Polyhydrides

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH₅, LiH₆, and LiH₇. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom.

Polyhydrides are only known to be stable under high pressure.

Polyhydrides are important because they can form substances with a very high density of hydrogen. They may resemble the elusive metallic hydrogen, but can be made under lower pressures. One possibility is that they could be superconductors. Hydrogen sulfide under high pressures forms SH₃ units, and can be a superconductor at and a pressure of 1.5 million atmospheres.

Structures

The polyhydrides of alkaline earth and alkali metals contain cage structures. Also hydrogen may be clustered into H⁻, H₃⁻, or H₂ units. Polyhydrides of transition metals may have the hydrogen atoms arranged around the metal atom. Computations suggest that increasing hydrogen levels will reduce the dimensionality of the metal arrangement, so that layers form separated by hydrogen sheets. The H₃⁻ substructure is linear.

H₃⁺ would form triangular structures in the hypothetical H₅Cl.

Compounds

When sodium hydride is compressed with hydrogen, NaH₃ and NaH₇ form. These are formed at 30 GPa and 2,100 K.

Heating and compressing a metal with ammonia borane avoids using bulky hydrogen, and produces boron nitride as a decomposition product in addition to the polyhydride.

Predicted

Using computational chemistry many other polyhydrides are predicted, including LiH₈,
LiH₉, LiH₁₀, CsH₃, KH₅ RbH₅, RbH₉, NaH₉, BaH₆, CaH⁶, MgH₄, MgH₁₂, MgH₁₆, SrH₄, SrH₁₀, SrH₁₂, ScH₄, ScH₆, ScH₈, YH₄ and YH₆, YH₂₄, LaH₈, LaH₁₀, YH₉, LaH₁₁, CeH₈, CeH₉, CeH₁₀, PrH₈, PrH₉, ThH₆, ThH₇ and ThH₁₀, U₂H₁₃, UH₇, UH₈, UH₉, AlH₅, GaH₅, InH₅, SnH₈, SnH₁₂, SnH₁₄, PbH₈, SiH₈ (subsequently discovered), GeH₈, (although Ge₃H₁₁ may be stable instead) AsH₈, SbH₄, BiH₄, BiH₅, BiH₆, H₃Se, H₃S, Te₂H₅, TeH₄, PoH₄, PoH₆, H₂F, H₃F, H₂Cl, H₃Cl, H₅Cl, H₇Cl, H₂Br, H₃Br, H₄Br, H₅Br, H₅I, XeH₂, XeH₄,.

Among the transition elements, VH₈ in a ''C''2/''m'' structure around 200 GPa is predicted to have a superconducting transition temperature of 71.4 K. VH₅ in a ''P''6₃/''mmm'' space group has a lower transition temperature.

Properties

Superconduction

Under suitably high pressures polyhydrides may become superconducting. Characteristics of substances that are predicted to have high superconducting temperatures are a high phonon frequency, which will happen for light elements, and strong bonds. Hydrogen is the lightest and so will have the highest frequency of vibration. Even changing the isotope to deuterium will lower the frequency and lower the transition temperature. Compounds with more hydrogen will resemble the predicted metallic hydrogen. However, superconductors also tend to be substances with high symmetry and also need the electrons not to be locked into molecular subunits, and require large numbers of electrons in states near the Fermi level. There should also be electron-phonon coupling which happens when the electric properties are tied to the mechanical position of the hydrogen atoms. The highest superconduction critical temperatures are predicted to be in groups 3 and 3 of the periodic table. Late transitions elements, heavy lanthanides or actinides have extra d- or f-electrons that interfere with superconductivity.

For example, lithium hexahydride is predicted to lose all electrical resistance below 38 K at a pressure of 150 GPa. The hypothetical LiH₈ has a predicted superconducting transition temperature at 31 K at 200 GPa. MgH₆ is predicted to have a T_c of 400 K around 300 GPa. CaH₆ could have a T_c of 260 K at 120 GPa. PH₃ doped H₃S is also predicted to have a transition temperature above the 203 K measured for H₃S (contaminated with solid sulfur). Rare earth and actinide polyhydrides may also have highish transition temperatures, for example, ThH₁₀ with T_c = 241 K. UH₈, which can be decompressed to room temperature without decomposition, is predicted to have a transition temperature of 193 K. AcH₁₀, if it could be ever made, is predicted to superconduct at temperatures over 204 K, and AcH₁₀ would be similarly conducting under lower pressures (150 GPa).

H₃Se actually is a van der Waals solid with formula 2H₂Se•H₂ with a measured T_c of 105 K under a pressure of 135 GPa.

Ternary superhydrides

Ternary superhydrides open up the possibility of many more formulas. For example, Li₂MgH₁₆ may also be superconducting at high temperatures (200 °C). A compound of lanthanum, boron and hydrogen is speculated to be a "hot" superconductor (550K). Elements may substitute for others and so modify the properties eg (La,Y)H₆ and (La,Y)H₁₀ can be made to have a slightly higher critical temperature than YH₆ or LaH₁₀.

See also

*Potassium nonahydridorhenate, stable at ordinary pressures

References

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Hydrogen compounds
High-temperature superconductors