Princes Of Mingrelia
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Principalities


Princes and dukes of

Guria Guria ( ka, გურია) is a region (''mkhare'') in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 113,000 (2016), with Ozurgeti as the regional capital. Geography ...

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Kakhaber I Gurieli Kakhaber Gurieli ( ka, კახაბერ გურიელი, ) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Guria in western Georgia in the latter half of the 14th century. He is the first known ruler of Guria to be style ...
c. 1385–1410 *
Mamia Gurieli Mamia Gurieli ( ka, მამია გურიელი, ) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Guria in western Georgia in the latter half of the 15th century. He was the first ruler of Guria styled as Gurieli, after ...
c. 1450–1469 *
Kakhaber II Gurieli Kakhaber II Gurieli ( ka, კახაბერ II გურიელი; died 1483), of the House of Gurieli, was ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Principality of Guria, Guria from c. 1469 until his death in 1483. Kakhaber Gurieli was a son and successor ...
1469–1483 *
Giorgi I Gurieli Giorgi I Gurieli ( ka, გიორგი I გურიელი; died 1512), of the House of Gurieli, was ''eristavi'' ("duke") and then ''mtavari'' ("prince") of Principality of Guria, Guria from 1483 until his death in 1512. Giorgi I Gurieli wa ...
1483–1512 *
Mamia I Gurieli Mamia I Gurieli ( ka, მამია I გურიელი; died 1534), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1512 until his death in 1534. Succeeding on the death of his father Giorgi I Gurieli, Mamia became involved in the conflict ...
1512–1534 * Rostom Gurieli 1534–1564 * Giorgi II Gurieli 1564–1583 * Vakhtang I Gurieli 1583–1587 * Giorgi II Gurieli 1587–1600 *
Mamia II Gurieli Mamia II Gurieli (-1625/1627) is a 17th-century Georgian prince that ruled over the Principality of Guria in Western Georgia. Son of Prince George II, he succeeded his father in 1600 after spending a decade as head of Gurian troops. As Prince, he ...
1600–1625 *
Simon I Gurieli Simon I Gurieli (also Svimon; ka, სიმონ ვიმონI გურიელი, 1606 – ), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1625 to 1626. He acceded to power in Guria, a small principality in southwest Georgia, after ...
1625 *
Kaikhosro I Gurieli Kaikhosro I Gurieli ( ka, ქაიხოსრო I გურიელი; died 1660), of the House of Gurieli, was Principality of Guria, Prince of Guria from 1626 to 1658. He was installed by Levan II Dadiani, Principality of Mingrelia, Prince of ...
1625–1658 *
Demetre Gurieli Demetre Gurieli ( ka, დემეტრე გურიელი, died ), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1658 to 1668 and King of Imereti from 1663 to 1664. His rule in Guria as well as in Imereti were result of coups and part o ...
1659–1668 *
Giorgi III Gurieli Giorgi III Gurieli ( ka, გიორგი III გურიელი; died 1684), of the Georgian House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1669 to 1684 and King of Imereti from 1681 to 1683. He was energetically involved in civil wars in western ...
1669–1684 *
Kaikhosro II Gurieli Kaikhosro II Gurieli ( ka, ქაიხოსრო II გურიელი; died 1689), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria, in western Georgia, from 1685 to 1689. He vied for the control of Guria with his uncle, Malakia Gurieli, who he h ...
1685–1689 *
Mamia III Gurieli Mamia III Gurieli ( ka, მამია III გურიელი), also known as Mamia the Great Gurieli (დიდი გურიელი, ''Didi Gurieli'') or the Black Gurieli (შავი გურიელი, ''Shavi Gurieli'') (died 5 J ...
1689–1712 *
Giorgi IV Gurieli George IV Gurieli ( ka, გიორგი IV გურიელი) (died 1726), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1711 to 1726, and a king of Imereti in western Georgia in 1716. He was installed as regent of Guria by his father, Ma ...
1712 * Kaikhosro III Gurieli 1716 *
Mamia IV Gurieli Mamia IV Gurieli ( ka, მამია IV გურიელი) (died 1778 or 1784), of the western Georgian House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1726 to 1756 and again from 1758 to 1765 and from 1771 to 1776. Intermissions of his rule was th ...
1726–1756 *
Giorgi V Gurieli Giorgi V Gurieli ( ka, გიორგი V გურიელი) (), of the western Georgian House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1756 to 1758 and again from 1765 to 1771 and from 1776 to 1788. Biography Giorgi was a son of Giorgi IV Gur ...
1756–1758 *
Simon II Gurieli Simon II Gurieli (also Svimon; ka, სიმონ ვიმონII გურიელი, died 1792), of the western Georgian House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1788/89 to 1792. Biography Simon Gurieli was the eldest son of Giorgi V ...
1788–1792 * Vakhtang II Gurieli 1792–1797 * Mamia V Gurieli 1797–1826 * Kaikhosro IV Gurieli, 1797–1809 * David Gurieli 1826–1829


Princes of Svaneti

* Konstantine Dadeshkeliani (born 1826– died 1857) ** Tsiokh Dadeshkeliani ** Tengis Dadeshkeliani ** Isam Dadeshkeliani


Princes of Meskheti

* Botso Jaqeli c. 1184–1191 * Ivane I Jaqeli c. 1191–1247 * Sargis I Jaqeli 1268–1279 *
Beka I Jaqeli Beka I Jaqeli ( ka, ბექა I ჯაყელი) (c. 1240 – 1306) was a Georgian ruling prince (''mtavari'') of Samtskhe (1285–1306). His principality included Samtskhe, Adjara, Shavsheti, Klarjeti, Lazia (Chaneti), Tao, Kola, Artaani an ...
1285–1306 * Sargis II Jaqeli 1306–1334 * Qvarqvare I Jaqeli 1334–1361 *
Beka II Jaqeli Beka II Jaqeli ( ka, ბექა II ჯაყელი) (1332 – 1391) was a Georgian prince (''mtavari'') and ruler of Samtskhe from 1361 to 1391. He was appointed as Atabeg by his paternal relative, Georgian king Bagrat V. Since 1372 he had ru ...
1361–1391 *
Shalva Jaqeli The Samtskhe-Saatabago or Samtskhe Atabegate ( ka, სამცხე-საათაბაგო), also called the Principality of Samtskhe (სამცხის სამთავრო), was a Georgian feudal principality in Zemo Kartli, rul ...
1372–1389 *
Aghbugha I Jaqeli Aghbugha I Jaqeli ( ka, აღბუღა I ჯაყელი) (1356 – 1395) was a Georgian prince (''mtavari'') and Atabeg of Samtskhe from 1389 to 1395. Aghbugha was a Son of Prince Shalva. After his father's death Aghbugha was appointed as ...
1389–1395 *
Ivane II Jaqeli Ivane II Jaqeli ( ka, ივანე II ჯაყელი) (1370 – 1444) was a Georgian prince (''mtavari'') and longest-reigning Atabeg of Samtskhe from 1391 to 1444. His father was Beka II, the great-grandson of Beka I Jaqeli. In 1395, after ...
1391–1444 *
Aghbugha II Jaqeli Aghbugha II Jaqeli ( ka, აღბუღა II ჯაყელი) (1407 – 1451) was a Georgian prince (''mtavari'') and Atabeg of Samtskhe from 1444 to 1451. He was a member of Jaqeli family, son of the energetic and separatist ruler Ivane II Ja ...
1444–1451 *
Qvarqvare II Jaqeli Qvarqvare II Jaqeli or Kvarkvare II Jaqeli ( ka, ყვარყვარე II ჯაყელი) (1416 – 1498) was a Prince of Samtskhe-Saatabago, styled Atabeg of Samtskhe or Prince of Meskheti during 1451-1498. He was a member of the Jaqeli ...
1451–1498 *
Kaikhosro I Jaqeli Kaikhosro I Jaqeli ( ka, ქაიხოსრო I ჯაყელი; 1443–1500) was a Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, member of the Jaqeli family and son of Qvarqvare II. His reign lasted from 1498 to 1500. According to Kaikhosro's co ...
1498–1500 *
Mzetchabuk Jaqeli Mzetchabuk Jaqeli ( ka, მზეჭაბუკ ჯაყელი) (1445 – 1516) was a Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago during 1500–1515, member of the Jaqeli family and son of Qvarqvare II Jaqeli. After his older brother's death Mze ...
1500–1515 *
Manuchar I Jaqeli Manuchar I Jaqeli ( ka, მანუჩარ I ჯაყელი) (1452 – died after 1518) was a Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago from 1515 to 1518. He was a member of the Jaqeli family and youngest son of Qvarqvare II Jaqeli. After hi ...
1515–1518 *
Qvarqvare III Jaqeli Qvarqvare III Jaqeli ( ka, ყვარყვარე III ჯაყელი) (1469–1535) was a Georgian ruling Prince and Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago during 1518–1535. Member of the Jaqeli family and son of Atabeg Kaikhosro I Jaqeli. His f ...
1518–1535 *
Kaikhosro II Jaqeli Kaikhosro II Jaqeli ( ka, ქაიხოსრო II ჯაყელი; b. 1522 – d. 1573), of the House of Jaqeli, son of Qvarqvare III, was prince of Samtskhe (styled with the hereditary title of atabeg), ruling nominally in 1545–1573. I ...
1545–1573 * Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli 1573–1581 *
Manuchar II Jaqeli Manuchar II Jaqeli also known as Mustafa Pasha ( ka, მანუჩარ II ჯაყელი; b. 1557 – d. 1614), of the House of Jaqeli, was prince of Samtskhe (styled with the hereditary title of atabeg) and the pasha of its capital Akhal ...
1581–1607 *
Manuchar III Jaqeli Manuchar III Jaqeli ( ka, მანუჩარ III ჯაყელი; 1591–1625), of the House of Jaqeli, was the last atabeg of the principality of Samtskhe, nominally ruling between 1607 and 1625. As a child, he accompanied his father, Manu ...
1607–1628 *
Beka III Jaqeli Beka III Jaqeli, also known as Sefer Pasha ( ka, ბექა III ჯაყელი; tr, Sefer Paşa), (c. 1564—1635) was a Georgian ruler of Childir Eyalet and vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1625 to 1635. He was a member of the Jaqeli famil ...
1625–1635 *
Yusuf I Jaqeli Yusuf I Jaqeli, also known as Yusuf Pasha ( ka, იუსუფ I ჯაყელი; tr, Yusuf Paşa), (1594 — 1647) was a Georgian ruler of Childir Eyalet and vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1635 to 1647, member of the Jaqeli family and the ...
1635–1647 *
Rostom Jaqeli Rostam or Rustam or Rostom ( fa, رستم) is a name referring to the Persian mythical hero Rostam who was immortalized by the poet Ferdowsi in the ''Shahnameh'' (''Book of Kings''). It has been commonly used as a male Persian given name, and may ...
1647–1658 * Aslan I Jaqeli 1658–1679 * Yusuf II Jaqeli 1679–1688 * Salim Jaqeli 1688–1701 *
Isaq I Jaqeli The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak, Isaac) ( so, Reer Sheekh Isxaaq, ar, بني إسحاق, Banī Isḥāq) is a Somali clan. It is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa, with a large and densely populated traditional territory. Perr ...
1701–1705, 1708–1716, 1718–1737 and 1744–1745


Princes of

Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...

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Putu Sharvashidze Putu may refer to: Food * Piutu or putu, a cassava dish from the Sama-Bajau of the Philippines and Sabah * Puto, steamed rice cakes from the Philippines * Putu bambu, a rice cake steamed in bamboo from Indonesia * Putu mayam, a sweet rice dish f ...
(circa 1580–1620) * Seteman Sharvashidze (circa 1620–1640) * Sustar Sharvashidze (circa 1640–1665) * Zegnak Sharvashidze (circa 1665–1700) * Rostom Shervashidze (circa 1700–1730) * Manuchar Sharvashidze (circa 1730–1750) * Zurab Sharvashidze (circa 1750–1780) *
Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Sharvashidze Kelesh Ahmed-Bey (Kelesh-Bey) Sharvashidze (1747–1808) was the head of state of the Principality of Abkhazia from the 1780s to 1808. Kelesh-Bey was the son of Manuchar Sharvashidze. Biography Kelesh-Bey was born in 1747 in the Principality of ...
(circa 1780–1808) * Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze (1808–1810) * Sefer Ali-Bey (George) (1810–1821) * Umar-Bey (Demetreus) (1821–1822) * Mikhail Sharvashidze (1822–1864) * ''Abkhazia incorporated into the Russian Empire (1864)'' * Giorgi Sharvashidze (George) (1866–1918) * Aleksandr Sharvashidze (Alexander) (1918–1968) Aslan-Bey Branch * George Konstantinovich Sharvashidze (1973–2010) *
Teimuraz Georgievitch Sharvashidze Teimuraz may refer to: * Teimuraz (name), a Georgian male given name * Teimuraz I of Kakheti (1589–1663), Georgian king * Teimuraz II of Kakheti (1680–1762), Georgian king * Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani, ruled in 1580/1605–1625 * Teimur ...
(2010-) * Nikoloz/Nicolas Sharvashidze Sefer-Ali Bey Branch * George Shervashidze (1968–1978) * Nikita Shervashidze (1978–2008) * Andrew Shervashidze (2008-) {{anchor, Princes of Samegrelo


Princes, dukes and grand dukes of

Samegrelo Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელო, tr; xmf, სამარგალო, samargalo; ab, Агырны, Agirni) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelians ...

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Vardan I Dadiani Vardan I Dadiani ( ka, ვარდან I დადიანი) (died 1213) was a Georgian noble and the forefather of the Dadiani, the princely dynasty of Samegrelo (Mingrelia), a region in western Georgia which Vardan ruled as ''eristavi'' (" ...
(ca 1180s – 1190s) * Shergil Dadiani (ca 1220s – 1240s) *
Vardan II Dadiani Vardan ( hy, Վարդան; Vartan in Western Armenian transliteration, pronounced in both Eastern and Western Armenian), Varden ( ka, ვარდენ) in Georgian, is an Armenian name of Middle Persian origin (from Mid. Pers. Wardā), popula ...
(ca 1240s – 1250s) *
Tsotne Dadiani Tsotne Dadiani ( ka, ცოტნე დადიანი) (died ) was a Georgian nobleman of the House of Dadiani and one of the leading political figures in the time of Mongol ascendancy in Georgia. Around 1246, he was part of a failed plot aim ...
(ca 1260s) *
Bedan Dadiani Bedan ( he, בְּדָן ''Bəḏān'') is named as one of the deliverer of Israelites in 1 Samuel 12:11. He is not mentioned elsewhere as a judge of Israel. Bishop Simon Patrick and others (including the Talmud) posit the name to be a contrac ...
(ca 1270s – ca 1290s) *
Giorgi I Dadiani Giorgi I Dadiani ( ka, გიორგი I დადიანი; died 1323) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi in western Georgia from the late 13th century until his death. The principal source on Giorgi Dad ...
(ca 1293–1323) * Goshadze Dynasty (XIII–XIX) *
Mamia I Dadiani Mamia I Dadiani ( ka, მამია I დადიანი; died 1345) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi in western Georgia from 1323 until his death. Mamia succeeded as duke of Odishi, latter-day Mingrelia ...
(1323–1345) *
Giorgi II Dadiani Giorgi II Dadiani ( ka, გიორგი II დადიანი; died 1384) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi in western Georgia from 1345 until his death. Giorgi II succeeded on the death of his father, ...
(1345–1384) *
Vameq I Dadiani Vameq I Dadiani ( ka, ვამეყ I დადიანი; died 1396) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi in western Georgia from 1384 until his death. Vameq succeeded on the death of his father, Giorgi II ...
(1384–1396) *
Mamia II Dadiani Mamia II Dadiani ( ka, მამია II დადიანი; died 1414) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi, latter-day Mingrelia, in western Georgia from 1396 until his death. Mamia was the son of Vameq I D ...
(1396–1414) * Liparit I Dadiani (1414–1470) * Shamandavle Dadiani (1470–1473) *
Vameq II Dadiani Vameq II Dadiani (also Vamiq; ka, ვამეყ ამიყII დადიანი; died 1482) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi ( Mingrelia) in western Georgia from 1474 until his death. Vameq was th ...
(1474–1482) *
Liparit II Dadiani Liparit II Dadiani ( ka, ლიპარიტ II დადიანი; died 1512) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ''eristavi'' ("duke") of Odishi, that is, Mingrelia, in western Georgia from 1482 until his death. Liparit was a son of Sh ...
(1482–1512) * Mamia III Dadiani (1512–1533) *
Levan I Dadiani Levan I Dadiani (also Leon; ka, ლევან ეონI დადიანი; died 1572) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ruler of Odishi, that is, Mingrelia, in western Georgia. He succeeded on the death of his father, Mamia III ...
(1533–1546) * Giorgi III Dadiani (1546–1573, 1574–1582) *
Mamia IV Dadiani Mamia IV Dadiani ( ka, მამია IV დადიანი; died 1590) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1573 to 1578 and again from 1582 until his death. He was a younger son of Levan I Dadiani. Mamia Dadiani's career unf ...
(1574, 1582–1590) *
Manuchar I Dadiani Manuchar I Dadiani ( ka, მანუჩარ I დადიანი; died 1611) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1590 until his death. A younger son of Levan I Dadiani, he succeeded on the death of his elder brother, Mami ...
(1590–1611) * Levan II Dadiani (1611–1657) *
Liparit III Dadiani Liparit III Dadiani ( ka, ლიპარიტ III დადიანი; died c. 1658) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1657 until being deposed in 1658. Liparit III Dadiani's brief tenure took place against the background o ...
(1657–1658) *
Vameq III Dadiani Vameq III Dadiani (also Vamiq; ka, ვამეყ ამიყIII დადიანი; died 1661) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1658 until being deposed in 1661. He was also briefly King of Imereti in 1661. He ass ...
(1658–1661) *
Levan III Dadiani Levan III Dadiani ( ka, ლევან III დადიანი), born Shamadavle (შამადავლე) (died 1680) was Prince of Mingrelia, of the House of Dadiani, from 1661 to 1680. His reign unfolded against the background of a series ...
(1661–1681) *
Levan IV Dadiani Levan IV Dadiani ( ka, ლევან IV დადიანი; died 1694) was Prince of Mingrelia from 1681 until 1691, when he was forced to abdicate and retire to Constantinople, where he died. A natural son of the preceding Levan III Dadiani, h ...
(1681–1691) *
Giorgi IV Dadiani Giorgi IV Dadiani ( ka, გიორგი IV დადიანი; died 1715) was Prince of Mingrelia from 1691 to 1704 and from 1710 to 1715. Giorgi's accession to rulership, following his ouster of the First House of Dadiani, inaugurated Ming ...
(Lipartiani) (1700–1704, 1710–1714) *
Katsia I Dadiani Katsia I Dadiani ( ka, კაცია I დადიანი; died 1710), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1704 to 1710. Katsia was the eldest son of Giorgi IV Dadiani by his wife, Sevdia Mikeladze, whom Giorgi divorced, in ...
(1704–1710) *
Bezhan I Dadiani Bezhan Dadiani ( ka, ბეჟან დადიანი; died 1728), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1715 to 1728. He acceded to power in a coup against his own father, Giorgi IV Dadiani, and came to dominate western Georgia ...
(1714–1728) *
Otia I Dadiani Otia Dadiani ( ka, ოტია დადიანი; died 1757), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1728 until his death. Like his predecessors, Otia Dadiani was embroiled in a series of civil wars that plagued western Georgia. ...
(1728–1758) *
Katsia II Dadiani Katsia II Dadiani ( ka, კაცია II დადიანი; died 1788), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1758 to 1788. His rule was dominated by complicated relations with the Kingdom of Imereti, which claimed suzerainty ...
(1758–1788) *
Grigol I Dadiani Grigol Dadiani ( ka, გრიგოლ დადიანი; 1770 – 23 October 1804), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1788 to 1804, with intermissions from 1791 to 1794 and in 1802 when his position was filled by his riva ...
(1788–1791, 1794–1802, 1802–1804) *
Manuchar II Dadiani Manuchar II Dadiani ( ka, მანუჩარ II დადიანი; died ), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1791 to 1793 as a rival to his elder brother, Grigol Dadiani, whose rule was marred by the long-standing struggl ...
(1791–1793) *
Tariel Dadiani Tariel "Taia" Dadiani ( ka, ტარიელ აიადადიანი; ), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1793 to 1794 and in 1802 as a rival to his elder brother, Grigol Dadiani, whose rule was marred by the long-st ...
(1793–1794, 1802) * Levan V Dadiani (1804–1840) *
David I Dadiani David Dadiani ( ka, დავით დადიანი; 23 January 1813 – 30 August 1853), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia, in western Georgia, from 1846 until his death in 1853. A son of Levan V Dadiani, he became ''de facto ...
(1840–1853) * Niko I Dadiani (1853–1857) * Niko I Dadiani (1857–1903) *
Niko II Dadiani Niko may refer to: People The given name is sometimes a short form of Nikola, Nikolas, Nikolaos or others. * Nikō (1253–1314), Japanese Buddhist disciple of Nichiren * Niko (musician), American musician active from 2002 * NiKo (born 1997), B ...
(1903–1919) *
Shalva Dadiani Shalva Dadiani ( ka, შალვა დადიანი; May 21, 1874 – March 15, 1959) was a Georgian novelist, playwright, and actor. Born in Zestaponi, western Georgia (then Kutais Governorate of Russian Empire), into the family of a writ ...
(1919–1959) *
Archil Dadiani Archil may refer to: People Archil, a historical Georgian male given name (including people with that name) Georgian Royalty *5th-century Archil of Iberia *8th century prince and martyr Archil of Kakheti *16th-century Archil, Prince of Mukhrani ...
(1959–1976) Georgia princes
Princes A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary title, hereditary, in some Euro ...
Princes A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary title, hereditary, in some Euro ...
Princes A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary title, hereditary, in some Euro ...