In
general topology
In mathematics, general topology is the branch of topology that deals with the basic set-theoretic definitions and constructions used in topology. It is the foundation of most other branches of topology, including differential topology, geomet ...
, a pretopological space is a generalization of the concept of
topological space
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance. More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called po ...
.
A pretopological space can be defined in terms of either filters or a
preclosure operator
In topology, a preclosure operator, or ÄŒech closure operator is a map between subsets of a set, similar to a topological closure operator, except that it is not required to be idempotent. That is, a preclosure operator obeys only three of the f ...
.
The similar, but more abstract, notion of a Grothendieck pretopology is used to form a
Grothendieck topology In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category ''C'' that makes the objects of ''C'' act like the open sets of a topological space. A category together with a choice of Grothendieck topology is c ...
, and is covered in the article on that topic.
Let
be a set. A neighborhood system for a pretopology on
is a collection of
filter
Filter, filtering or filters may refer to:
Science and technology
Computing
* Filter (higher-order function), in functional programming
* Filter (software), a computer program to process a data stream
* Filter (video), a software component tha ...
s
one for each element
of
such that every set in
contains
as a member. Each element of
is called a neighborhood of
A pretopological space is then a set equipped with such a neighborhood system.
A
net
Net or net may refer to:
Mathematics and physics
* Net (mathematics), a filter-like topological generalization of a sequence
* Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2
* Net (polyhedron), an arrangement of polygons that can be folded u ...
converges to a point
in
if
is eventually in every neighborhood of
A pretopological space can also be defined as
a set
with a preclosure operator (
ÄŒech closure operator
In topology, a preclosure operator, or ÄŒech closure operator is a map between subsets of a set, similar to a topological closure operator, except that it is not required to be idempotent. That is, a preclosure operator obeys only three of the fou ...
)
The two definitions can be shown to be equivalent as follows: define the closure of a set
in
to be the set of all points
such that some net that converges to
is eventually in
Then that closure operator can be shown to satisfy the axioms of a preclosure operator. Conversely, let a set
be a neighborhood of
if
is not in the closure of the complement of
The set of all such neighborhoods can be shown to be a neighborhood system for a pretopology.
A pretopological space is a topological space when its closure operator is
idempotent
Idempotence (, ) is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of pl ...
.
A map
between two pretopological spaces is continuous if it satisfies for all subsets
See also
*
*
*
*
References
* E. ÄŒech, ''Topological Spaces'', John Wiley and Sons, 1966.
* D. Dikranjan and W. Tholen, ''Categorical Structure of Closure Operators'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.
* S. MacLane, I. Moerdijk, ''Sheaves in Geometry and Logic'', Springer Verlag, 1992.
External links
Recombination Spaces, Metrics, and PretopologiesB.M.R. Stadler, P.F. Stadler, M. Shpak., and G.P. Wagner. (See in particular Appendix A.)
Closed sets and closures in PretopologyM. Dalud-Vincent, M. Brissaud, and M Lamure. 2009 .
{{Topology
General topology