Injo of Joseon (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the

Joseon Dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

. He was the grandson of

King Seonjo Seonjo of Joseon (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) was the fourteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1567 to 1608. He was known for encouraging Confucianism and renovating state affairs at the beginning of his reign. However, politi ...

and son of

Prince Jeongwon Wonjong of Joseon or Prince Jeongwon (2 August 1580 – 2 February 1619) was a prince during the Joseon dynasty. He was a son by a concubine to the Joseon dynasty's 14th monarch, king Seonjo, and half brother of king Gwanghaegun and father of k ...

. He was the king during the

Later Jin invasion of Joseon The Later Jin invasion of Joseon occurred in early 1627 when the Later Jin prince Amin led an invasion of the Joseon Dynasty. The war ended after three months with the Later Jin establishing itself as sovereign tributary overlord over Joseon. ...

, in which Later Jin withdrew the armies after their demands were met. However, in the subsequent Qing invasion, King Injo surrendered in 1636, agreeing to the subjugating terms outlined by the

Qing The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...

. Yi Jong is considered a weak and incompetent ruler as during his reign, Korea experienced the

Yi Gwal's Rebellion Yi Gwal's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in the Joseon dynasty led by General Yi Gwal, who helped Injo ascend to the throne and incited a rebellion against him for being rewarded poorly and trying to arrest his son. He led 12,000 of his soldie ...

, invasions from the Later Jin and Qing dynasty, and an economic recession.

Biography

Birth and background

King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of

, whose father was the ruling monarch

. In 1607,

's son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time. In 1608,

fell sick and died, and his son,

Gwanghaegun Gwanghae-gun or Prince Gwanghae (4 June 1575 – 7 August 1641), personal name Yi Hon (Hangul: 이혼, Hanja: 李琿), was the 15th ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. As he was deposed in a coup d'état, he did not receive a temple name. ...

, succeeded him to the throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions; and the liberal Eastern political faction came out strong after the Seven Year War, which most actively fought against Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of

in the Northern and Southern political factions. The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while the Southern faction supported moderate reform. At the time of

Seonjo Seonjo of Joseon (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) was the fourteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1567 to 1608. He was known for encouraging Confucianism and renovating state affairs at the beginning of his reign. However, politi ...

's death, the Northern faction, who gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and less radical Lesser Northerners. As

inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in the royal court. Meanwhile, conservative Western political faction remained a minor faction, far from gaining power; however many members of the Western faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction.

The coup of 1623

Although King

(光海君, 광해군) was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing Prince Imhae (臨海君, 임해군), the oldest son of

, and Grand Prince Yeongchang (永昌大君, 영창대군), the queen's son. It was not

's plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of the Greater Northerners, such as

Jeong In-hong Jeong In-hong ( ko, 정인홍, 鄭仁弘; 26 September 1535 – 3 April 1623) was a scholar-official of the Joseon period of Korea. A general and a leader of the Northerners faction. He served as Chief State Councillor during the reign of Gwan ...

and

Yi I-cheom Yi or YI may refer to: Philosophic Principle * Yì (义; 義, righteousness, justice) among the 三綱五常 Ethnic groups * Dongyi, the Eastern Yi, or Tung-yi (Chinese: , ''Yí''), ancient peoples who lived east of the Zhongguo in ancient Ch ...

. The actions made

even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him. In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners faction,

Kim Ja-jeom Kim Ja-jeom (; 1588 – January 27, 1652) was a Korean scholar-official of the Joseon dynasty period and Ming-Qing transition. He was one of the disciples of Seong Hon and came from the Andong Kim clan. He was Joseon's Chief State Councillor ...

Kim Ryu Kim or KIM may refer to: Names * Kim (given name) * Kim (surname) ** Kim (Korean surname) *** Kim family (disambiguation), several dynasties **** Kim family (North Korea), the rulers of North Korea since Kim Il-sung in 1948 ** Kim, Vietnamese fo ...

Yi Gwi Yi or YI may refer to: Philosophic Principle * Yì (义; 義, righteousness, justice) among the 三綱五常 Ethnic groups * Dongyi, the Eastern Yi, or Tung-yi (Chinese: , ''Yí''), ancient peoples who lived east of the Zhongguo in ancient Ch ...

and

Yi Gwal Yi Gwal (1587 – 15 February, 1624) was a general during the Joseon Dynasty, Korea, known for the failed Yi Gwal's Rebellion. His family belonged to the Gosung Yi clan. He rebelled against King Injo in 1624, but failed. Yi Gwal was then killed ...

, launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of

, who was sent into exile on Jeju Island.

and Yi Yicheom were killed, and followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new

King of Joseon The Joseon dynasty ruled Korea, succeeding the 400-year-old Goryeo dynasty in 1392 through the Japanese annexation in 1910. Twenty-seven monarchs ruled over united Korea for more than 500 years. List of monarchs See also * List of monarchs of ...

. Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Western faction that dethroned

Yi Gwal Rebellion

thought he was treated unfairly and received too small a reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of

Pyongyang Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 populatio ...

to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other major leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court.

led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during

Japanese invasions of Korea Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

), to the capital,

Hanseong Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 of ...

, where

defeated a regular army under the command of General

Jang Man Jang may refer to: *Jang (Marshall Islands), part of Maloelap Atoll, in the Marshall Islands *Jang, Nepal, a village development committee in the Rapti Zone of western Nepal * Jang, the Tibetan name for Naxi, a county-level district of Luzhou cit ...

( 张晚) and surrounded

in what is known as the Battle of Jeotan. Injo fled to

Gongju Gongju ([]; Gongju-si) is a city in South Chungcheong province, South Korea. History Gongju was formerly named Ungjin and was the capital of Baekje from AD 475 to 538. In this period, Baekje was under threat from Goguryeo. Goguryeo had overrun ...

, and

fell into the hands of the rebels. On February 11, 1624,

enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Jang Man soon came back with another regiment and defeated

's forces. The Korean army recaptured the capital soon after, and

was murdered by his bodyguard, which resulted in the end of the rebellion. Even though Injo was able to keep his throne, the rebellion displayed the weaknesses of royal authority, while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by the fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from

's reconstruction, was once again ruined and Korea would remain in a poor economic state for a few centuries.

War with Later Jin and Qing

King

, who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

, which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (the later the Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of

, conservative Westerners took hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty, keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy.

Han Yun Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...

, who participated in the rebellion of

, fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler

Nurhaci Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing (), was a Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th century in Manchuria. A member of the House of Aisin-Gioro, he reigned ...

to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended. In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General Amin (阿敏) and former Korean General

Gang Hong-rip Gang Hongrip (1560 – 6 September 1627) was a Korean general during the Joseon Dynasty. Under repeated requests from Ming China, Gwanghaegun commanded Gang Hongrip to help Ming forces with ten thousand soldiers against the Manchus in 1619. ...

invaded

Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...

, calling for restoration of

and execution of Westerners leaders, including

. General

again fought against the Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to

Ganghwa Island Ganghwa Island (Hangul ; Hanja ), also known by its native name Ganghwado, is a South Korean island in the estuary of the Han River. It is in the Yellow Sea, off Korea's west coast. The island is separated from Gimpo (on the South Korean mainla ...

. Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula. However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite the war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and

Hong Taiji Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin ...

succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek for chance for another war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general

Mao Wenlong Mao Wenlong (; 10 February 1576 – 24 July 1629), courtesy name Zhennan, was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty. He is best known for commanding Ming forces in the naval battles against forces of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the Ye ...

and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again. In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

, and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General

Im Gyeong-eop Im Gyeong-eop (1594 – 1646) was a Korean general during the Joseon Dynasty. He participated in Korea's war against the Later Jin invasion of Joseon and Qing invasion of Joseon in the 17th century. After Ming forces surrendered to the Qing, I ...

, a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the

Uiju Ŭiju County is a kun, or county, in North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The county has an area of 420 km², and a population of 110,018 (2008 data). Name Ŭiju appears as Uiju in South Korea's Revised Romanization and as Yizhou in Chinese ...

Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into

before Injo could escape to

, driving Injo to Namhan Mountain Fortress instead. Running out of food and supplies after the Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the

Treaty of Samjeondo A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal pers ...

, which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives.

then became a

tributary state A tributary state is a term for a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power (the suzerain). This tok ...

to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the Central Plain in 1644.

Death of the Crown Prince

After

conquered Beijing in 1644, the two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son,

Crown Prince Sohyeon Crown Prince Sohyeon (소현세자, 昭顯世子, 5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645) was the first son of King Injo of Joseon Dynasty. Sohyeon was a hostage in the Manchu court at Shenyang, by the terms of the peace treaty concluded after War ...

, brought many new products from the western world, including

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...

, and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept the opinion; and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea. The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from the head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that Sohyeon brought from China; however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened the funeral period for his son. King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became King Hyojong) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to the mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason.

Legacy

Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Gwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. His tomb is located in

Paju Paju () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Paju was made a city in 1997; it had previously been a county (''gun''). The city area of Paju is ,"Paju (Gyeonggi-do Province)." ''Naver Encyclopedia of Knowledge''. Naver, 2015. 4 Mar. 2016. ...

Gyeonggi Province Gyeonggi-do (, ) is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, ''Gyeonggi'', means "京 (the capital) and 畿 (the surrounding area)". Thus, ''Gyeonggi-do'' can be translated as "Seoul and the surrounding areas of Seoul". Seoul, the na ...

Family

* Father: Wonjong of Joseon (2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619) (조선 원종) **Grandfather:

King Seonjo of Joseon Seonjo of Joseon (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) was the fourteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1567 to 1608. He was known for encouraging Confucianism and renovating state affairs at the beginning of his reign. However, politi ...

(26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) (조선 선조) **Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan (1555 – 10 December 1613) (인빈 김씨) * Mother:

Queen Inheon Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan (Hangul: 인헌왕후 구씨, Hanja: 仁獻王后具氏; 23 May 1578 – 10 February 1626), also known as Lady Gyewoon (계운궁, 啓運宮), was the wife of Grand Internal Prince Jeongwon and the biologi ...

of the

Neungseong Gu clan The Neungseong Gu clan () is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Neungseong Gu clan’s member was 174,161. Their founder was who exiled himsel ...

(17 April 1578 – 14 January 1626) (인헌왕후 구씨) **Grandfather:

Gu Sa-maeng Gu Sa-maeng (Hangul: 구사맹, Hanja: 具思孟; 1531–1604) was a 16th century Korean nobleman, military officer and minister. He was the father of Queen Inheon and the maternal grandfather of Injo of Joseon. Life In 1549 (4th year of King Mye ...

(1531 – 1 April 1604) (구사맹) **Grandmother: Lady Shin of the

Pyeongsan Shin clan The Pyeongsan Sin clan or Pyeongsan Shin clan () is one of the great aristocratic houses which originated from Korea. The clan was key in the foundation of the Goryeo dynasty and gained its power during this time. However, it became less promi ...

(1538–1662) (평산 신씨); Gu Sa-maeng's second wife * Consorts and their Respective Issue(s): #

Queen Inyeol Queen or QUEEN may refer to: Monarchy * Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom ** List of queens regnant * Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king * Queen dowager, the widow of a king * Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...

of the

Cheongju Han clan The Cheongju Han clan (Hangul: 청주 한씨, Hanja: 淸州韓氏) is a Korean noble family. It is also called the House of Han or the Han clan of Cheongju. It is considered one of the most prominent clans since the Gojoseon period. In the Sil ...

(16 August 1594 – 16 January 1636) (인렬왕후 한씨) ## Yi Wang, Crown Prince Sohyeon (5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645) (이왕 소현세자), first son ## Yi Ho, Grand Prince Bongrim (3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659) (이호 봉림대군), second son ## Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong (10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658) (이요 인평대군), third son ## Yi Gon, Grand Prince Yongseong (24 October 1624 – 22 December 1629) (이곤 용성대군), fourth son ## ''First daughter (1626 – 1626)'' ## ''Fifth son (1629 – 1629)'' ##''Sixth son (1635 – 1635)'' #

Queen Jangnyeol Queen Jangryeol (장렬왕후 조씨; 16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688), of the Yangju Jo clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second queen consort of Yi Jong, King Injo, the 16th Joseon monarch. She was queen consort of Jo ...

of the Yangju Jo clan (16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688) (장렬왕후 조씨) — No issue. # Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan (1617 – 24 January 1652) (귀인 조씨) ## Princess Hyomyeong (1637 – 1700) (효명옹주), second daughter ## Yi Jing, Prince Sungseon (17 October 1639 – 6 January 1690) (이징 숭선군), seventh son ## Yi Suk, Prince Nakseon (9 December 1641 – 26 April 1695) (이숙 낙선군), eighth son # Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Deoksu Jang clan (1619 – 1671) (귀인 장씨) # Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Na clan (숙의 나씨) — No issue. # Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Park clan (숙의 박씨) — No issue. # Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan (숙원 장씨) — No issue. # Court Lady Yi (? – 1643) (상궁 이씨) — No issue.Daughter of Yi Seong-gil (이성길, 李成吉).

Modern depictions

*Portrayed by Kim Dong-hoon in the 1981

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''. *Portrayed by

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in the 1986–1987 MBC TV series ''500 Years of Joseon: Namhan Mountain Fortress''. *Portrayed by Ahn Dae-yong in 1995 KBS TV series ''

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''. *Portrayed by

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in the 2000–2002 MBC TV series ''

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in the 2008 SBS TV series ''

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in the 2008

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''. *Portrayed by

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in the 2010 KBS2 TV series ''

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in the 2012–2013 MBC TV series ''

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''. *Portrayed by

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in the 2013

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''. *Portrayed by

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in the 2015 MBC TV series ''

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Kang Tae-oh Kang Tae-oh (born Kim Yoon-hwan on June 20, 1994) is a South Korean actor and singer. He was a member of the actor group 5urprise. He rose to popularity for his starring role in television series '' My First First Love'' (2019), '' Run On'' (20 ...

in the 2019 KBS2 TV series ''

The Tale of Nokdu ''The Tale of Nokdu'' () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Jang Dong-yoon, Kim So-hyun, Kang Tae-oh, and Jung Joon-ho. It is based on the webtoon by Hye Jin-yang which was published in 2014 on Naver Webtoon. It aired on KBS2 ...

''. *portrayed by Lee Min-Jae in 2021 MBN TV series '' Bossam: Steal the Fate''. *Portrayed by Jo Kwan-woo in the 2021 tvN TV series ''

Secret Royal Inspector & Joy ''Secret Royal Inspector & Joy'' () is a 2021 South Korean television series starring Ok Taec-yeon and Kim Hye-yoon. It aired on tvN from November 8 to December 28, 2021. It is also available for streaming on iQIYI and Viu in selected territori ...

''. * Portrayed by Yoo Hae Jin in the 2022 movie The Owl.

References

{{Authority control 1595 births 1649 deaths 17th-century Korean monarchs