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Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. was one of the earliest known women's association football teams in England. The team remained in existence for over 48 years, from 1917 to 1965, playing 833 games, winning 759, drawing 46, and losing 28. During its early years, matches attracted anywhere from 4,000 to over 50,000 spectators per match. In 1920, Dick, Kerr Ladies defeated a French side 2–0 in front of 25,000 people that went down in history as the first international women's association football game. The team faced strong opposition by the Football Association (FA), who banned the women from using fields and stadiums controlled by FA-affiliated clubs for 50 years (the rule was repealed in 1971).


Origins

Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. was founded in Preston, Lancashire, England as a World War I-era works team for the company Dick, Kerr & Co. The women on the team had joined the company in 1914 to help produce ammunition for the war. Although women had initially been discouraged from playing football, it was believed that such organised sporting activity would be good for morale in wartime factories and would aid production, so competitive sport was encouraged. During a period of low production at the factory in October 1917, women workers joined the apprentices in the factory yard for informal football matches during their tea and lunch breaks. After beating the men of the factory in an informal game, the women of Dick, Kerr formed a team, under the management of office worker, Alfred Frankland. The team drew strong crowds from the beginning; Dick, Kerr beat Arundel Coulthard Factory 4–0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 on Christmas Day 1917 at Deepdale. Dick, Kerr played in charity fixtures against similar teams around the country and raised money for injured servicemen during and after the war. The ''Daily Post'' wrote, "Dick, Kerr were not long in showing that they suffered less than their opponents from stage fright, and they had a better all-round understanding of the game. Their forward work, indeed, was often surprisingly good, one or two of the ladies showing quite admirable ball control." Players were paid 10 shillings a game by Dick, Kerr & Co. to cover their expenses.


International play begins (1920)

The team played the first women's international in 1920 against France. The French team was from Paris and was led by the great patron of Women's sport in France, Alice Milliat. Dick, Kerr played a total of four games in the UK the same year. The first match was played at Deepdale, where the squad won 2–0. The second match at Stockport was won by the Dick, Kerr Ladies 5–2 followed by the third game in Manchester which drew 1–1. The final was won by the French at
Stamford Bridge Stamford Bridge may refer to: * Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, a village in England ** Battle of Stamford Bridge, 25 September 1066 * Stamford Bridge (bridge), a bridge in the village of Stamford Bridge * Stamford Bridge (stadium), in L ...
in London with a score of 2–1. The Dick, Kerr Ladies went on to tour in France where they played in Paris, Roubaix, Havre and finally Rouen, drawing on three and winning the final game. The French tour generated tremendous publicity for the team and on Boxing Day of 1920, their match against St Helens Ladies at Goodison Park, Liverpool drew a crowd of 53,000 spectators, a world record for women's club matches that lasted for over 98 years. The team were featured regularly in the
Pathé Pathé or Pathé Frères (, styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French people, French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896. In the early 1900s, Pathé became the world's largest ...
newsreels of the day and players like Lily Parr and
Alice Woods Alice Woods or Alice Augusta Woods (6 August 1849 – 7 January 1941) was a British educationist and college head. She was an advocate for co-education. Life Woods was born in Walthamstow on 6 August 1849 and she was brought up as a Quaker. Her ...
became an appealing draw at British football grounds. Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. played against Huddersfield Atalanta Ladies F.C. at
Hillsborough Hillsborough may refer to: Australia *Hillsborough, New South Wales, a suburb of Lake Macquarie Canada *Hillsborough, New Brunswick *Hillsborough Parish, New Brunswick * Hillsborough, Nova Scotia, in Inverness County *Hillsborough (electoral d ...
, Sheffield, on 6 May 1921 for which a programme survives.


FA ban (1921)

The popularity of the team led the Football Association (FA) to ban women's football at its members grounds on 5 December 1921. The FA claimed that the reason for the ban was to "protect" women, who they saw as not physically able to play football. The crowds at the Dick, Kerr Ladies matches were often bigger than men's games being played on the same day. Less than a year after a match against St Helens Ladies played before 53,000 fans packed into Goodison Park, the Dick, Kerr Ladies, as well as all the other women's teams that had been established in England, lost their official recognition by the FA. The resolution passed by the FA's Consultative Committee read: The FA ban stayed in place for fifty years – finally being rescinded in 1971 – and ultimately became a major setback for the women's game in England. The grounds that were under the FA's governance were the only ones that held enough capacity to meet the demand of the women's games in the early 1920s. Because of the ban, women's games were relegated to smaller capacity fields with less resources and exposure. The FA finally recognised women's football in July 1971, 50 years after they had banned the game and six years after the team folded. The later Preston North End W.F.C., now Fylde Ladies, is unrelated to this team. The women's game in England was left on its own until 1993 when the FA took over its administration and funding.


American tour (1922)

Despite the FA ban, the team continued to play on non-FA grounds. In late 1922, the team travelled abroad for a tour of Canada and the United States. Upon their arrival, Canada's
Dominion Football Association The Canadian Soccer Association (Canada Soccer) is the governing body of soccer in Canada. It is a national organization that oversees the Canadian men's and women's national teams for international play, as well as the respective junior sides ...
prevented the team from playing anywhere in the country. The ''Washington Post'' reported on 23 September 1922, "The Dick, Kerr's team of English women soccer football players arrived today on the steamship Montclare en route to the United States where they will play a series of games. The girls will not be allowed to play Canadian soccer teams under order from the Dominion Football Association which objects to women football players. The team's first game will be at Patterson, N.J., on September 24th." The team played nine U.S.-based men's teams before crowds ranging from four to ten thousand spectators. Some of the opposing teams included immigrants who had previously played in the British football league, plus at least one American who would go on to represent the U.S. at the 1930 World Cup finals. Dick, Kerr Ladies acquitted themselves well, winning three games, drawing three, and losing three. They proved tough opponents. "I played against them in 1922," recalled
Paterson Paterson may refer to: People * Paterson (surname) * Paterson (given name) Places Australia *Paterson, New South Wales *Paterson River, New South Wales * Division of Paterson, an electoral district in New South Wales *Paterson, Queensland, a lo ...
goalkeeper Peter Renzulli. "We were national champions and we had a hell of a job beating them." The ''Fall River Evening Herald'' in Fall River, Massachusetts described the match there as "one of the biggest things in soccer ever to have visited the United States." Newspapers often described the team as "showing great stamina, clever combination of play, and considerable speed."


"World Champions"

In September 1923 they played a match against the leading Scottish side Rutherglen Ladies (led by James H. Kelly and based in Rutherglen near Glasgow) at Shawfield Park; Dick, Kerr Ladies had the unusual experience of a defeat, the Scottish team winning 2–0. Kelly declared his team "World Champions" following the match. It is speculated that the defeat prevented any rematch as Kerr's team were expected to win their matches. The title of "World Champions" was still used in Dick Kerr's advertising and in 1925 Kerr's team was claiming to be World Champions from 1917 to 1925.


Colours

The team's club colours were black and white striped jerseys with a small Union Jack on the left breast and blue shorts. Their England colours were white jerseys and blue shorts. The women also wore striped hats to cover their hair.


Preston Ladies F.C. (1926–1965)

In 1926, Alfred Frankland had a falling out with the Dick, Kerr Ladies ownership. The team's name changed to "Preston Ladies F.C." and carried on playing until 1965. Despite having to play in more obscure locations due to the FA ban, the team saw an average of 5,000 spectators at their matches throughout the 1930s. In 1937, the team played against Scottish women champions, the Edinburgh Ladies and won 5–1, earning the "unofficial" title of world champions for the first time.


In popular culture


Television


''Nation on Film – Women's Football''

The story of the Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C was featured in the BBC's ''Nation on Film – Women's Football'' in 2005 and featured archive film footage of the team in action shot by professionals and amateurs.


''When Football Banned Women''

Dick, Kerr Ladies' history was revisited in ''When Football Banned Women'', a documentary presented by
Clare Balding Clare Victoria Balding (born 29 January 1971) is an English broadcaster, journalist, and author. She currently presents for BBC Sport, Channel 4, BT Sport, is the current president of the Rugby Football League (RFL) and formerly presented the ...
and broadcast on Channel 4 in 2017: the programme featured archive footage and still photographs as well as historians discussing the club and analysing the reaction of the football authorities to the women's game.


Theatrical adaptations


''Our Girls Our Game''

''Our Girls Our Game'' is a play based on the story of Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C., written by Victoria Saxton and Directed by Charlotte Westenra for British Youth Musical Theatre in 2021.


''Famous and Forgotten''

''Famous and Forgotten'' is a play based on the story of Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C., written by playwright Andrew Colley. In 2004 the play won the 'Naked Talent' playwriting competition at the Mercury Theatre, Colchester, and has been widely performed by amateur and professional groups in the UK and abroad. It was performed at the College at Braintree in 2011.


''Unfit for Females''

The story of the Dick, Kerr Ladies, set against the backdrop of the impact of the
Suffragette A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members ...
movement and The Great War, has provided the inspiration for a play called, ''Unfit for Females'', produced by London theatre company, Bold Over Theatre. The show ran from 24 March – 13 April 2014 at Riverside Studios, Hammersmith before embarking on a national tour.


''No Man's Land''

''No Man's Land'' by Stephanie Alice McKervill was produced by Ribcaged Productions in 2014. It tells the story of the Dick, Kerr Ladies' rise and their treatment both during and after the Great War. It toured Lancashire, including the Grand Clitheroe, Blackburn Empire and Lowther Pavilion, Lytham in 2014.


''Not a Game for Girls''

''Not a Game for Girls'', a play written by Benjamin Peel, was first performed by Matthew Wignall's Off the Rock Productions company at Friargate Theatre, York, in June 2017, directed by Alison Young. Using a mixture of real, composite and fictional characters, it begins with the team's formation in 1917 and ends with the 1921 ban. The production illustrates the social changes during and after the Great War, as well as the effect of the conflict on men.


Modern dance


Quite Unfit For Females

'Quite Unfit For Females' was performed by About Time Dance Company as part of 2021 Lancashire Encounter Festival. The piece was performed in their home city of Preston at the site of its flag market. The piece used dance to tell their story from inception, through FA ban and beyond.


See also

* Lily Parr *
Alice Kell Alice Cook (née Kell; 24 June 1898 – 2 December 1972) was an association football player and the first captain of Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C., one of the first prominent female football teams in the world. She played in their inaugural match at P ...
*
Florrie Redford Florrie Redford was an English footballer and nurse. She played for Dick, Kerr Ladies Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. was one of the earliest known women's association football teams in England. The team remained in existence for over 48 years, from 191 ...
*
Alice Woods Alice Woods or Alice Augusta Woods (6 August 1849 – 7 January 1941) was a British educationist and college head. She was an advocate for co-education. Life Woods was born in Walthamstow on 6 August 1849 and she was brought up as a Quaker. Her ...
* Nellie Halstead * Joan Whalley * British Ladies' Football Club


References


Further reading

* Jacobs, Barbara (2004), ''The Dick Kerr's Ladies'', Constable and Robinson, * Grainey, Timothy F. (2012), ''Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer'', University of Nebraska Press, * Newsham, Gail J. (1994), ''In a League of their Own! The Dick, Kerr Ladies 1917–1965'', Pride of Place UK Limited, * Williams, Jean (2007), ''A Beautiful Game: International Perspectives on Women's Football, Berg, * Williamson, David J. (1991), ''Belles of the Ball: Early History of Women's Football'', R&D Associates,


External links

* * * * * * {{City of Preston culture, state=collapsed Defunct women's football clubs in England Association football clubs established in 1917 Association football clubs disestablished in 1965 Sport in Preston 1917 establishments in England 1965 disestablishments in England Defunct football clubs in Lancashire Works association football teams in England