''Pteleocarpa'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s. The only member of the genus is the western

Malesian Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

''Pteleocarpa lamponga''.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book; a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses'' 3rd edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. . (See ''External links'' below). It has had a varied systematic history and has been placed in the families

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, pri ...

Cardiopteridaceae Cardiopteridaceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants. It consists of about 43 species of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, mostly of the tropics, but with a few in temperate regions.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alas ...

Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the or ...

, and others.Kanokorn Rueangsawang and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2014. "Studies on Thai Pteleocarpaceae". ''Tropical Natural History'' 14(1):1-6. (See ''External links'' below). It has long been regarded as enigmatic. For example, its winged

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is quite odd within the family Boraginaceae, where it was usually placed in the 2000s. The

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

name Pteleocarpaceae had been used, but was not validly published until 2011, when the required

description Description is the pattern of narrative development that aims to make vivid a place, object, character, or group. Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as ''modes of discourse''), along with exposition, argumentation, and narra ...

was

published Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, news ...

Kew Bulletin The ''Kew Bulletin'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal on plant and fungal taxonomy and conservation published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Articles on palynology, cytology, anatomy, ...

.Richard K. Brummitt. 2011. "Valid publication of the family name Pteleocarpaceae". ''Kew Bulletin'' 66(1):1-3. . A morphological study of ''Pteleocarpa'' was published in 2014. Also in 2014, a molecular phylogenetic study of the

lamiids In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total floweri ...

(a.k.a. Garryidae)

sampled Sample or samples may refer to: Base meaning * Sample (statistics), a subset of a population – complete data set * Sample (signal), a digital discrete sample of a continuous analog signal * Sample (material), a specimen or small quantity of so ...

''Pteleocarpa'' and resolved it as

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a family, familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to r ...

Gelsemiaceae Gelsemiaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the order Gentianales. The family contains only three genera: '' Gelsemium'', '' Mostuea'' and '' Pteleocarpa''. ''Gelsemium'' has three species, one native to Southeast Asia and southern ...

.Nancy F. Refulio-Rodriguez and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Phylogeny of Lamiidae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 101(2):287-299. . Both genera of Gelsemiaceae (''

Gelsemium ''Gelsemium'' is an Asian and North American genus of flowering plants belonging to family Gelsemiaceae. The genus contains three species of shrubs to straggling or twining climbers. Two species are native to North America, and one to China and ...

'' and ''

Mostuea ''Mostuea'' is one of only three genera of flowering plants belonging to the small family Gelsemiaceae (the other two being ''Gelsemium'' and '' Pteleocarpa''). ''Mostuea'' and ''Gelsemium'' were formerly placed in the family Loganiaceae, while ' ...

'') were sampled and this result had maximum statistical support in three different

methods Method ( grc, μέθοδος, methodos) literally means a pursuit of knowledge, investigation, mode of prosecuting such inquiry, or system. In recent centuries it more often means a prescribed process for completing a task. It may refer to: *Scien ...

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

analysis Analysis ( : analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (3 ...

. The authors of that study recommended that ''Pteleocarpa'' be included in Gelsemiaceae. This was formally done in 2014 by altering the

of the family to accommodate it.Lena Struwe, Valerie L. Soza, Sugumaran Manickam, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2014. "Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales) expanded to include the enigmatic Asian genus ''Pteleocarpa''". ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' 175(4):482–496. . In the

APG IV system The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published ...

published in 2016, ''Pteleocarpa'' is included in Gelsemiaceae.

References

Sources

* Miller, JS (2003) Classification of Boraginaceae subfam. Ehretioideae: resurrection of the genus ''Hilsenbergia'' Tausch ex Meisn. Adansonia, sér. 3, 25: 151-189. * Patel, RN & Bowles, A (1978) Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand, 12. Icacinaceae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 16: 7-12.

External links

Studies on Thai Pteleocarpaceae

''Pteleocarpa''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7256659 Gelsemiaceae Monotypic Gentianales genera Flora of Malesia Taxa named by Daniel Oliver