Public broadcasting
Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...
institutions in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
( id, Lembaga Penyiaran Publik, abbreviated as ''LPP'') currently consists of three separate entities:
Radio Republik Indonesia
''Radio Republik Indonesia'' (Radio of the Republic of Indonesia, abbreviated as RRI), legally ''Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Radio Republik Indonesia'' ( Public Broadcasting Institution Radio of the Republic of Indonesia), is a public radio ...
(RRI),
Televisi Republik Indonesia
TVRI (, Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally ( Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is a public television network and the oldest television network in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is i ...
(TVRI), and local public broadcasting institutions (''Lembaga Penyiaran Publik Lokal'' or ''LPPL''). This classification is based on Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting (''Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 tentang Penyiaran'') and followed by Government Regulation No. 11 of 2005 on Broadcasting Provision of Public Broadcasting Institution (''Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penyiaran Lembaga Penyiaran Publik'').
According to Act No. 32 of 2002, a "public broadcasting institution" is defined as a "legal entity established by
the state
A state is a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. There is no undisputed definition of a state. One widely used definition comes from the German sociologist Max Weber: a "stat ...
; independent, neutral, not commercial; and function to provide services for the public benefit".
Funding for the broadcasters, according to Act No. 32 of 2002, comes from several sources such as
broadcasting fee, annual
state budget
A government budget is a document prepared by the government and/or other political entity presenting its anticipated tax revenues (Inheritance tax, income tax, corporation tax, import taxes) and proposed spending/expenditure (Healthcare, Educat ...
, community contribution and
advertisement
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...
, as well as other legal efforts related to their broadcasting operation.
While annual budget appropriation for RRI and TVRI are approved by national government and parliament (
DPR), annual budget for LPPL are approved by the respective local government and local parliament. RRI and TVRI funding sources outside of the annual budget currently are classified as "non-tax state revenue" and regulated in government regulations.
National broadcasters
The national-scale public broadcasters were RRI, the national radio network, and TVRI, the national television network.
RRI and TVRI were originally set up as corporations separate from the central government, then included as part of the Department of Information (''Departemen Penerangan'') in 1946 and 1975, respectively. Concerns about repositioning RRI and TVRI as public broadcasters were rising after
the Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
until the department was dissolved in 2000 during
Abdurrahman Wahid
Abdurrahman Wahid ( ; born Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil; 7 September 1940 – 30 December 2009), though more colloquially known as Gus Dur (), was an Indonesian politician and Islamic religious leader who served as the 4th president of Indonesia, from ...
administration and they were removed gradually from direct governmental control (the department later reestablished into the current form of
Ministry of Communication and Informatics). RRI and TVRI were set up as a service corporation (''Perusahaan Jawatan'' or ''Perjan'') under
Ministry of Finance A ministry of finance is a part of the government in most countries that is responsible for matters related to the finance.
Lists of current ministries of finance
Named "Ministry"
* Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan)
* Ministry of Finance and Eco ...
in the same year (TVRI was later set up again as a
state-owned enterprise
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a Government, government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn Profit (econom ...
in 2002) and officially became independent public service broadcasters in 2005.
* RRI was established on 11 September 1945. RRI currently operates four radio networks (RRI Pro 1, RRI Pro 2, RRI Pro 3, and RRI Pro 4) carried by some or all of
its 90 local stations; RRI Pro 3 itself is a centralized programming network. RRI also operates international radio service
Voice of Indonesia
RRI World Service, Voice of Indonesia ( id, Layanan Dunia RRI, Suara Indonesia) is an autonomous division under Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI), an Indonesian public radio service. It is a national radio station that broadcasts all over Indonesi ...
.
* TVRI went on air publicly on 24 August 1962 (the opening day of the
1962 Asian Games
)
, Host city = Jakarta, Indonesia
, Nations participating = 17
, Athletes participating = 1,460
, Events = 120 in 13 sports
, Opening ceremony = 24 August 1962
, Closing ceremony = 4 September 1962
, ...
), following a trial broadcast during the 1962
Indonesian Independence Day
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( id, Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of th ...
. TVRI operates three national television channels (
TVRI
TVRI (, Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally ( Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is a public television network and the oldest television network in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is i ...
,
TVRI World
TVRI World is an Indonesian television channel owned by public broadcaster TVRI, catered for domestic and international audience. The English-language channel is currently on its trial broadcast, with its planned launching in 2022. Despite its sp ...
, and
TVRI Sport
TVRI Sport (also referred to as Kanal 4 TVRI Olahraga) is an Indonesian terrestrial television channel owned by public broadcaster TVRI, specialised in sports programming. Serves as complementary to TVRI main channel, the channel is available only ...
), as well as
32 regional stations across the country.
A proposed new act on broadcasting currently in the making would merge RRI with TVRI into RTRI (''Radio Televisi Republik Indonesia'', Radio Television of the Republic of Indonesia).
Local broadcasters
![LPPL Radio Suara Salatiga (3)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/LPPL_Radio_Suara_Salatiga_%283%29.jpg)
The local public broadcasting institutions (LPPL) refers to local public broadcasters which is not owned and operated by either RRI or TVRI. The broadcasters were sometimes, but not always, located in a
cities
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
,
regencies
A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state ''pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, ...
, or even
provinces
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outsi ...
that don't yet have any RRI and/or TVRI station. According to Government Regulation No. 11 of 2005, these broadcasters are obligated to network with RRI (for radio station) and TVRI (for television station).
Before the
reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
, there were several radio stations owned and operated by either city or regency government. These stations were known as ''Local Government Broadcast Radio'' (''Radio Siaran Pemerintah Daerah'' or RSPD). Example stations included ''RSPD Top FM'' in
Sukoharjo,
Central Java
Central Java ( id, Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in t ...
and ''RSPD Berau'' in
Berau,
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan (Indonesian: ) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the current boundary), 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3. ...
which first broadcast in 1968 and 1975, respectively. Local government-owned television stations were none since all government-owned television matter, even local stations (which commonly located in the province's capital), was undertaken by TVRI. Act No. 32 of 2002 introduced the "local public broadcasting institutions" term, intended to transforming local government media into public ones; Government Regulation No. 11 of 2005 later regulates the institution.
Currently there are a number of local public broadcasters union in the country, such as
All-Indonesia Radio and Television LPPL Association (''Asosiasi LPPL Radio dan Televisi Se-Indonesia'') which was formed in 2018 and Indonesian Local Public Radio and TV Association (''Persatuan Radio TV Publik Daerah se-Indonesia'', branded as ''Persada.id'' or ''Indonesiapersada.id'') which was formed in 2019.
Criticism
Apni Jaya Putra, a former Director of News and Programming at TVRI, said that the "public broadcasting institution" status is unknown in Indonesian state-established agency structure.
The structure approximate to the status is "public service agency" (''badan layanan umum'' or BLU), but to this day there are no further regulation regarding the current status.
See also
*
Media in Indonesia
References
{{TV Providers in Indonesia
Broadcasting in Indonesia
Government agencies of Indonesia