( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa,
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
: Prusa, ota, بورسه,
Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
and the administrative center of
Bursa Province
Bursa Province ( tr, ) is a province in Turkey along the Sea of Marmara coast in northwestern Anatolia. It borders Balıkesir to the west, Kütahya to the south, Bilecik and Sakarya to the east, Kocaeli to the northeast and Yalova to the ...
. The
fourth-most populous city in Turkey and
second-most populous in the
Marmara Region
The Marmara Region ( Turkish: ''Marmara Bölgesi'') is a geographical region of Turkey.
Located in northwestern Turkey, it is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to th ...
, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of
Turkey's automotive production takes place in Bursa.
As of 2019, the Metropolitan Province was home to 3,056,120 inhabitants, 2,161,990 of whom lived in the 3 city urban districts (
Osmangazi
Osmangazi is one of the central metropolitan districts of the city of Bursa in Bursa Province, as well as the fourth largest overall municipality in Turkey. The municipality has a population of approximately 778,843 as of 2012. On its own, it wo ...
,
Yildirim and
Nilufer) plus
Gursu and
Kestel, largely conurbated.
Bursa was the first major and second overall capital of the
Ottoman State
The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were j ...
between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as (, meaning "God's Gift" in Ottoman Turkish, a name of
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
origin) during the
Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is ("") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region.
Mount Uludağ, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known
ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area – a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In Nort ...
. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The
mausoleums
A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be consi ...
of the early
Ottoman sultans
The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its hei ...
are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has
thermal bath
A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as balneoth ...
s, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums.
The
shadow play
Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim. The cut-o ...
characters
Karagöz and Hacivat
Karagöz (literally ''Blackeye'' in Turkish) and Hacivat (shortened in time from "Hacı İvaz" meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim", and also sometimes written as Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish shadow play, popularized during ...
are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa in the 14th century.
History
![Archaeological Museum 6978](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Archaeological_Museum_6978.jpg)
The earliest known human settlement near Bursa's current location was at Ilıpınar Höyüğü around 5200 BC. It was followed by the
ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...
city of
Cius
Cius (; grc-gre, Kίος or Κῖος ''Kios''), later renamed Prusias on the Sea (; la, Prusias ad Mare) after king Prusias I of Bithynia, was an ancient Greek city bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), in Bithynia and i ...
, which
Philip V of Macedon
Philip V ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 238–179 BC) was king ( Basileus) of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon ag ...
granted to
Prusias I
Prusias I Cholus (Greek: Προυσίας ὁ Χωλός "the Lame"; c. 243 – 182 BC) was a king of Bithynia, who reigned from c. 228 to 182 BC.
Life and Reign
Prusias was a vigorous and energetic leader; he fought a war against Byzantium ...
, the King of
Bithynia, in 202 BC. King Prusias rebuilt the city with the advice of general
Hannibal of Carthage, who took refuge with Prusias after losing the war with the
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...
and renamed it Prusa ( grc, Προῦσα; sometimes rendered as ''Prussa''). After 128 years of Bithynian rule,
Nicomedes IV
Nicomedes IV Philopator ( grc-gre, Νικομήδης Φιλοπάτωρ) was the king of Bithynia from c. 94 BC to 74 BC. (''numbered as III. not IV.'') He was the first son and successor of Nicomedes III of Bithynia.
Life
Memnon of Heraclea wro ...
, the last King of
Bithynia, bequeathed the entire kingdom to the
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
in 74 BC. An early
Roman Treasure was found in the vicinity of Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the
British Museum
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...
.
Under Byzantine rule, the town became a garrison city in 562 AD, where imperial guards were stationed there. Already by the mid-6th century, Bursa was known as a famous silk textile manufacturing centre.
Bursa (from the Greek "Prusa") became the first major capital city of the early
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
following its capture from the
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
s in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth such as the building of hospitals,
caravanserais
A caravanserai (or caravansary; ) was a roadside inn where travelers ( caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information and people across the network of trade routes covering ...
and
madrasas throughout the 14th century, with the first official Ottoman mint established in the city.
After conquering
Edirne
Edirne (, ), formerly known as Adrianople or Hadrianopolis ( Greek: Άδριανούπολις), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated from the Greek and from the Bulgarian borders ...
(Adrianople) in
East Thrace, the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultan
Bayezid I
Bayezid I ( ota, بايزيد اول, tr, I. Bayezid), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt ( ota, link=no, یلدیرم بايزيد, tr, Yıldırım Bayezid, link=no; – 8 March 1403) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He adopted ...
built the
Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and the
Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. After Bayezid was defeated in the
Battle of Ankara
The Battle of Ankara or Angora was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the ...
by the forces
Timur
Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kü ...
in 1402, the latter's grandson,
Muhammad Sultan Mirza
Muhammad Sultan Mirza (1375 – 1403) was a member of the Timurid dynasty and a grandson of its founder, the Central Asian conqueror Timur. As Timur's favourite grandson, Muhammad Sultan served as one of his principal military commanders, he ...
, had the city pillaged and burned. Despite this, Bursa remained as the most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until
Mehmed II conquered Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.
During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal
silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the ...
products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, and occasionally from
China, and was the main production centre for the
kaftan
A kaftan or caftan (; fa, خفتان, ) is a variant of the robe or tunic. Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, ''kaftan'' instead refers to a style of men's ...
s, pillows,
embroidery
Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to apply thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. In modern days, embroidery is usually seen ...
and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century. Devshirme system was also implemented in Bursa and its surroundings where it was negotiated between the authorities and locals. For example, during the 1603-4 levy, the villagers of a Christian village called
Eğerciler, in Bursa, declared that they were responsible for providing sheep to the capital, and the children of the village were very much needed as shepherds. They asserted that even though they were not obliged to give any children for the army, the officers took some anyway, and that they should be returned. The villagers’ claim that it was in tremendous need of future shepherds was taken seriously by the state, and a decree commanded the return of the children. Bursa was also notable for its numerous
hammams (bath) built during the reign of
Suleiman such as the Yeni Kaplıca.
As it was a significant cultural and trade hub, traders, most of whom were Armenians, became very wealthy. However, this legacy of cultural pluralism in Bursa almost entirely ended due to the events that took place from 1895 to 1925, namely the
Hamidian massacres, the
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
, and the
population exchange
Population transfer or resettlement is a type of mass migration, often imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development. Banishment or exile is a ...
. The most influential study of Bursa's
silk trade
The Silk Road () was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles), it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and rel ...
and economic history is the work of Ottomanist
Halil İnalcık
Halil İnalcık (7 September 1916 – 25 July 2016) was a Turkish historian. His highly influential research centered on social and economic approaches to the Ottoman Empire. His academic career started at Ankara University, where he completed h ...
.
Following the foundation of the
Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centres of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth and Bursa became the
4th most populous city in
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
.
![Bursa018](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Bursa018.jpg)
The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...
from the
Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...
during the loss of the
Ottoman territories in Europe
Rumelia ( ota, روم ايلى, Rum İli; tr, Rumeli; el, Ρωμυλία), etymologically "Land of the Romans", at the time meaning Eastern Orthodox Christians and more specifically Christians from the Byzantine rite, was the name of a hist ...
between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of
Balkan Turks
The Balkan Turks or Rumelian Turks ( tr, ) are the Turkish people who have been living in the Balkans since the Ottoman rule as well as their descendants who still live in the region today. The Turks are officially recognized as a minority in Bos ...
took place between the 1940s and 1990s, when the
People's Republic of Bulgaria
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; bg, Народна Република България (НРБ), ''Narodna Republika Balgariya, NRB'') was the official name of Bulgaria, when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the ...
expelled approximately 150,000
Bulgarian Turks
Bulgarian Turks ( bg, български турци, bŭlgarski turtsi, tr, Bulgaristan Türkleri) are a Turkish ethnic group from Bulgaria. According to the 2021 census, there were 508,375 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8.4% of t ...
to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa (especially in the Hürriyet neighborhood). With the construction of new industrial zones in the period between 1980 and 2000, many people from the
eastern provinces of Turkey came and settled in Bursa.
Geography
Bursa stands on the northwestern slopes of
Mount Uludağ (known as the
Mysian Olympus
Mysians ( la, Mysi; grc, Μυσοί, ''Mysoí'') were the inhabitants of Mysia, a region in northwestern Asia Minor.
Origins according to ancient authors
Their first mention is by Homer, in his list of Troy, Trojans allies in the Iliad, and ac ...
in classical antiquity), on the banks of the
Nilüfer River
The Nilufer or Niloufer River ( tr, Nilüfer Çayı) is a river in Turkey. From its source near Mount Uludağ (the classical Mysian Olympus) and flowing past Bursa, the river tends to the northwest along its course of .
The Nilufer was the cla ...
, in the southern
Marmara Region
The Marmara Region ( Turkish: ''Marmara Bölgesi'') is a geographical region of Turkey.
Located in northwestern Turkey, it is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to th ...
. It is the capital city of
Bursa Province
Bursa Province ( tr, ) is a province in Turkey along the Sea of Marmara coast in northwestern Anatolia. It borders Balıkesir to the west, Kütahya to the south, Bilecik and Sakarya to the east, Kocaeli to the northeast and Yalova to the ...
, which borders the
Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via t ...
and
Yalova
Yalova is a market-gardening town located in northwestern Turkey on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. The town has a population of 156,838, while the population of the surrounding Yalova Province is 291,001 . A largely modern town, it is ...
to the north;
Kocaeli and
Sakarya Sakarya may refer to:
Places
* Sakarya Province, in Turkey
** Sakarya (electoral district)
** Sakarya University
* Sakarya (continent), a small continent 90 million years ago
* Sakarya River, in Turkey
* Sakarya, Polatlı, a village in Ankara Pr ...
to the northeast;
Bilecik to the east; and
Kütahya and
Balıkesir
Balıkesir () is a city in Turkey and is the capital city of Balıkesir Province. Balıkesir is located in the Marmara region of Turkey and has a population of 338,936. Between 1341–1922, it was the capital of Karasi.
History
Close to ...
to the south.
Climate
Bursa has a
Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate (also called a dry summer temperate climate ''Cs'') is a temperate climate sub-type, generally characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the ...
(
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
: Csa) under the
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
classification, and dry-hot summer subtropical climate (Csa) under the
Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cool and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are many different typ ...
is a chronic problem in Bursa.
Economy
![Bursa_image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg)
Bursa is the largest production centre of the
Turkish automotive industry. Factories of
motor vehicle producers like
Fiat,
Renault
Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufacture ...
and
Karsan
Karsan ( tr, Karsan Otomotiv Sanayii ve Ticaret A.Ş. English: Karsan Automotive Industry and Trade Joint-Stock Company) is a Turkish commercial vehicles manufacturer, based in Akçalar, Nilüfer, Bursa Province. "Karsan" is an acronym for "Kar ...
, as well as
automotive parts producers like
Bosch,
Mako
, better known by the mononym name Mako (sometimes stylised MAKO), is a Japanese voice actress, singer and a member of the band Bon-Bon Blanco, in which her prominent role is as the maraca player. She has also performed in a Japanese television ...
,
Valeo
Valeo is a French global automotive supplier headquartered in France, listed on the Paris Stock Exchange ( CAC-40 Index). It supplies a wide range of products to automakers and the aftermarket. The Group employs 113,600 people in 33 countries wo ...
,
Johnson Controls
Johnson Controls International is an American
Irish-domiciled multinational conglomerate headquartered in Cork, Ireland, that produces fire, HVAC, and security equipment for buildings. As of mid-2019, it employed 105,000 people in around 2,00 ...
,
Delphi have been active in the city for decades. The
textile
Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the ...
and
food industries are equally strong, with
Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola, or Coke, is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. Originally marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton in Atlant ...
,
Pepsi Cola
Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and introduced as Brad's Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola in 1898, and then shortened to Pepsi in 1961.
History
Pepsi was ...
and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and
canned food
Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container ( jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although ...
industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones.
Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by
Sütaş
Sütaş Süt Ürünleri A.Ş (English: ''Sütaş Dairy Products S.A.'') is a Turkish company that specializes in milk products such as yogurt, ayran, cheese, strained yogurt, kaymak, kefir and butter.
History
Sütaş was founded in 1975 in ...
), processed food (by ), and beverages (by ).
![Hudavendigar Park and Nilufer River in Bursa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Hudavendigar_Park_and_Nilufer_River_in_Bursa.jpg)
Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest centre of
silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the ...
trade in the
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
and later the
Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative
Silk Road. The city is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre (, or ). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.
Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular
skiing
Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow. Variations of purpose include basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( ...
resorts of Turkey is located at
Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels,
Uludağ University
Uludağ (), the ancient Mysian or Bithynian Olympus (Greek: Όλυμπος), is a mountain in Bursa Province, Turkey, with an elevation of .
In Turkish, ''Uludağ'' means "great mountain". In ancient times the range of which it is a part, ext ...
has a
physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water.
Transportation
![J33_718_Straßenbahngelenkwagen_Silkworm](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/J33_718_Stra%C3%9Fenbahngelenkwagen_Silkworm.jpg)
Bursa has a
metro
Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to:
Geography
* Metro (city), a city in Indonesia
* A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center
Public transport
* Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urb ...
(
Bursaray
Bursaray (sometimes stylized as ''BursaRay'') is a rapid transit system in the city of Bursa, Marmara Region, Turkey, built in 2000 by TÜVASAŞ, and operated by Burulaş. The name ''Bursaray'' is a portmanteau of ''Bursa'', and ''Ray'', the Tur ...
),
trams
A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ar ...
and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's
Yenişehir Airport
Yenişehir Airport is an international airport in the city of Yenişehir in the Bursa Province of Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country ...
is away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as
Istanbul Airport
Istanbul Airport ( tr, İstanbul Havalimanı, ) is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in the Arnavutköy district on the European side of the city.
All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transfer ...
and
Sabiha Gökçen International Airport Sabiha is an Arabic word () meaning "Morning" and a female given name. In Urdu it (خوبصورت، گوری چٹی) refers to beautiful, and blonde hair. People with the name include:
People Given name
*Sabiha Sultan
ota, رقیه صبیحه س ...
for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities.
![Teleferik,_Uludağ](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Teleferik%2C_Uluda%C4%9F.jpg)
The long
Bursa Uludağ Gondola
The Bursa Uludağ Gondola ( tr, Bursa Teleferik Hattı), or simply ''Teleferik'' as called locally, is an aerial lift line in Bursa Province connecting the city of Bursa with the nearby ski resort area and national park at Mt. Uludağ. Initial ...
( tr, Teleferik) connects Bursa with the ski resort areas high on the mountain
Uludağ
Uludağ (), the ancient Mysian or Bithynian Olympus ( Greek: Όλυμπος), is a mountain in Bursa Province, Turkey, with an elevation of .
In Turkish, ''Uludağ'' means "great mountain". In ancient times the range of which it is a part, e ...
.
The only railway station in Bursa is the
Harmancık
Harmancık is a town and district of Bursa Province in the Marmara region of Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on th ...
station on the
Balıkesir
Balıkesir () is a city in Turkey and is the capital city of Balıkesir Province. Balıkesir is located in the Marmara region of Turkey and has a population of 338,936. Between 1341–1922, it was the capital of Karasi.
History
Close to ...
-
Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is , while 17% travel for over in a single direction.
Education
![BursaTeknikÜniversitesi_MimarSinanYerleşkesi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/BursaTeknik%C3%9Cniversitesi_MimarSinanYerle%C5%9Fkesi.jpg)
Bursa has two public universities and one private university.
Uludağ University
Uludağ (), the ancient Mysian or Bithynian Olympus (Greek: Όλυμπος), is a mountain in Bursa Province, Turkey, with an elevation of .
In Turkish, ''Uludağ'' means "great mountain". In ancient times the range of which it is a part, ext ...
, founded in 1975 in
Görükle, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey.
Bursa Technical University is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year.
The first private university of Bursa was the
Bursa Orhangazi University
Bursa Orhangazi University ( tr, Bursa Orhangazi Üniversitesi), named after Ottoman bey Orhan Gazi, was a private university in Bursa, Turkey. Established in 2011, the university was one out of fifteen private universities that were closed by ...
, which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016.
Istanbul Commerce University
Istanbul Ticaret University (Turkish: ''İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi'') is a foundation university which was founded in 2001 by the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce Education and Social Services Foundation.
Istanbul Ticaret University, which p ...
has opened graduate programs in Bursa in 2013.
The
Bursa Sports High School is located in
Osmangazi
Osmangazi is one of the central metropolitan districts of the city of Bursa in Bursa Province, as well as the fourth largest overall municipality in Turkey. The municipality has a population of approximately 778,843 as of 2012. On its own, it wo ...
district.
Sports
![Bursa Büyükşehir Belediye Stadium 20181026 (2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Bursa_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediye_Stadium_20181026_%282%29.jpg)
The city has one professional football club,
Bursaspor
Bursaspor Kulübü Derneği (), commonly known as Bursaspor, is a Turkish sports club located in the city of Bursa. Formed in 1963, the club colours are green and white, with home kits usually featuring both colours in a striped pattern.
In t ...
, which formerly competed in the
Süper Lig
The Süper Lig (, ''Super League''), officially known as Spor Toto Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons, is a Turkish professional league for association football clubs. It is the top-flight of the Turkish football league system and is run by the ...
(Super League), the top-tier of Turkish football, until
finishing 16th at the end of the
2018–19 Süper Lig season and being relegated to the
TFF First League
The TFF 1. Lig, officially known as Spor Toto 1. Lig for sponsorship reasons, is the second level of the Turkish football league system. The league was founded in 2001 as the ''Turkish Second League Category A'' after the reorganization of the ...
. A few years earlier, Bursaspor had managed to become the
Turkish champions at the end of the
2009–10 Süper Lig
The 2009–10 Süper Lig (known as the ''Turkcell Süper Lig'' for sponsorship reasons) was the 52nd season since its establishment. The season commenced on 7 August 2009 with Istanbul B.B. hosting defending champions Beşiktaş at Atatürk Oly ...
season, thereby becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the Süper Lig championship title after Trabzonspor. Henceforth, Bursaspor was often considered to be one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey, along with Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. The club's relegation to the TFF First League at the end of the 2018–19 season was a major shock for its fans and became a first in the history of Turkish football: Never before a club which had won the Süper Lig championship title was relegated.
Bursaspor plays its home games at the
Timsah Arena
The Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Stadium ( tr, Bursa Büyükşehir Belediye Stadyumu) is a stadium in Bursa, Turkey. It has a capacity of 43,761 spectators and is home to Bursaspor of the TFF Second League
TFF 2. Lig (Turkish Football Federa ...
(meaning "Crocodile Arena",
crocodile being the mascot of the team), which has a seating capacity of 45,000.
The city has a professional
basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately in diameter) through the defender's h ...
team in the
Turkish Basketball League
Turkish may refer to:
*a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
* of or about Turkey
** Turkish language
*** Turkish alphabet
** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation
*** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey
*** Turkish communities and ...
,
Tofaş S.K., which is among the most successful teams. The club plays its games at the
Tofaş Nilüfer Sports Hall.
Politics
The current Mayor of the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality is
Alinur Aktaş from the
Justice and Development Party (AKP), in office since 2019, the AKP coalition won 49.6% of the vote against the CHP coalition which got 47% of the vote.
Main sights
Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque)
Ulu Cami
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (, ''masjid jāmi‘'', or simply: , ''jāmi‘''; ), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (, ''jāmi‘ kabir''; ), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as ''jumu'ah''.*
*
*
*
*
*
*
...
is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early
Ottoman architecture
Ottoman architecture is the architectural style that developed under the Ottoman Empire. It first emerged in northwestern Anatolia in the late 13th century and developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine a ...
, which incorporated many elements from
Seljuk architecture.
Ordered by Sultan
Bayezid I
Bayezid I ( ota, بايزيد اول, tr, I. Bayezid), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt ( ota, link=no, یلدیرم بايزيد, tr, Yıldırım Bayezid, link=no; – 8 March 1403) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He adopted ...
, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan
Bayezid I
Bayezid I ( ota, بايزيد اول, tr, I. Bayezid), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt ( ota, link=no, یلدیرم بايزيد, tr, Yıldırım Bayezid, link=no; – 8 March 1403) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He adopted ...
had promised for winning the
Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two
minarets.
![Bursa_Atatürk_Müzesi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Bursa_Atat%C3%BCrk_M%C3%BCzesi.JPG)
Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous
calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (
şadırvan) where worshipers can perform
ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.
![Bursa_Yeşil_Camii_-_Green_Mosque_(25)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bursa_Ye%C5%9Fil_Camii_-_Green_Mosque_%2825%29.jpg)
The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman I ( ota, سليمان اول, Süleyman-ı Evvel; tr, I. Süleyman; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( ota, قانونى سلطان سليمان, Ḳ ...
's chief architect
Mimar Sinan
Mimar Sinan ( ota, معمار سينان, translit=Mi'mâr Sinân, , ) ( 1488–1490 – 17 July 1588) also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ, ("Sinan Agha the Grand Architect" or "Grand Sinan") was the chief Ottoman architect ( tr, l ...
.) The mosques that were built after the
conquest of Constantinople
The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun o ...
(
Istanbul
)
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code = 34000 to 34990
, area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side)
, registration_plate = 34
, blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD
, blank_i ...
) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia ( 'Holy Wisdom'; ; ; ), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque ( tr, Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The cathedral was originally built as a Greek Ortho ...
, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.
Places of interest
A brief list of the places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see the
places of interest in Bursa.
Mosques and külliye complexes
*
Bursa Grand Mosque
The Grand Mosque of Bursa ( tr, Bursa Ulu Camii) is a historic mosque in Bursa, Turkey. It was commissioned by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I to commemorate his great victory at the Battle of Nicopolis and built between 1396 and 1399. The mosque i ...
and
*
Yeşil Mosque
The Green Mosque ( Turkish: ''Yeşil Camii''), also known as the Mosque of Mehmed I, is a part of a larger complex (Turkish: külliye) on the east side of Bursa, Turkey, the former capital of the Ottoman Turks before they captured Constantinopl ...
and
*
Bayezid I Mosque and
*
Muradiye Mosque and
*
Emir Sultan Mosque
The Emir Sultan Mosque ( tr, Emir Sultan Camii) is in Bursa, Turkey. First built in the 15th century, it was rebuilt in 1804 for the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and rebuilt again in 1868, the plan of the mosque changing slightly with each rebuild ...
and
*
Orhan
Orhan Ghazi ( ota, اورخان غازی; tr, Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan, 1281 – March 1362) was the second bey of the Ottoman Beylik from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I.
In the early stages of hi ...
Gazi Mosque and
*
Hüdavendigar Mosque and
* Koca Sinan Paşa Mosque and
* İshak Paşa Mosque and
* Karacabey Grand Mosque
* Karabaş-i Veli Cultural Centre
*
Somuncu Baba Mosque
*
Üftade Tekkesi Mosque and complex
*
Babasultan Mosque and complex
Bazaars and caravanserais
* Yıldırım Bazaar (''
bedesten
A bedesten (variants: bezistan, bezisten, bedestan) is a type of covered market or market hall which was historically found in the cities of the Ottoman Empire. It was typically the central building of the commercial district of an Ottoman town or ...
'')
*
Koza Han
The Koza Han () is a historic caravanserai (''han'') in Bursa, Turkey. It is located in the heart of the city's historic market district.
History
Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, was also its center of silk production and trade. ...
* Pirinç Han
* İpek Han
Other historic monuments
* Bursa Castle
*
Irgandı Bridge
Irgandı Bridge ( tr, Irgandı Köprüsü) is an historical bridge in Bursa, Turkey. The bridge is over Gökdere, a tributary of Nilüfer River at . It is between Osmangazi (northwest) and Yıldırım (southeast), two second level municipalit ...
* İnkaya Sycamore, very big and impressive 600-year-old tree (
Platanus orientalis
''Platanus orientalis'', the Old World sycamore or Oriental plane, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family, growing to or more, and known for its longevity and spreading crown. In autumn its deep green leaves may change to blood red ...
)
Museums
*
Bursa Archaeological Museum
Bursa Archaeological Museum ( tr, Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi), shortly Bursa Museum, is a national museum in Bursa, Turkey, exhibiting archaeological artifacts found in and around the province.
File:Archaeological museum 7689.jpg, Hellenistic figu ...
*
Bursa Atatürk Museum,
* Bursa City Museum,
*
Bursa Energy Museum
*
Bursa Forestry Museum
Bursa Forestry Museum ( tr, Bursa Ormancılık Müzesi) is a museum in Bursa, northwestern Turkey dedicated to forestry. Opened in 1989, it is housed in a historic Ottoman era mansion. Its collection size is nearly 1,000 items.
Museum building
Th ...
*
Bursa Karagöz Museum
*
Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art
The Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art ( tr, ) is a museum located in the former medrese of Yeşil Complex, which was constructed within the order of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I in 1419.
History
The history of the museum dates back to 1904 ...
* Bursa Turkish Architecture Museum
* İznik Museum
*
Mudanya Armistice House
Mudanya Armistice House ( tr, Mudanya mütareke Evi) is a museum in Mudanya, Turkey. The museum is in the house where the treaty that acknowledged the Republic of Turkey was signed.
Location and history
The two-storey stone museum is in Mudanya ...
*
Museum of Ottoman House
*
Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages
Parks and gardens
*
Uludağ National Park
* Bursa Zoo and Botanical Garden
* Bursa Hüdavendigar Kent Park
Hot springs and thermal baths
* Keramet hot spring
* Çekirge hot spring
* Armutlu hot spring
* Oylat hot spring
* Gemlik hot spring
* Çelik Palas thermal bath
Beaches
* Armutlu beach
* Kumla beach
* Kurşunlu beach
* Orhangazi beach
* Mudanya beach
Gallery
File:Bursa Turkey 2013 1.jpg, Bursa Citadel Main Gate
File:Bursa Orhan Gazi Mosque.jpg, Orhan Gazi
Orhan Ghazi ( ota, اورخان غازی; tr, Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan, 1281 – March 1362) was the second bey of the Ottoman Beylik from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I.
In the early stages of hi ...
Mosque
File:EMİRSULTAN_CAMİİ_BURSA_-_panoramio_(2).jpg, Emir Sultan Mosque
The Emir Sultan Mosque ( tr, Emir Sultan Camii) is in Bursa, Turkey. First built in the 15th century, it was rebuilt in 1804 for the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and rebuilt again in 1868, the plan of the mosque changing slightly with each rebuild ...
File:Bursa Koza Han (Silk Bazaar) 2.jpg, Koza Han (Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the ...
Bazaar) in Bursa
File:Bursa001.jpg, Entrance of the Yeşil Cami (Green Mosque)
File:Muradiye Complex, exterior.jpg, Muradiye Mosque and Külliye in Bursa
File:Bursa, Governorate.jpg, Governorate of Bursa
File:Uludag range.JPG, Mt. Uludağ is a popular ski destination
File:Bursa 7059.jpg, Statue of Atatürk in Bursa
File:Şehreküstü Mosque, Bursa.jpg, Şehreküstü Mosque
File:Yeşil Cami Bursa.jpg, Interior of Yeşil Mosque
File:Französische Kirche in Bursa.jpg, Bursa French Catholic Church
File:Bursa Kalesi 1.jpg, Saltanatkapı (Citadel Main Gate)
File:Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi.jpg, Old City Hall
File:Clock Tower, Bursa.jpg, Tophane Clocktower
File:Türbe of Osman I, Bursa.jpg, Tomb of Osman Gazi
Osman I or Osman Ghazi ( ota, عثمان غازى, translit= ʿOsmān Ġāzī; tr, I. Osman or ''Osman Gazi''; died 1323/4), sometimes transliterated archaically as Othman, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Bey ...
File:Türbe of Orhan Gazi, Bursa.jpg, Tomb of Orhan Gazi
Orhan Ghazi ( ota, اورخان غازی; tr, Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan, 1281 – March 1362) was the second bey of the Ottoman Beylik from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I.
In the early stages of hi ...
File:Innenansicht Große Moschee in Bursa PIC 2004-08-24 19-22 0227.JPG, Interior of the Grand Mosque
File:Bursapnc1.JPG, Koza Han (Silk Bazaar)
File:Irgandı_köprüsü_bursa_-_panoramio.jpg, Irgandı Bridge
Irgandı Bridge ( tr, Irgandı Köprüsü) is an historical bridge in Bursa, Turkey. The bridge is over Gökdere, a tributary of Nilüfer River at . It is between Osmangazi (northwest) and Yıldırım (southeast), two second level municipalit ...
File:View of the city, Bursa, Turkey LOC 4211210430.jpg, A view of Bursa in the late 19th century
File:Bursa, Turkey, ca. 1895.jpg, Bursa, circa 1895
File:Atatürk 1924'te Bursa halkına hitap ediyor.jpg, Atatürk delivering a speech in Bursa, 1924
File:View of Bursa from the hills of Mount Uludag.jpg, A view of Bursa from the foothills of Mt. Uludağ
Twin towns – sister cities
Bursa is
twinned with:
*
Darmstadt, Germany (1971)
*
Sarajevo
Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see names in other languages'') is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo ...
, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1972)
*
Oulu, Finland (1978)
*
Kairouan
Kairouan (, ), also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan ( ar, ٱلْقَيْرَوَان, al-Qayrawān , aeb, script=Latn, Qeirwān ), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was founded by t ...
, Tunisia (1987)
*
Anshan
Anshan () is an inland prefecture-level city in central-southeast Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, about south of the provincial capital Shenyang. As of the 2020 census, it was Liaoning's third most populous city with a population ...
, China (1991)
*
Bitola, North Macedonia (1996)
*
Ceadîr-Lunga, Moldova (1997)
*
Kyzylorda
Kyzylorda ( kk, Қызылорда, translit=Qyzylorda, ), formerly known as Kzyl-Orda (russian: Кзыл-Орда), Ak-Mechet (Ак-Мечеть), Perovsk (Перовск), and Fort-Perovsky (Форт-Перовский), is a city in south-cen ...
, Kazakhstan (1997)
*
Mascara
Mascara is a cosmetic commonly used to enhance the upper and lower eyelashes. It is used to darken, thicken, lengthen, and/or define the eyelashes. Normally in one of three forms—liquid, powder, or cream—the modern mascara product has vari ...
, Algeria (1998)
*
Kulmbach, Germany (1998)
*
Pleven, Bulgaria (1998)
*
Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1998)
*
Tirana
Tirana ( , ; aln, Tirona) is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea ...
, Albania (1998)
*
Košice, Slovakia (2000)
*
Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia ( ; uk, Вінниця, ; yi, װיניצע) is a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug.
It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Oblast and the largest city in the historic region of Podillia. ...
, Ukraine (2004)
*
Pristina
Pristina, ; sr, / (, ) is the capital and largest city of Kosovo. The city's municipal boundaries in Pristina District form the largest urban center in Kosovo. After Tirana, Pristina has the second largest population of ethnic Albanians an ...
, Kosovo (2010)
*
Bakhchysarai, Ukraine (2010)
*
Momchilgrad
Momchilgrad ( bg, Момчилград , , Turkish: Mestanlı); is a town in the very south of Bulgaria, part of Kardzhali Province in the southern part of the Eastern Rhodopes. According to the 2011 census, Momchilgrad is the largest Bulgarian s ...
, Bulgaria (2010)
*
Mogilev
Mogilev (russian: Могилёв, Mogilyov, ; yi, מאָלעוו, Molev, ) or Mahilyow ( be, Магілёў, Mahilioŭ, ) is a city in eastern Belarus, on the Dnieper River, about from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and from the bor ...
, Belarus (2013)
*
Hebron
Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after Eas ...
, Palestine (2014)
*
Herzliya
Herzliya ( ; he, הֶרְצְלִיָּה ; ar, هرتسليا, Hirtsiliyā) is an affluent city in the central coast of Israel, at the northern part of the Tel Aviv District, known for its robust start-up and entrepreneurial culture. In it h ...
, Israel (2014)
*
Veliko Tarnovo
Veliko Tarnovo ( bg, Велико Търново, Veliko Tărnovo, ; "Great Tarnovo") is a town in north central Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Veliko Tarnovo Province.
Often referred as the "''City of the Tsars''", Veliko Tarnovo ...
, Bulgaria (2017)
*
Galkayo
Galkayo ( so, Gaalkacyo, ar, جالكعيو Dr Badal Kariye Ba Bsit Ma Mba & Phd, ''The Kaleidoscopic Lover: The Civil War in the Horn of Africa & My Itinerary for a Peaceful Lover'', (AuthorHouse: 2010), p.116.) which in Af-Somali translates to ...
, Somalia (2018)
See also
*
1855 Bursa earthquake
The 1855 Bursa earthquake occurred on 28 February, with an estimated magnitude of 7.02±0.64 A devastating precursor quake that took place in Mustafakemalpaşa, a town of Bursa Province, in Turkey caused severe destruction all over Bursa and other ...
*
Complex of Mehmed I
The Complex of Mehmed I, aka Yeşil Complex, is a large Ottoman complex of religious buildings ( tr, külliye) in Bursa, Turkey built by Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi and completed in 1420.
The complex
The complex is one of the last in a series of r ...
*
Emirsultan Mosque
*
Grand Mosque of Bursa
The Grand Mosque of Bursa ( tr, Bursa Ulu Camii) is a historic mosque in Bursa, Turkey. It was commissioned by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I to commemorate his great victory at the Battle of Nicopolis and built between 1396 and 1399. The mosque i ...
*
Green Tomb and Mosque
*
List of people from Bursa
*
List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Turkey accepte ...
*
Siege of Bursa
The siege of Bursa occurred from 1317 until the capture on 6 April 1326, when the Ottomans deployed a bold plan to seize Prusa (modern-day Bursa, Turkey). The Ottomans had not captured a city before; the lack of expertise and adequate siege equ ...
Metropolitan Muncipality Mayors of Bursa
*
1984
Events
January
* January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888.
* January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeas ...
-
1989
File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs ...
Ekrem Barışık
ANAP
*
1989
File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs ...
-
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which sank in the Baltic Sea; Nelson ...
Teoman Özalp
DYP
*
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which sank in the Baltic Sea; Nelson ...
-
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shoot ...
Erdem Saker
ANAP
*
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shoot ...
-
2004 Erdoğan Bilsener
DSP
DSP may refer to:
Computing
* Digital signal processing, the mathematical manipulation of an information signal
* Digital signal processor, a microprocessor designed for digital signal processing
* Yamaha DSP-1, a proprietary digital signal ...
*
2004-
2009 Hikmet Şahin
AK Party
The Justice and Development Party ( tr, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, ; AKP), abbreviated officially AK Party in English, is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democrat. It is one of the two major parties of contempora ...
*
2009-
2017
File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a s ...
Recep Altepe AK Party
The Justice and Development Party ( tr, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, ; AKP), abbreviated officially AK Party in English, is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democrat. It is one of the two major parties of contempora ...
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2017
File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a s ...
-present
Alinur Aktaş AK Party
The Justice and Development Party ( tr, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, ; AKP), abbreviated officially AK Party in English, is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democrat. It is one of the two major parties of contempora ...
References
Further reading
External links
Bursa Metropolitan MunicipalityBursa Governorship
{{Authority control
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Greek colonies in Anatolia
Bithynian colonies
Cities in Turkey
Populated places along the Silk Road
Populated places in Bursa Province