''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina.Flora of China v 25 p 92, 小红门兰属 xiao hong men lan shu, ''Ponerorchis''
/ref> They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions. The species ''Ponerorchis chidorii'', endemic to Japan, is also known to grow

epiphytically An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

. In the horticultural trade, this genus is abbreviated as "Pnr". A wide range of mostly cultivars of ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'' are in cultivation, but are rarely grown outside Japan.

Description

''Ponerorchis'' species grow from an ovoid tuber. They are slender plants with one to three usually slightly fleshy leaves. The flowers are all borne on the same side of the stem. The upper sepal and the two lateral

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s form a hood. The

column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...

is short and has obvious side appendages. There is a rostellum separating the pollinia from the stigma. The genus was substantially expanded in 2014, so older descriptions do not necessarily apply to the revised genus. ''Ponerorchis'' was said to be differentiated from ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' by the presence of a bursicle or "sac" around the viscidium (a sticky pad at the base of the pollinium). However, this feature was found to be present in some species formerly assigned to ''Amitostigma'' and to be difficult to detect in some species of ''Ponerorchis''. In the expanded genus, a bursicle is present is some species and not in others.

Taxonomy

Phylogeny and classification

The genus ''Ponerorchis'' was erected by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1852 for the species ''

Ponerorchis graminifolia ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to southern Korea and Japan. They are short herbaceous perennials, growing from a tuber, with small flowers in shades of pink to purple. Many varieties ...

''. Phylogenetic studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that ''Ponerorchis'', when broadly defined, formed a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

with the genera ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''

Hemipilia ''Hemipilia'' is a genus of plants in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Species # '' Hemipilia calophylla'' C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f. - Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam # '' Hemipilia cordifolia'' ...

''. ''Ponerorchis'', as then

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

, was not

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, ''Ponerorchis'' was broadened to include ''Chusua'', and an "orphan" species was transferred from ''Ponerorchis'' to become ''

Hemipilia brevicalcarata ''Hemipilia'' is a genus of plants in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Species # '' Hemipilia calophylla'' C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f. - Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam # '' Hemipilia cordifolia'' ...

''. A more detailed

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''Ponerorchis'', whose species were mixed together in a single

, making none of the three genera

as then

. ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' were subsumed into ''Ponerorchis'', making it a considerably larger genus. ''Ponerorchis'' was previously distinguished from related genera by the presence of bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the pollinia. The presence or absence of a bursicle was found not to be a useful diagnostic character, having arisen independently at least four times in the Orchideae. ''Ponerorchis'' is placed in the orchid subfamily Orchidoideae, tribe Orchideae, subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between ''Ponerorchis'' and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the cladogram below.

Species

Species accepted as of March 2018: * ''

Ponerorchis alpestris ''Ponerorchis alpestris'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Taiwan. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1935 by Noriaki Fukuyama as ''Amitostigma alpestre''. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2014 found ...

'' (Fukuy.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – N. & Central Taiwan * ''

Ponerorchis amplexifolia ''Ponerorchis amplexifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (west Sichuan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1936 by Tsin Tang and Fa Tsuan Wang as ''Amitostigma amplexifolium' ...

'' (Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis basifoliata ''Ponerorchis basifoliata'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-east China (south-east Sichuan, north Yunnan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1902 by Achille Eugène Finet, as ''Peristylus tetr ...

'' (Finet) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (S.E. Sichuan, N. Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis bidupensis ''Hemipilia bidupensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to southern Vietnam. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1999 by Leonid Averyanov, as ''Hemipilia bidupensis''. In 2010, he transferred it to ...

'' (Aver.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S. Vietnam * '' Ponerorchis bifoliata'' (Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N. Sichuan, S. Gansu) * '' Ponerorchis brevicalcarata'' (Finet) Soó – China (S.W. Sichuan to N.W. Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis camptoceras ''Hemipilia camptoceras'' is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to the Sichuan region of China. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1892 as ''Habenaria camptoceras'' by William Botting Hemsley, who attributed the ...

'' (Rolfe ex Hemsl.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. & S.W. Sichuan) * '' Ponerorchis capitata'' (Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (Sichuan, W. Hubei) * ''

Ponerorchis chidorii ''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina. They can be found in evergreen ...

'' (Makino) Ohwi – Japan * '' Ponerorchis chusua'' (D.Don) Soó – Siberia to Himalaya * ''

Ponerorchis compacta ''Hemipilia compacta'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (western Sichuan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1924 by Rudolf Schlechter, as ''Neottianthe compacta''. A molecular p ...

'' (Schltr.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. Sichuan) * '' Ponerorchis crenulata'' Soó – China (N.W. Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis cucullata ''Ponerorchis cucullata'', formerly ''Neottianthe cucullata'', is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to temperate Eurasia from Poland to Japan, and also to the Himalayas. It is terrestrial, growing from tubers, to ...

'' (L.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – Poland to Japan and Himalaya * '' Ponerorchis dolichocentra'' (Tang, F.T.Wang & K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis exilis ''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina. They can be found in evergreen for ...

'' (Ames & Schltr.) S.C.Chen – China (Central & N.E. Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis faberi ''Hemipilia faberi'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (Sichuan, north-western Yunnan, north-eastern Guizhou). Taxonomy The species was first described by Robert Allen Rolfe in 1982 as ''Hab ...

'' (Rolfe) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (Sichuan, N.W. Yunnan, N.E. Guizhou) * ''

Ponerorchis farreri ''Hemipilia farreri'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to China, where it is found from south-eastern Tibet to north-western Yunnan. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1924 by Rudolf Schlechter, ...

'' (Schltr.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S.E. Tibet to China (N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis fujisanensis'' (K.Inoue) J.M.H.Shaw – N. & Central Japan * '' Ponerorchis gonggashanica'' (K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (S.W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis gracilis ''Hemipilia gracilis'', commonly known as delicate amitostigma, is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is widespread across much of eastern Asia where it has been reported from Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China ( Anhui, Fujian, Guan ...

'' (Blume) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China to Temp. E. Asia * ''

'' Rchb.f. – Korea, S. Central & S. Japan * '' Ponerorchis hemipilioides'' (Finet) Soó – China (N.W. Yunnan, Central Guizhou) * '' Ponerorchis joo-iokiana'' (Makino) Nakai – N. Korea, Japan (Central Honshu) * ''

Ponerorchis keiskei ''Ponerorchis keiskei'' (synonym ''Amitostigma keiskei'') is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. The species is endemic to Japan. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1879 by Karl Maximovich, using the name "''Gymnadenia keiske ...

'' (Finet) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – Japan (W. Honshu. Shikoku) * '' Ponerorchis kinoshitae'' (Makino) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S. Kuril Islands to Japan (Hokkaido, N. Honshu) * '' Ponerorchis kiraishiensis'' (Hayata) Ohwi – Taiwan * ''

Ponerorchis lepida ''Hemipilia lepida'' is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae found on Kyushu Island in Japan, and in the Ryukyu Islands to the south. Taxonomy The species was first described by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1878, as ''Gymnadenia lepid ...

'' (Rchb.f.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – Japan (S. Kyushu) to Central Nansei-shoto * ''

Ponerorchis limprichtii ''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina. They can be found in evergreen ...

'' (Schltr.) Soó – Central China * ''

Ponerorchis luteola ''Ponerorchis luteola'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (north-west Yunnan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1996 as ''Neottianthe luteola''. A molecular phylogenetic study ...

'' (K.Y.Lang & S.C.Chen) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis monantha'' (Finet) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S.E. Tibet to Central China * ''

Ponerorchis oblonga ''Ponerorchis oblonga'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (north-west Yunnan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1997 by Kai Yung Lang, as ''Neottianthe oblonga''. A molecular phy ...

'' (K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis omeishanica'' (Tang, F.T.Wang & K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen – China (Sichuan: Emei Shan) * '' Ponerorchis ovata'' (K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. Sichuan) * '' Ponerorchis papilionacea'' (Tang, F.T.Wang & K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis parceflora ''Hemipilia parceflora'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (north-eastern Sichuan, Chongqing). The epithet has been mis-spelt "''parciflora''" by some authors. Taxonomy The species was first ...

'' (Finet) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.E. Sichuan, Chongqing) * '' Ponerorchis pathakiana'' (Av.Bhattacharjee) J.M.H.Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh * ''

Ponerorchis physoceras ''Ponerorchis physoceras'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China (north-west and west Sichuan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1924 by Rudolf Schlechter, as '' Amitostigma physocer ...

'' (Schltr.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.W. & W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis puberula ''Hemipilia puberula'' is a species of orchid native to the eastern Himalayas. References puberula Flora of East Himalaya Flora of Myanmar Orchids of Bhutan Plants described in 2015 {{Orchidoideae-stub ...

'' (King & Pantl.) Verm. – E. Himalaya * '' Ponerorchis pugeensis'' (K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen, P.J.Cribb & S.W.Gale – China (S.W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis renzii ''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina. They can be found in evergreen for ...

'' Deva & H.B.Naithani – W. Himalaya * ''

Ponerorchis secundiflora ''Ponerorchis secundiflora'' (synonym ''Neottianthe secundiflora'') is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is native from the Himalayas to China. Taxonomy The species was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1890, under the name "' ...

'' (Kraenzl.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – Himalaya to China (W. Sichuan, N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis sichuanica'' (K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen, P.J.Cribb & S.W.Gale – China (W. Sichuan) * ''

Ponerorchis simplex ''Hemipilia simplex'' is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to China, where it is found in Sichuan and Yunnan. Its flowers are yellow, sometimes with brown spots. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1940 by Tsin ...

'' (Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (W. Sichuan, N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis taiwanensis'' (Fukuy.) Ohwi – Central & S. Taiwan * ''

Ponerorchis takasago-montana ''Ponerorchis'' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family Orchidaceae). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the Indian subcontinent and to northern Indochina. They can be found in evergreen for ...

'' (Masam.) Ohwi – Central & E. Taiwan * '' Ponerorchis tetraloba'' (Finet) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (S.W. Sichuan, W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis thailandica'' (Seidenf. & Thaithong) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – N. Thailand * ''

Ponerorchis tibetica ''Hemipilia tibetica'' is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae, which is endemic to China. It is found from south-eastern Tibet to south-central China (north-western Yunnan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 1 ...

'' (Schltr.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S.E. Tibet to China (N.W. Yunnan) * '' Ponerorchis tominagae'' (Hayata) H.J.Su & Jr J.Chen – Taiwan * '' Ponerorchis trifurcata'' (Tang, F.T.Wang & K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (N.W. Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis wenshanensis ''Ponerorchis wenshanensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-central China ( Yunnan). Taxonomy The species was first described in 2003 as ''Amitostigma wenshanense''. A molecular phylogenetic study i ...

'' (W.H.Chen, Y.M.Shui & K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – China (Yunnan) * ''

Ponerorchis yueana ''Ponerorchis yueana'' (synonym ''Amitostigma yueanum'') is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to China, known only from Sichuan and Yunnan.China Plant Specialist Group. 2004''Amitostigma yuanum''.The IUCN Red List o ...

'' (Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & W.T.Jin – S.E. Tibet to China (N.W. Yunnan)

Distribution

''Ponerorchis'' species are widely distributed in Eurasia, mainly in temperate regions, but extending into northern Indo-China. In Europe, they are found in Poland and Eastern Europe. In temperate Asia, they extend from Siberia to the Russian Far East, Mongolia,

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

and

Eastern Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...

. They are also found in the north of the Indian subcontinent (the western Himalayas, Nepal, the eastern Himalayas and the Assam region) and in northern Indochina (

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

, Thailand and Vietnam).

References

External links

* *
''Ponerorchis''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2719981, from2=Q20842, from3=Q2900972, from4=Q1319684, from5=Q2417814 Orchideae genera Flora of Poland Flora of Eastern Europe Flora of Siberia Flora of the Russian Far East Flora of China Flora of Mongolia Flora of Eastern Asia Flora of Assam (region) Flora of East Himalaya Flora of Nepal Flora of West Himalaya Flora of Myanmar Flora of Thailand Flora of Vietnam