::(div?) fragment of a vase, or vessel IV REE 56 n31 ::mi : s'uris : cavaθas :(div)patera, or plate V REE 64 n36 ::]cavaθas 2]a emini[ :(div)Greek kylix, V REE 56 n24

Lead tablet from the temple of Minerva at Castrum Novum (near Pyrgi) (CIE 6310)

Side 1:Source for the Pyrgi inscriptions : ::MMMCCC ''lan[-]mite'' . [ ::...]inia . ''tei'' . ''a emei ca . zu na'' . za[... ::a . ''icecin'' . ezi . ''ip ..nu'' . rapa . m[... ::...]ipas . [-]in ..er . ''mulv''en .. ::.... nuna ("offering")[...] ''nun . ena'' . t .. ::... . hu ..l . ''nun ena'' . ::...]ur . t ..a . vacil . c .. ::...''pulunza . ''ipal'' . sac ("holy") .. ::...'talte'' . ''acni'' ''talte'' . iu .. ::...mnle ..enatina . ''te'' --n .. ::...s . -u--helucu . ''acasa'' . ''tei'' . luru .. ::... ..-ice . ''lanumite'' . ''icana'' .. ::...ei . tesa . nac ..e . ''mulv'' .. ::...r . t ..a . vacil . c ::...a . ''mlaka'' ...'ama'' . Side 2: ::...]ite . ''icec'' .....civeis . m .. ::.... unue . ha .. . eizurva . t .. ::... a . ''mlacia'' . hecia ("to do, place") . ''iperi'' . apa ("father") .. ::...sunamul ''ame'' ::...]iama . im ..uta : h .. ::.... rin .. . ''a emeican . s inia'' . ip .. ::... s . .. . nacarsurveclesvare[... Notes: Words also occurring in the gold Pyrgi Tablets are in bold: pulun/m "star(s)?; vaci/al "sacrifice/libation" , or "then"; nac "when." Words and sequences recurring within the text are in italics: ''lan(u)mite'' ?; ''a emei ca . z/suu/ina'' ? (''ca'' "this"); ''mul-v-'' "to offer"; ''nun ena'' "offering" (''nun''?) "some" (''ena''?); ''ip-eri/-unu/-al'' (relative pronoun?)'; ''mlaka/cia'' "beautiful"; ''te-i'' (demonstrative pronoun); ''am-e/-a'' "be"; ''ac-ni/-asa'' ("to do, offer"); ''talte'' (< ''talitha'' "girl"??); ''icec-in, icana-'' ? (< ''ic'' "as"??).

Notes

References

First printed edition

Colonna, G. – Garbini, G. – Pallottino, M. – Vlad Borrelli, L., '"Scavi nel santuario etrusco di Pyrgi. Relazione preliminare della settima campagna, 1964, e scoperta di tre lamine d’oro inscritte in etrusco e punico”, ''ArchCl'' 16, 1964: 49-117. :: Colonna, G., “I dati dello scavo”: 50-57. :: Pallotino, M., “Scoperta e prima valutazione delle lamine inscritte”: 58-63. :: Vlad Borrelli, L., “Nota tecnica sulle lamine”: 64-65. :: Garbini, G., “L’iscrizione punica”: 66-76. :: Pallotino, M., “Le iscrizioni etrusche”: 76-104. :: Pallotino, M., “Conclusioni storiche”: 104-117.

Other references

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Gli Etruschi e Cartagine: i documenti epigrafici
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n ligne N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...

Roma: Publications de l’École française de Rome. * van Heems, G. (2011) “Accord sur le désaccord: quelques réflexions sur les rapports entre morphèmes casuels et adpositions en étrusque”, in M. FRUYT – M. MAZOYER – D. PARDEE (eds.), ''Grammatical Cases in the Languages of the Middle East and Europe'', Chicago: 399-416. * Wallace, R. E. (2008) ''Ziχ Rasna. A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions'', Ann Arbor: 8. * Wylin, K. (2000) ''Il verbo etrusco. Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale'', Roma * Wylin, K. (2003) “Esiste una seconda lamina A di Pyrgi?” ''PdP'' 328, : 61-65. * Wylin, K. (2004 005 “Un terzo pronome/aggettivo dimostrativo etrusco sa”, ''Studi Etrusci'' 70, : 213-225. * Wylin, K. (2006) “Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la tabula Cortonensis”, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d’Histoire'' 84,: 35-44.

External links

The Etruscan Texts Project
A searchable database of Etruscan texts.
Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione
(Italian translation by Giovanni Semerano)

Wikisource: Pyrgi Tablets {{Etruscans 6th-century BCE texts 1964 archaeological discoveries Collections of the Villa Giulia Etruscan inscriptions KAI inscriptions Etruscan language Gold objects Multilingual texts Phoenician inscriptions Votive offering Archaeological discoveries in Italy Astarte Archaeological artifacts