Peter (or Pyotr or Petr) Berngardovich Struve (russian: Пётр Бернга́рдович Стру́ве; pronounced ; 26 January 1870 in
Perm
Perm or PERM may refer to:
Places
*Perm, Russia, a city in Russia
** Permsky District, the district
**Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia since 2005
**Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia 1938–2005
**Perm Governorate, an administra ...
– 22 February 1944 in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
) was a Russian
political economist
Political economy is the study of how economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and political systems (e.g. law, institutions, government) are linked. Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems such as labour mar ...
,
philosopher
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...
,
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
and
editor
Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, photographic, visual, audible, or cinematic material used by a person or an entity to convey a message or information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, orga ...
. He started out as a
Marxist
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
, later became a
liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
and after the
Bolshevik Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was ...
joined the
White movement. From 1920, he lived in
exile
Exile is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suf ...
in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, where he was a prominent critic of
Russian Communism.
Biography
Marxist theoretician
Peter Struve is probably the best known member of the Russian branch of the
Struve family
The Struve family (pronounced in German, in Russian) were a Baltic German noble family of Eastphalian origin and originated in Magdeburg, the family produced five generations of astronomers from the 18th to 20th centuries. Members of the family ...
. Son of Bernhard Struve (
Astrakhan
Astrakhan ( rus, Астрахань, p=ˈastrəxənʲ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in Southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the ...
and later
Perm
Perm or PERM may refer to:
Places
*Perm, Russia, a city in Russia
** Permsky District, the district
**Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia since 2005
**Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia 1938–2005
**Perm Governorate, an administra ...
governor) and grandson of astronomer
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (russian: link=no, Василий Яковлевич Струве, trans. ''Vasily Yakovlevich Struve''; 15 April 1793 – ) was a Baltic German astronomer and geodesist from the famous Struve family. He is bes ...
, he entered the
Natural Science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatab ...
s Department of the
University of Saint Petersburg
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...
in 1889 and transferred to its
law school
A law school (also known as a law centre or college of law) is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction.
Law degrees Argentina
In Argentina, ...
in 1890. While there, he became interested in
Marxism
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
, attended Marxist and
narodniki
The Narodniks (russian: народники, ) were a politically conscious movement of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism ...
(populist) meetings (where he met his future opponent
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
) and wrote articles for legally published magazines—hence the term
Legal Marxism
Legal Marxism was a Russian Marxist movement based on a particular interpretation of Marxist theory whose proponents were active in socialist circles between 1894 and 1901. The movement's primary theoreticians were Pyotr Struve, Nikolai Berdyaev, ...
, whose chief proponent he became. In September 1893 Struve was hired by the Finance Ministry and worked in its library, but was fired on 1 June 1894 after an arrest and a brief detention in April–May of that year. In 1894, he also published his first major book, ''Kriticheskie zametki k voprosu ob ekonomicheskom razvitii Rossii'' (''Critical Notes on the Economic Development of Russia'') in which he defended the applicability of Marxism to Russian conditions against populist critics.
In 1895, Struve finished his degree and wrote an ''Open letter to
Nicholas II
Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pola ...
'' on behalf of the
Zemstvo
A ''zemstvo'' ( rus, земство, p=ˈzʲɛmstvə, plural ''zemstva'' – rus, земства) was an institution of local government set up during the great emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander ...
. He then went abroad for further studies, where he attended the
1896 International Socialist Congress in London and befriended famous Russian revolutionary exile
Vera Zasulich
Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (russian: link=no, Ве́ра Ива́новна Засу́лич; – 8 May 1919) was a Russian socialist activist, Menshevik writer and revolutionary.
Radical beginnings
Zasulich was born in Mikhaylovka, in the Smol ...
.
[Christian Rakovsky (1980)]
"An Autobiography"
in Christian Rakovsky. ''Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923–30'', ed. Gus Fagan, Allison & Busby, London & New York.
After returning to Russia Struve became one of the editors of the successive Legal Marxist magazines ''
Novoye Slovo
''Novoye Slovo'' (russian: Новое слово; meaning: ''New Word'') was the title of two separate Russian magazines published in Saint Petersburg, the first appearing between 1893 or 1895, and 1897 and the second in the fall of 1917.
The fir ...
'' (''The New Word'', 1897), ''
Nachalo'' (''The Beginning'', 1899) and ''
Zhizn'' (1899–1901). Struve was also the most popular speaker at the Legal Marxist debates at the
Free Economic Society
Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Husbandry (russian: Вольное экономическое общество) was Russia's first learned society which formally did not depend on the government and as such came to ...
in the late 1890s—early 1900s in spite of his often impenetrable-to-laymen arguments and unkempt appearance.
[Yel. Kots. ''"Kontrabandisty" (Vospominaniya)'' (''"Contrabandists" ("Memoirs")''), in '']Byloye
''Byloye'' ( rus, Былое, ''The Past'') was a monthly historical magazine published in the Russian Empire by Nikolay Elpidiforovich Paramonov and edited by Vasily Y. Bogucharsky (1861–1915), Pavel E. Shchegolev (1877–1931) and Vladimir L ...
'' (Leningrad series), 1926, 3 (37), (magazine closed down in 1926, issues 2 and 3 remained unpublished until 1991), p. 43 In 1898 Struve wrote the
Manifesto
A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a ...
of the newly formed
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP; in , ''Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya (RSDRP)''), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or the Russian Social Democratic Party, was a socialist pol ...
. However, as he later explained:
:Socialism, to tell the truth, never aroused the slightest emotion in me, still less attraction... Socialism interested me mainly as an ideological force – which... could be directed either to the conquest of civil and political freedoms or against them
['']Slavonic and East European Review
''The Slavonic and East European Review'', the journal of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (University College London), is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Slavonic and East European Studies. It was establ ...
'', vol. xxii, no. 34, p. 350, quoted in Alan Woods (1999) ''Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution'', Wellred Publications
Part One: The Birth of Russian Marxism
Liberal politician
![Piotr Struve 1912cr](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Piotr_Struve_1912cr.jpg)
By 1900, Struve had become a leader of the
revisionist, i.e. compromising, wing of Russian Marxists. Struve and
Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky
Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky (russian: Михаил Иванович Туган-Барановский, uk, Михайло Іванович Туган-Барановський, romanized: ''Mykhailo Ivanovych Tuhan-Baranovskyi'') was a Ukrainian eco ...
represented the moderates during the negotiations with
Julius Martov
Julius Martov or L. Martov (Ма́ртов; born Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum; 24 November 1873 – 4 April 1923) was a politician and revolutionary who became the leader of the Mensheviks in early 20th-century Russia. He was arguably the closes ...
,
Alexander Potresov
Alexander Nikolayevich Potresov (, ''Aleksándr Nikolájevič Potrésov'') (September 13, 1869 – July 11, 1934) was a Russian social democratic politician and one of the leaders of the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour ...
and
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
, the leaders of the party's radical wing, in
Pskov
Pskov ( rus, Псков, a=pskov-ru.ogg, p=pskof; see also names in other languages) is a city in northwestern Russia and the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, located about east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River. Population ...
in March 1900. In late 1900, Struve went to
Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
and again held lengthy talks with the radicals between December 1900 and February 1901. The two sides eventually reached a compromise which included making Struve the editor of ''Sovremennoe Obozrenie'' (''Contemporary Review''), a proposed supplement to the radicals' magazine ''Zaria'' (''Dawn''), in exchange for his help in securing financial support from Russian liberals. The plan was frustrated by Struve's arrest at the famous
Kazan Square demonstration on 4 March 1901 immediately upon his return to
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. Struve was banished from the capital and, like other demonstrators, was offered to choose his own place of exile. He chose
Tver
Tver ( rus, Тверь, p=tvʲerʲ) is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is northwest of Moscow. Population:
Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian ...
, a center of
Zemstvo
A ''zemstvo'' ( rus, земство, p=ˈzʲɛmstvə, plural ''zemstva'' – rus, земства) was an institution of local government set up during the great emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander ...
radicalism.
[Shmuel Galai (1973). ''The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900–1905'', Cambridge University Press. p. 113.]
In 1902 Struve secretly left Tver and went abroad, but by then the radicals had abandoned the idea of a joint magazine and Struve's further evolution from socialism to liberalism would have made collaboration difficult anyway. Instead he founded an independent liberal semi-monthly magazine ''Osvobozhdenie'' (''Liberation'') with the help of liberal
intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the in ...
and the radical part of Zemstvo. The magazine was financed by D. E. Zhukovsky and was at first published in
Stuttgart
Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel'' (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the ...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
(1 July 1902 – 15 October 1904). In mid-1903, after the founding of the liberal ''Soyuz Osvobozhdeniya'' (''Union of Liberation''), the magazine became the Union's official organ and was smuggled into Russia, where it enjoyed considerable success.
[Leopold H. Haimson. ''The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past'', Cambridge University Press, 1987, p.469.] When German police, under pressure from
Okhrana, raided the premises in October 1904, Struve moved his operations to
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
and continued publishing the magazine for another year (15 October 1904 – 18 October 1905) until the
October Manifesto
The October Manifesto (russian: Октябрьский манифест, Манифест 17 октября), officially "The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order" (), is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's fi ...
proclaimed freedom of the press in Russia.
[See the catalog of the Library of Congress (LCC 52056132) for publication details.]
In October 1905 Struve returned to
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, and became a co-founder of the liberal
Constitutional Democratic party
)
, newspaper = ''Rech''
, ideology = ConstitutionalismConstitutional monarchismLiberal democracyParliamentarism Political pluralismSocial liberalism
, position = Centre to centre-left
, international =
, colours ...
and a member of its Central Committee. In 1907 he represented the party in the Second
State Duma
The State Duma (russian: Госуда́рственная ду́ма, r=Gosudárstvennaja dúma), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Gosduma ( rus, Госду́ма), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house ...
.
After the Duma's dissolution on 3 June 1907, Struve concentrated on his work at ''
Russkaya Mysl'' (''Russian Thought''), a leading liberal newspaper, of which he had been publisher and de facto editor-in-chief since 1906.
Struve was the driving force behind ''Vekhi'' (''Milestones'', 1909), a groundbreaking and controversial anthology of essays critical of the intelligentsia and its rationalistic and radical traditions. As ''Russkaya Mysl'' editor, Struve rejected
Andrey Bely
Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev ( rus, Бори́с Никола́евич Буга́ев, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ bʊˈɡajɪf, a=Boris Nikolayevich Bugayev.ru.vorb.oga), better known by the pen name Andrei Bely or Biely ( rus, Андре ...
's seminal novel ''
Petersburg'', which he apparently saw as a parody of revolutionary intellectuals.
[Oleg A. Maslenikov. ''The Frenzied Poets'', erkeley, University of California Press, 1952 p. 124, quoted in Arthur Levin (1978) "Andrey Bely, M. O. Gershenzon and ''Vekhi'': A Rejoinder to N. Valentinov" in ''Andrey Bely: A Critical Review'', The University Press of Kentucky, p. 178]
With the outbreak of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
in 1914 Struve adopted a position of support for the government, and in 1916 he resigned from the Constitutional Democratic party's Central Committee over what he saw as the party's excessive opposition to the government in a time of war.
Opponent of Bolshevism
In May 1917, after the
February Revolution
The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
of 1917 overthrew
monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy) ...
in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, Struve was elected as member of the
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...
, until he was excluded by the
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
-engineered expulsion of 1918.
Immediately after the
October Revolution of 1917
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
, Struve went to the
South
South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west.
Etymology
The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...
of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
where he joined the
Volunteer Army
The Volunteer Army (russian: Добровольческая армия, translit=Dobrovolcheskaya armiya, abbreviated to russian: Добрармия, translit=Dobrarmiya) was a White Army active in South Russia during the Russian Civil War from ...
's Council.
In early 1918 he returned to
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
, where he lived under an assumed name for most of the year, contributed to ''Iz Glubiny'' (variously translated as ''De Profundis'', ''From the Deep'' or ''From the Depths'', 1918
[Since the book was printed illegally and its distribution history is obscure, there is some disagreement regarding its publishing history. Some e.g. Pedro Ramet (ed.) (1989) ''Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics'', Duke University Press. p. 437 mention that the book was printed in 1921. It was reprinted by YMCA Press in Paris in 1967.]), a follow-up to ''Vekhi'', and published several other notable articles on the causes of the revolution.
With the
Russian Civil War
, date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
raging and his life in danger Struve had to flee; and after a three-month journey arrived in
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
, where he negotiated with Gen.
Nikolai Yudenich
Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich ( – 5 October 1933) was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was a leader of the anti-communist White movement in Northwestern Russia during the Civil War.
Biography
Early life
Yuden ...
and the
Finnish
Finnish may refer to:
* Something or someone from, or related to Finland
* Culture of Finland
* Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland
* Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people
* Finnish cuisine
See also ...
leader
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (, ; 4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman. He served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918, as Regent of Finland (1918–1919), as comma ...
before leaving for
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context.
The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
. Struve represented Gen.
Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
's anti-
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
government in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
and
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
in 1919, before returning to Denikin-controlled territories in the South of Russia, where he edited a leading newspaper of the
White Movement. With Denikin's resignation after the
Novorossisk
Novorossiysk ( rus, Новоросси́йск, p=nəvərɐˈsʲijsk; ady, ЦIэмэз, translit=Chəməz, p=t͡sʼɜmɜz) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It is one of the largest ports on the Black Sea. It is one of the few cities h ...
debacle and Gen.
Pyotr Wrangel
Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (russian: Пётр Никола́евич барон Вра́нгель, translit=Pëtr Nikoláevič Vrángel', p=ˈvranɡʲɪlʲ, german: Freiherr Peter Nikolaus von Wrangel; April 25, 1928), also known by his ni ...
's rise to the top in early 1920, Struve became Wrangel's foreign minister.
[W. Bruce Lincoln (1989). ''Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, 1918–1921'', NY, Simon and Schuster. p.426]
With the defeat of Wrangel's army in November 1920 Struve left for
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
, where he relaunched ''Russkaya Mysl'' under the aegis of the emigre "Russko-Bolgarskoe knigoizdatel'stvo" publishing house.
[Sergei Glebov (2003). "Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States" in ''Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States: Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bakhmeteff Archive of Russian and East European History and Culture'' (''Slavic and East European Information Resources'', Volume 4, Number 4 2003), eds. Jared S. Ingersoll and Tanya Chebotarev, The Haworth Press. p. 29] Then Struve left for
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, where he remained until his death in 1944.In Bulgaria, Struve left many followers in the field of economics, especially his students, who emigrated and took academic positions at Bulgarian universities (the most famous of which are Simeon Demostenov and Naum Dolinski).
His children were prominent in the
Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia
The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (russian: Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей, lit=Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, translit=Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' Zagranitsey), also called Ru ...
.
Descendants
Peter Struve's son
Gleb Struve Gleb Petrovich Struve (Russian: Глеб Петрович Струве; 1 May 1898 – 4 June 1985) was a Russian poet and literary historian.
Biography
Gleb Petrovich Struve was born on 1 May 1898. His father was the political theorist Peter Berng ...
(1898–1985) was one of the most prominent Russian critics of the 20th century. He taught at the
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
and befriended
Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (russian: link=no, Владимир Владимирович Набоков ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Bo ...
in the 1920s.
Pyotr's grandson,
Nikita Struve Nikita Alexeyevich Struve (russian: Никита Алексеевич Струве; 16 February 1931 – 7 May 2016) was a French author and translator of Russian descent, specializing in the study of Russian émigrés.
Biography
Struve was part o ...
(1931–2016), was a professor at a
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
university and an editor of several Russian-language periodicals published in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
.
See also
*
Struve family
The Struve family (pronounced in German, in Russian) were a Baltic German noble family of Eastphalian origin and originated in Magdeburg, the family produced five generations of astronomers from the 18th to 20th centuries. Members of the family ...
*
Russian legal history
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
* Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and pe ...
*
List of Russian legal historians Russian legal historians, scholars who study Russian law in historical perspective, include:
* Harold J. Berman (1918–2007), Harvard law professor and expert on Russian law
* William E. Butler (1939–), distinguished professor of law at Dickins ...
Notes and references
Works in English
*''Collected Works'' in 15 volumes, ed.
Richard Pipes
Richard Edgar Pipes ( yi, ריכארד פּיִפּעץ ''Rikhard Pipets'', the surname literally means 'beak'; pl, Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American academic who specialized in Russian and Soviet history. He publish ...
, Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 1970
*"Past and present of Russian economics" in ''Russian realities & problems: Lectures delivered at Cambridge in August 1916'', by
Pavel Milyukov
Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov ( rus, Па́вел Никола́евич Милюко́в, p=mʲɪlʲʊˈkof; 31 March 1943) was a Russian historian and liberal politician. Milyukov was the founder, leader, and the most prominent member of the Con ...
, Peter Struve,
Harold Williams,
Alexander Sergeyevich Lappo-Danilevsky and
Roman Dmowski
Roman Stanisław Dmowski (Polish: , 9 August 1864 – 2 January 1939) was a Polish politician, statesman, and co-founder and chief ideologue of the National Democracy (abbreviated "ND": in Polish, "''Endecja''") political movement. He saw th ...
, Cambridge, University press, 1917, 229p.
*"Foreword", in
Alexander A. Valentinov. ''The assault of heaven; the black book containing official and other information illustrating the struggle against all religion carried by the Communist government in Russia'',
erlin, M. Mattisson, ltd., printer, 1924 xxiv, 266p.
*''Food Supply in Russia During the World War'', Yale University Press, 1930, xxviii, 469p.
Works in Russian
*''Sub'ektivism i idealizm'' (''Subjectivism and Idealism''), 1901, 267p.
*''Na raznye temy'' (''On Various Topics''), 1902, 555p.
*''Khozyaistvo i tsena'' (''Enterprise and Price''), in 2 volumes, 1913–1916.
*''Itogi i suschestvo kommunisticheskago khozyaistva'' (''The End Results and the Essence of the Communist Enterprise''),
921 30p.
*''Sotsial'naya i ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii'' (''Social and Economic History of Russia''), 1952, 386p.
Further reading
*
Richard Pipes
Richard Edgar Pipes ( yi, ריכארד פּיִפּעץ ''Rikhard Pipets'', the surname literally means 'beak'; pl, Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American academic who specialized in Russian and Soviet history. He publish ...
. ''Struve'':
**Vol 1. ''Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905'', Harvard University Press, 1970, xiii, 415p.
**Vol 2. ''Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944'', Harvard University Press, 1980, xix, 526p.
*Richard Pipes. ''Bibliography of the published writings of Peter Berngardovich Struve'' (''Bibliografiia pechatnykh rabot Petra Berngardovicha Struve''), Ann Arbor, Mich., Published for Russian Research Center, Harvard University by University Microfilms International, 1980, 220p,
*S. L. Frank. ''Biografiya P. B. Struve'', New York, 1956.
*Geir Flikke. "Democracy or Theocracy: Frank, Struve, Berdjaev, Bulgakov, and the 1905 Russian Revolution".
* .
External links
*
*
Register of the Petr Berngardovich Struve Papers, 1890–1982at th
Hoover Institution ArchivesRegister of the Gleb Struve Papers, 1810–1985at th
Hoover Institution Archives
{{DEFAULTSORT:Struve, Peter Bergardovich
1870 births
1944 deaths
Writers from Perm, Russia
People from Permsky Uyezd
Peter
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a sur ...
Russian people of German descent
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
Members of the 2nd State Duma of the Russian Empire
Vekhovtsy
Russian economists
Russian journalists
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
White Russian emigrants to Bulgaria
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Bulgaria
White Russian emigrants to France
Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery