The following is a list of the political history of East Africa.

Antiquity

*25th century BC: Earliest recorded Egyptian expedition to the

Land of Punt The Land of Punt ( Egyptian: '' pwnt''; alternate Egyptological readings ''Pwene''(''t'') /pu:nt/) was an ancient kingdom known from Ancient Egyptian trade records. It produced and exported gold, aromatic resins, blackwood, ebony, ivory an ...

in the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

organized by

Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: ''pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the an ...

Sahure Sahure (also Sahura, meaning "He who is close to Re") was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the second ruler of the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2465 – c. 2325 BC). He reigned for about 13 years in the early 25th century BC during the Old Kingdom Period. ...

of the

Fifth Dynasty The Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty V) is often combined with Dynasties Third Dynasty of Egypt, III, Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, IV and Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, VI under the group title the Old Kingdom of Egypt, Old Kingdom. The Fifth ...

. *c. 800 BC: Foundation of the Kingdom of D`mt in northern

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

and

Eritrea Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...

(capital:

Yeha Yeha ( gez, ይሐ ''yiḥa'', older ESA 𐩥𐩢 ''ḤW''; Old South Arabian: 𐩺𐩢𐩱 ''Yḥʾ'') is a town in the Maekelay Zone of the northern Tigray Region in Ethiopia. It likely served as the capital of the pre-Aksumite kingdom of D'm ...

) *c. 1st century AD:

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea The ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' ( grc, Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, ', modern Greek '), also known by its Latin name as the , is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and ...

reports trade connecting

Somalis The Somalis ( so, Soomaalida 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖, ar, صوماليون) are an ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The Lowland East Cushitic Somali language is the shared ...

in present-day

Berbera Berbera (; so, Barbara, ar, بربرة) is the capital of the Sahil region of Somaliland and is the main sea port of the country. Berbera is a coastal city and was the former capital of the British Somaliland protectorate before Hargeisa. It ...

and

Ras Hafun Ras Hafun ( so, Ras Xaafuun, ar, رأس حـافـون, it, Capo Hafun), also known as Cape Hafun, is a promontory in the northeastern Bari region of Somalia. Jutting out into the Guardafui Channel, it constitutes the easternmost point in Afri ...

in northern

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...

to other communities along the Indian coast. *c. 250: Foundation of the

Kingdom of Aksum The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wh ...

, in northern

and

(capital:

Axum Axum, or Aksum (pronounced: ), is a town in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015). It is the site of the historic capital of the Aksumite Empire, a naval and trading power that ruled the whole region ...

) *c. 614 AD:

Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

is first introduced into northern

. *7th century: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Zeila Zeila ( so, Saylac, ar, زيلع, Zayla), also known as Zaila or Zayla, is a historical port town in the western Awdal region of Somaliland. In the Middle Ages, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela identified Zeila (or Hawilah) with the Bibli ...

in the

Awdal Awdal ( so, Awdal, ar, أودَل) is an administrative region (''Administrative divisions of Somaliland, gobol'') in western Somaliland. It was separated from Woqooyi Galbeed and became a province in 1984 and is the most northwesterly provinc ...

region of modern-day

. *c. 950: Possible conquest of

Gudit Gudit ( gez, ጉዲት) is the Classical Ethiopic name for a personage also known as Yodit in Tigray, and Amharic, but also Isato in Amharic and Ga'wa in Ţilţal. The personage behind these various alternative names is portrayed as a power ...

, continued by the

Zagwe dynasty The Zagwe dynasty ( Ge'ez: ዛጔ ሥርወ መንግሥት) was an Agaw medieval dynasty that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea, after the historical name of the Lasta province. Centered at Lalibela, it ruled large parts of the t ...

*957: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Kilwa Kisiwani Kilwa Kisiwani (English: ''Kilwa Island'') is an island, national historic site, and hamlet community located in the township of Kilwa Masoko, the district seat of Kilwa District in the Tanzanian region of Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. Ki ...

, in Tanzania. *c. 11th century – 13th century – founding of numerous Sultanates in Ethiopia (Muslim in the east, Pagan and Muslim in the west), including Bale, Damot, Dawaro,

Fetegar A medieval map of Fatagar and surrounding areas Fatagar ( Amharic: ፈጠጋር) was a historical province that separated Muslim and Christian dominions in the medieval Horn of Africa. In the eleventh century it was part of the Muslim states, the ...

Hadiya Kingdom The Hadiya Sultanate (r. ~13th century – 15th century) was a medieval kingdom located in southwestern Ethiopia, south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa. It was ruled by the Hadiya people, who spoke the Cushitic Hadiyya language. The histori ...

, Ifat,

Mora Mora may refer to: People * Mora (surname) Places Sweden * Mora, Säter, Sweden * Mora, Sweden, the seat of Mora Municipality * Mora Municipality, Sweden United States * Mora, Louisiana, an unincorporated community * Mora, Minnesota, a city * M ...

Shewa Shewa ( am, ሸዋ; , om, Shawaa), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa (''Scioà'' in Italian language, Italian), is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous monarchy, kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The ...

(see also

), and Wag. *c. 1137: A later possible date for the rise of the Zagwe and fall of Aksum. *1203: Foundation of the Sultanate of Pate, in

Kenya ) , national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...

, splitting from the Kingdom of

. *c. 1250: Foundation of the Kingdom of Welayta, in Ethiopia. Ruled by the Tegra'i dynasty from the 17th century. *1250-1300: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...

. *1270:

Solomonic dynasty The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire formed in the thirteenth century. Its members claim lineal descent from the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Tradition asserts ...

comes to prominence in Ethiopia, displacing the Zagwe dynasty rulers. *14th century: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Malindi Malindi is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Sabaki River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi was 119,859 as of the 2019 census. It is the largest urban centre ...

, in Kenya. Foundation of the Kingdom of Ambohidratima, in

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

. Foundation of the Kingdom of

Buganda Buganda is a Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Baganda, Baganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Buganda's Districts of Uganda, Central Region, inclu ...

, in

Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...

. *c. 1330: Foundation of the Kingdom of Munhumutapa Empire, in Zimbabwe. *1331:

Ibn Battuta Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battutah (, ; 24 February 13041368/1369),; fully: ; Arabic: commonly known as Ibn Battuta, was a Berbers, Berber Maghrebi people, Maghrebi scholar and explorer who travelled extensively in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, ...

visits

. *1332: Foundation of the

Adal Sultanate The Adal Sultanate, or the Adal Empire or the ʿAdal or the Bar Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling ''Adel Sultanate, ''Adal ''Sultanate'') () was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din ...

in present-day northwestern

, southern

Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...

, and the Somali,

Oromia Oromia (Amharic: ) ( om, Oromiyaa) is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. The capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa. It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benish ...

, and Afar regions of

.Franz Amadeus Dombrowski, "Ethiopia's Access to the Sea", (E.J. Brill: 1985), p. 17 *c. 1390: Foundation of the

Kingdom of Kaffa The Kingdom of Kaffa was a kingdom located in what is now Ethiopia from 1390 to 1897, with its first capital at Bonga. The Gojeb River formed its northern border, beyond which lay the Gibe kingdoms; to the east the territory of the Konta and Kull ...

in Ethiopia.

Islam expansion and European explorations

*15th century: Foundation of the Karemera dynasty in

Burundi Burundi (, ), officially the Republic of Burundi ( rn, Repuburika y’Uburundi ; Swahili language, Swahili: ''Jamuhuri ya Burundi''; French language, French: ''République du Burundi'' ), is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the ...

, replaced by the Baganwa dynasty before the end of the 17th century. Foundation of the

Rwanda Rwanda (; rw, u Rwanda ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator ...

Kingdom, rules by the Naoro dynasty from the 16th century. Foundation of the Kingdoms of

Ankole Ankole (Nkore language, Runyankore: ''Nkore''), was a traditional Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward. History Ankole Realm, K ...

and

Bunyoro-Kitara Bunyoro or Bunyoro-Kitara is a Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King ('' Omukama'') of Bunyoro-Kitara. The cur ...

, in Uganda. *1420: First mention of the Kingdom of Karanga, in

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

. *c. 1450: Foundation of the Kingdom of Innarya, in Ethiopia. *c. 1480: The Empire of Changamire proclaims independence from Karanga. *1485: Foundation of the Sultanate of Angoshe, in Mozambique. *1494: First mention of the Kingdom of

Manyika The Manyika tribe are a Shona people with its own dialect, Manyika. The majority of Manyika comes from the eastern region of Zimbabwe and in neighbouring Mozambique. The dialect is widely spoken in Manicaland Province and in certain areas of Man ...

, in Mozambique, under the Nguruve dynasty. *1 March 1498: Portugal claims Mozambique. *16th century: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Pemba Pemba may refer to: __NOTOC__ Places * Pemba Island, in Tanzania * Pemba, Mozambique, the capital of Cabo Delgado Province * Pemba, Zambia, a small town Individuals * George Pemba, South African painter * Pemba (panda), a red panda * Tsewang Yishe ...

. *c. 1500: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Ndzuwani Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500. ...

(

Anjouan Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500. ...

), in the

Comoros The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. It ...

. Foundation of the Sultanate of Maore, in

Mayotte Mayotte (; french: Mayotte, ; Shimaore: ''Maore'', ; Kibushi: ''Maori'', ), officially the Department of Mayotte (french: Département de Mayotte), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France. It is loc ...

. *10 August 1500:

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

discovers

. *1501: Portugal establishes the Captaincy of

Sofala Sofala, at present known as Nova Sofala, used to be the chief seaport of the Mwenemutapa Kingdom, whose capital was at Mount Fura. It is located on the Sofala Bank in Sofala Province of Mozambique. It was founded by Somali merchants. This name wa ...

in Mozambique, a dependency of

Goa Goa () is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is located between the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the ...

, then settles at

Mozambique Island The Island of Mozambique ( pt, Ilha de Moçambique) lies off northern Mozambique, between the Mozambique Channel and Mossuril Bay, and is part of Nampula Province. Prior to 1898, it was the capital of colonial Portuguese East Africa. With its ric ...

in 1507, Sena in 1531 and

Quelimane Quelimane () is a seaport in Mozambique. It is the administrative capital of the Zambezia Province and the province's largest city, and stands from the mouth of the Rio dos Bons Sinais (or "River of the Good Signs"). The river was named when V ...

in 1534. *1502: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Mombasa Mombasa ( ; ) is a coastal city in southeastern Kenya along the Indian Ocean. It was the first capital of the British East Africa, before Nairobi was elevated to capital city status. It now serves as the capital of Mombasa County. The town is ...

, in Kenya. *1503: Portugal discovers Comoros and Mayotte, and annexes

Zanzibar Zanzibar (; ; ) is an insular semi-autonomous province which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. It is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands ...

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...

. *1505: Portugal discovers

Mauritius Mauritius ( ; french: Maurice, link=no ; mfe, label=Mauritian Creole, Moris ), officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It incl ...

and names it Ilho de Cerne, then

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of the islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Thei ...

from 1513. Portugueses occupy Kilwa Kisiwani until 1512. *8 September 1507: The Captaincy of Sofala becomes the Captaincy of Sofala and Moçambique. *c.1520: Oromo bands raid north across the

Shebelle River The Shebelle River ( so, Webi Shabeelle, ar, نهر شبيلي, am, እደላ) begins in the Ethiopian Highlands, highlands of Ethiopia, and then flows southeast into Somalia towards Mogadishu. Near Mogadishu, it turns sharply southwest, where ...

, which over following generations leads to a migration into their modern northern and western territories. *1527: Beginning of invasion of Solomonic Ethiopia by

Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi ( so, Axmed Ibraahim al-Qaasi or Axmed Gurey, Harari: አሕመድ ኢብራሂም አል-ጋዚ, ar, أحمد بن إبراهيم الغازي ; 1506 – 21 February 1543) was an imam and general of the Adal Sultan ...

Adal Adal may refer to: *A short form for Germanic names in ''aþala-'' (Old High German ''adal-''), "nobility, pedigree"; see Othalan **Adál Maldonado (1948-2020), Puerto Rican artist **Adal Ramones (born 1969), Mexican television show host **Adal He ...

. *1528: Portugal discovers Ilha Rodriguez, in Mauritius. *1530s: Foundation of the Kingdom of Yengar, in Ethiopia, under the Mowa dynasty. *21 February 1543:

is defeated and killed in the

Battle of Wayna Daga The Battle of Wayna Daga was a large-scale battle between the Ethiopian forces assisted by Portuguese musketeers and cavalry and the forces of the Adal Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire in the east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia on 21 February 1543. ...

, ending Muslim rule over Ethiopia. *c. 1550: Foundation of the Kingdom of Bulamogi, in Uganda. Foundation of the Kingdom of Bulozi, in

Zambia Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Africa, Central, Southern Africa, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most cent ...

. *1557:

Massawa Massawa ( ; ti, ምጽዋዕ, məṣṣəwaʿ; gez, ምጽዋ; ar, مصوع; it, Massaua; pt, Maçuá) is a port city in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea, located on the Red Sea at the northern end of the Gulf of Zula beside the Dahlak ...

(in modern-day

) occupied by the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

, which becomes the start of the province of Habesh *1560: Foundation of the Kingdom of Sheka, in Ethiopia. *1567: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Bosha Bosha may refer to: * The Kingdom of Garo The Kingdom of Garo, also known as Bosha after its ruling dynasty, was an Oromo-Sidama kingdom in the Horn of Africa. Established by the Sidama people, it was situated on the periphery of the Gibe regi ...

, in Ethiopia. *1569: The Captaincy of Sofala and Moçambique becomes the Captaincy-general of Moçambique and separate from Goa. *1577: The

in Ethiopia splits into the Kingdom of

Harar Harar ( amh, ሐረር; Harari: ሀረር; om, Adare Biyyo; so, Herer; ar, هرر) known historically by the indigenous as Gey (Harari: ጌይ ''Gēy'', ) is a walled city in eastern Ethiopia. It is also known in Arabic as the City of Saint ...

, and the

Imamate of Aussa The Imamate of Aussa also spelled Imamate of Awsa was a medieval Harari people, Harari imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia with its capital in Asaita. It was carved out of the Sultanate of Harar and the Adal Sultanate. History This polity was ...

. *c. 1590: Foundation of the Kingdom of Imamo, in Madagascar. *1593: Portugal occupies Mombasa. *1597: Portugal conquers Kilwa Kisiwani. *20 September 1598:

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

claim Mascarene Islands. *17th century: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Wanga The Wanga kingdom is a Bantu kingdom within Kenya, consisting of the Wanga (Abawanga) tribe of the Luhya people (Abaluyia). At its peak the kingdom covered an expansive area from Jinja in west to Naivasha in the East African Rift. The Wanga ki ...

, in Kenya. Foundation of the Kingdoms of Bara and Mananddriana, in Madagascar. Foundation of the Kingdom of

Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast ...

, it will ceases to exist at the end of the 19th century under British rule. Foundation of the Kingdoms of Bugama-Kiganda, Buhoma, Bukonya, Bushiru, Bwanamwari, Cyingogo, Kibari,

Ruhengeri Ruhengeri, also known as Musanze or Muhoza, is a city and capital of Musanze District in the Northern Province of Rwanda. Some sources now refer to the city itself as Musanze, after the district in which it lies within. This has to do with the ad ...

and Rwankeri, in Rwanda. Portugal conquers Pemba. Foundation of the Kingdom of Bemba, in Zambia. First mention of the Kingdom of

Torwa The Torwa dynasty was the ruling family of the Butua kingdom that arose from the collapse of Great Zimbabwe in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, founded perhaps by the legendary Dlembeu. History The Torwa dynasty of the kalanga people base ...

, in

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...

. *c. 1600: Foundation of the Sultanate of

Majerteen The Majeerteen ( so, Majeerteen, ar, ماجرتين; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin) is a sub-clan. It is one of the major Somali groups, with a vast traditional territory spanning 3 major regions of Somalia: Bari, ...

, in Somalia. *1609: The Captaincy-general of Moçambique becomes the colony of Moçambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama and Monomatapa, a dependency of Goa. *1615: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Konta Konta is a Municipal Council and tehsil headquarters in Sukma district, Chhattisgarh, India. Konta is a model town situated near bank of sabri River and Konta Legislative Assembly constituency is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly , Konta ...

, in Ethiopia. *1625: Ilha Rodriguez is claimed by France under the name

Rodrigues Rodrigues (french: Île Rodrigues, link=yes ; Creole: ) is a autonomous outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands, which include Mauritius and Réunion. Rodr ...

, settlements established from 1735. *1629: Portugal conquers Munhumutapa. *c. 1635: Foundation of the Kingdom of Maungwe, in Zimbabwe. *1638: Portugal establishes a colony in Mombasa, a dependency of

. *7 May 1638: Mascarene Islands become a Dutch colony under the name Mauritius, controlled by the

United East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock co ...

. It will be abandoned 17 February 1710. *24 September 1642: Foundation of the French colony of Fort-Dauphin, in Madagascar. It will be abandoned 27 August 1674 and a vain effort to found it again will take place from 1768 to 1771. *1646: The Kingdom of Harar becomes an Emirate. *December 1649:

Réunion Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island ...

is annexed by France under the name

Bourbon Island Bourbon may refer to: Food and drink * Bourbon whiskey, an American whiskey made using a corn-based mash * Bourbon barrel aged beer, a type of beer aged in bourbon barrels * Bourbon biscuit, a chocolate sandwich biscuit * A beer produced by Br ...

. *c. 1650: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Hadimu The Hadimu are an indigenous Bantu ethnic group native to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba Island. A now extinct spirit possession Spirit possession is an unusual or altered state of consciousness and associated behaviors purportedly cause ...

, in Tanzania. *After 1672: End of the

*1 December 1674: Bourbon Island is under the rule of the French Eastern India Company. *c. 1675: First mention of the Kingdom of

Ambohimanga Ambohimanga is a hill and traditional fortified royal settlement (''rova'') in Madagascar, located approximately northeast of the capital city of Antananarivo. It is situated in the commune of Ambohimanga Rova. The hill and the rova that sta ...

, in Madagascar, under the Imerina dynasty. *c. 1680: Foundation of the Kingdom of Burundi. Torwa is annexer by Changamire. *1680: The Sultanate of Kilwa Kisiwani proclaims independence from Portugal. *c. 1683: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Busiki ''See also Namutumba District for Busiki District.'' Busiki is one of the six traditional chiefdoms of the kingdom of Busoga in Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north ...

, in Uganda. *c. 1685: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Menabe Menabe is a Regions of Madagascar, region in western Madagascar, with its capital at Morondava. It covers an area of , and its population was 700,577 in 2018. The population mostly belongs to the Sakalava ethnic group. The region is named after th ...

, in Madagascar, under the Volamena dynasty. *c. 1690: Foundation of the Kingdom of Boina, in Madagascar. *1695: Changamire conquers Manyika and places the Tembo-Shumba dynasty to govern it. *1698: Zanzibar and Pemba are ceded to

Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of t ...

. *12 December 1698: Mombasa is ceded to the Sultanate of

, but is occupied again by the Portuguese from 12 March 1728 to 21 September 1729. *18th century: Foundation of the kingdoms of Andrindrano, Fisakana, Isandra and

Lalangina Lalangina is a district of Haute Matsiatra in Madagascar. Communes The district is further divided into 13 communes: * Alakamisy Ambohimaha * Alatsinainy Ialamarina * Ambalakely * Ambalamahasoa * Andrainjato Centre * Andrainjato Est * Androy, Fi ...

, in Madagascar. First mention of the Kingdom of Mpororo, in Uganda. Foundation of the Kingdoms of Bugabula, Bugweri Bufutulu, Bukono,

Bukooli Bukooli is one of the six traditional chiefdoms of the kingdom of Busoga in Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Repub ...

, Bukwanga Kiki, Bunha, Buzaaya, Buzimba-Busoga and

Luuka Luuka Town, also known as Luuka Municipality, but often referred to simply as Luuka, is a town in Eastern Uganda. Prior to 1 July 2010, Luuka Town was known as "Kiyunga". It is the principal political, administrative and commercial center of Luu ...

, in Uganda. Foundation of the Kingdom of

Kazembe Kazembe is a traditional kingdom in modern-day Zambia, Southeastern Congo. For more than 250 years, Kazembe has been an influential kingdom of the Kiluba- Chibemba, speaking the language of the Eastern Luba- Lunda people of south-central Africa ...

, in Zambia. First mention of the Kingdom of Bocha, in Zimbabwe. *c. 1700: The Kingdom of Kafa becomes an Empire. *c. 1710: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Tananarive Antananarivo ( French: ''Tananarive'', ), also known by its colonial shorthand form Tana, is the capital and largest city of Madagascar. The administrative area of the city, known as Antananarivo-Renivohitra ("Antananarivo-Mother Hill" or "An ...

, in Madagascar. First mention of the Kingdom of Nhowe, in Zimbabwe, under the Mangwende dynasty. *1712: Foundation of the Kingdom of Betsimisaraka, in Madagascar by

Ratsimilaho Ratsimilaho (c.1694 – 1750) was a ruler of an east coastal region of Madagascar. He is said to be the son of an English pirate Thomas Tew and a Malagasy queen regnant, Antavaratra Rahena. The region, known as the Betsimisaraka confederatio ...

. *6 September 1715:

is claimed by France under the name '' Isle de France'', controlled by the Compagnie des Indes from 23 September 1721. *March 1721: Netherlands settles at

Fort Lijdzaamheid Fort Patience (Dutch: ''Fort Lijdzaamheid'', or, in 17th-century spelling, ''Fort Leydsaemheyt'') is a Dutch-built fort located in the township of Apam, in the Central Region of Ghana. Originally built in 1697, it served as a defensive fortificati ...

, in Mozambique, a dependency of

Cape A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment which drapes the wearer's back, arms, and chest, and connects at the neck. History Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood in the chaperon. Th ...

. The settlement will be abandoned 27 December 1730. *1734: Mudaito dynasty founds the

Aussa Sultanate The Sultanate of Aussa was a kingdom that existed in the Afar Region in eastern Ethiopia in the 18th and 20th centuries. It was considered to be the leading monarchy of the Afar people, to whom the other Afar rulers nominally acknowledged primac ...

in Ethiopia. *4 June 1735: Isle de France is part of the colony of Mascarene Islands, until 23 March 1746. *c. 1740: First mention of the Kingdom of

Antakarana The Antankarana (or ''Antakarana'') are an ethnic groups of Madagascar, ethnic group of Madagascar inhabiting the northern tip of Madagascar, around Antsiranana. Their name means "the people of the ''tsingy''," the limestone rock formations that ...

, in Madagascar. Foundation of the Kingdom of Mbire, in Zimbabwe. *19 November 1742:

Seychelles Seychelles (, ; ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (french: link=no, République des Seychelles; Creole: ''La Repiblik Sesel''), is an archipelagic state consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, V ...

are claimed by France under the name La Bourdonnais Islands, the Séchelles from 27 August 1770. *c. 1744: Foundation of the Kingdom of Shavasha, in Zimbabwe, under the Chinamhora dynasty. *1746: The Sultanate of Mombasa, in Kenya, proclaims independence from Oman. *c. 1750: Pemba gains autonomy from Oman. *1750: First mention of the Sheikhdom of Kitangonya, in Mozambique. *26 July 1750: Betsimisaraka cedes

Sainte-Marie de Madagascar Nosy Boraha , previously known as Sainte-Marie, main town Ambodifotatra, is an island off the east coast of Madagascar. The island forms an administrative district within Analanjirofo Region, and covers an area of 222 km2. It has a popula ...

to France. *1752: The colony of Moçambique, Sofala, Ríos de Cuama and Monomatapa becomes the colony of Moçambique, Zambesi and Sofala. Dissolution of the Kingdom of Mpororo into the Kingdoms of

Igara The Igálá are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. The Igala played significant roles in the formation of Nigeria having been made host to the capital of Nigeria at Lokoja in the past, with Lugard as the Governor. The Igala Kingdom expa ...

, Kajara, Nshenyi, Obwera, Rujumbura,

Rukiga Kiga (also called ''Rukiga'', ''Ruchiga'', or ''Chiga'') is a Great Lakes Bantu language of the Kiga people (''Bakiga''). Kiga is a similar and partially mutually intelligible with the Nkore language. It was first written in the second half of ...

. *1753: Foundation of the Sheikhdom of Sankul, in Mozambique. *c. 1760: Foundation of the Kingdom of Walo, in Ethiopia, under the Mamadoch dynasty. *1764: Bourbon Island becomes a crown colony of France. *14 July 1767: Isle de France becomes a crown colony. *1771: Hadimu is under Omani suzerainty. *11 February 1774: Foundation of the Kingdom of Antogil, in Madagascar, by a Hungarian adventurer. *1780s: First mention of the Kingdom of Ufipa, in Tanzania. *23 May 1786: Antogil is annexed to France. *c. 1788: Foundation of the Kingdom of Govera, in Zimbabwe. *c. 1790: Foundation of the

Kingdom of Jimma The Kingdom of Jimma ( om, Mootummaa Jimmaa) was an Oromo people, Oromo kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. It shared its western border with Limmu-Ennarea, its eastern border with the Sidama people, Sidamo K ...

, in Ethiopia *19 March 1793: Bourbon Island is renamed Réunion Island. *1794: Tananarive is annexed to Ambohimanga. *17 May 1794: Séchelles are occupied by the United Kingdom. *c. 1795: Foundation of the Kingdom of Nkamanga, in Malawi. *1797: Ambohidratima is annexed to Ambohimanga. *25 October 1797: Isle de France and Réunion become

départements A department (, ) is an administrative or political division in several countries. Departments are the first-level divisions of 11 countries, nine in the Americas and two in Africa. An additional 10 countries use departments as second-level div ...

, until 19 April 1801. *19th century: Andrindrano, Bara, Fisakana, Imamo and Mananddriana are annexed to Madagascar. Foundation of the Kingdom of

Maseko Maseko is an African surname that may refer to *Andries Maseko (1955–2013), South African football striker *Gertrude Maseko, First Lady of Malawi *Jevan Maseko (1943–2013), Zimbabwean military officer and government official *Job Maseko (died 1 ...

, in Malawi. First mention of the Kingdoms of

Buddu Buddu is a county (Ssaza) of the kingdom of Buganda in what is now Uganda. Location Buddu lies on the northwest shore of Lake Victoria in the Central Region of Uganda. Buddu is divided from the rest of the kingdom of Buganda by the wide and swamp ...

, Buhindi, Bukome, Ilole,

Kimwani The Mwani language, also known by its native name Kimwani, ( ) is a Bantu language spoken on the coast of the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique, including the Quirimbas Islands. Although it shares high lexical similarity (60%) with Swahili, it ...

, Lungemba, Udongwe and Usangu, in Tanzania. Foundation of the Kingdom of

Tumbatu Tumbatu (''eneo la kale wa Tumbatu'' in Swahili) is historic Swahili settlement located on Tumbatu Island, Kaskazini A District of Unguja North Region in Tanzania. This site is a significant archaeological site that contains a large number o ...

, in Tanzania. First mention of the Kingdoms of

Buhweju Buhweju is a monarchy, kingdom in what is Uganda today. It was incorporated into the British Ankole protectorate in 1901. It was ruled by an Omukama, Omugabe, which is often translated as "king of kings". The last hereditary Omugabe was Daudi Nd ...

Bunyaruguru Bunyaruguru was a kingdom in what is today Uganda. It became a part of the British Ankole protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggress ...

and Kigulu, in Uganda. *c. 1800: Ennarea is known as

Limmu-Ennarea The Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea was one of the kingdoms in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 19th century. It shared its eastern border with the Kingdom of Jimma, its southern border with the Kingdom of Gomma and its western border wi ...

. Foundation of the kingdoms of

Gera Gera is a city in the German state of Thuringia. With around 93,000 inhabitants, it is the third-largest city in Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the ''Thüringer Städtekette'', an almost straight string of cit ...

Goma Goma is the capital of North Kivu province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on the northern shore of Lake Kivu, next to the Rwandan city of Gisenyi. The lake and the two cities are in the Albertine Rift, the weste ...

and

Kingdom of Gumma The Kingdom of Gumma was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. Its eastern border was formed by the bend of the Didessa River, which separated it from (proceeding downstream to upstream) Limmu-Ennarea to th ...

, in Ethiopia. The Kingdom of Lyangalile proclaims independence from Ufipa.

European colonization

*3 February 1803: Isle de France and Réunion are parts of the colony of French East India, until 2 September 1810. Séchelles are also nominally part of it, despite the British occupation. *15 August 1806: Réunion Island is renamed Bonaparte Island. *4 August 1809: The United Kingdom occupies Rodrigues. *1810: Isandra and Lalangina are annexed to Ambohimanga. First mention of the Kingdom of Buzinja, in Tanzania. *17 May 1810: Séchelles are annexed by the United Kingdom, under the name Seychelles, as a colony subordinated to Mauritius, confirmed 30 May 1814 by the

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris may refer to one of many treaties signed in Paris, France: Treaties 1200s and 1300s * Treaty of Paris (1229), which ended the Albigensian Crusade * Treaty of Paris (1259), between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France * Trea ...

. *9 July 1810: Bonaparte Island is occupied by the United Kingdom. *7 August 1810: Bonaparte Island is renamed Bourbon Island. *3 December 1810: Isle de France is ceded to the United Kingdom, and becomes the colony of Mauritius. This possession is confirmed 30 May 1814 by the Treaty of Paris. *December 1813: northern Ethiopia (modern-day northern Eritrea) is occupied by

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

until 1826. *30 May 1814: Rodrigues is annexed by the United Kingdom as a dependency of Mauritius. *1815: Foundation of the Kingdom of Jere, in Malawi. First mention of the Kingdom of Shambalai, in Tanzania. *April 1815: Bourbon Island is ceded back to France. *23 October 1817: The Kingdom of

becomes the Kingdom of Madagascar. Betsimisaraka becomes later its vassal. *c. 1818: First mention of the Kingdom of Buima, in Uganda. *15 October 1818: Sainte-Marie de Madagascar is a dependence of Bourbon Islande, then of Mayotte from 2 March 1843. *c. 1820: Foundation of the Kingdom of Mhari, in Zimbabwe. *1820: First mention of the Kingdom of

Karagwe Karagwe is one of the eight districts of the Kagera Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Uganda, to the east by the Bukoba Rural District, to the southeast by the Muleba District, to the south by the Ngara District and to the wes ...

, in Tanzania. *1821: The Kingdom of

Ndebele Ndebele may refer to: *Southern Ndebele people, located in South Africa *Northern Ndebele people, located in Zimbabwe and Botswana Languages * Southern Ndebele language, the language of the South Ndebele *Northern Ndebele language Northern ...

proclaims independence from the Kingdom of Zulu, installing themselves in Zimbabwe from November 1837. *1822: Foundation of the Kingdom of Tooro, in Uganda. *20 March 1822: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Tanibe Tanibe is a town and commune ( mg, kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Mananara Nord, which is a part of Analanjirofo Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census. Only ...

, in Madagascar. *9 February 1824: The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Mombasa. *1825: Foundation of the Kingdom of AmaGaza, in Mozambique. *25 July 1826: Oman puts an end to the secession of Mombasa. *1828: Betsimisaraka and Tanibe are annexed to Madagascar. *1830: The Sultanate of Mwali (

Mohéli Mohéli , also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Comoros, Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and it is the sma ...

) splits from the Sultanate of Ndzuwani (

), created by migrants from

. *1832: Boina is occupied by Madagascar. *1833: Maore (

) is annexed by Mohéli. *1834: Menabe is annexed to Madagascar. *19 November 1835: Maore is annexed from Mohéli by Anjouan. *1836: Maore proclaims independence from Anjouan. *March 1836: The colony of Moçambique, Zambesi and Sofala is now known as Moçambique, also called

Portuguese East Africa Portuguese Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique) or Portuguese East Africa (''África Oriental Portuguesa'') were the common terms by which Mozambique was designated during the period in which it was a Portuguese colony. Portuguese Mozambique originally ...

. *24 June 1837: Mombasa is annexed to Zanzibar. *1839: The Kingdom of Shewa proclaims independence from Ethiopia. *1840s: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Nandi Nandi may refer to: People * Nandy (surname), Indian surname * Nandi (mother of Shaka) (1760–1827), daughter of Bhebe of the Langeni tribe * Onandi Lowe (born 1974), Jamaican footballer nicknamed Nandi * Nandi Bushell (born 2010), South Afri ...

, in Kenya. First mention of the Sultanate of

Geledi The Geledi are a Somali clan that live predominantly in the environs of Afgooye city. They are a sub-clan of the Rahanweyn and led the Geledi sultanate during the late 17th to early 20th century. They are divided into two main lineage groups: the ...

, in Somalia. *1840: Boina is annexed to Madagascar. *14 July 1840: Foundation of the French colony of

Nossi-Bé Nosy Be (formerly Nossi-bé and Nosse Be) is an island off the northwest coast of Madagascar. Nosy Be is Madagascar's largest and busiest tourist resort. It has an area of , and its population was 109,465 according to the provisional results of t ...

, in Madagascar, a dependence of

, then of Mayotte from 25 March 1843. *25 March 1841:

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

establishes a protectorate over Maore under the name

as a dependency of Île Bourbon, officially from 13 June 1843, and abolishes the monarchy. *1842: Zanzibar annexes Kilwa Kisiwani. *1843: Antakarana is under a French protectorate until 1891. *6 September 1848: Bourbon Island is renamed Réunion Island. *c. 1850: First mention of the Kingdom of Ussuwi, in Tanzania. *1853: Sainte-Marie de Madagascar becomes a separate colony until 27 October 1876 when it becomes a dependency of

, then of Diégo Suarez 4 May 1888. *1855: Reunification of Ethiopia after a century of decentralization during the

Zemene Mesafint The Zemene Mesafint ( gez, ዘመነ መሳፍንት ''zamana masāfint'', modern: ''zemene mesāfint'', variously translated "Era of Judges," "Era of the Princes," "Age of Princes," etc.; named after the Book of Judges) was a period in Ethiop ...

. *1856: Zanzibar annexes Tumbatu. *1857: The United Kingdom annexes Changamire, under the administration of the British South Africa Company. *c. 1858: First mention of the Kingdom of

Buhera Buhera is a village in Zimbabwe. Location Buhera District is in Manicaland Province, in eastern Zimbabwe. It is about , by road, southwest of Mutare, the location of the provincial headquarters. This location is approximately , southeast of ...

, in Zimbabwe. *1858: France settles in

Obock Obock (also Obok, aa, Hayyú) is a small port town in Djibouti. It is located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Tadjoura, where it opens out into the Gulf of Aden. The town is home to an airstrip and has ferries to Djibouti City. The French ...

, in

. Foundation of the Sultanate of Witu, in Kenya. *c. 1860: First mention of the Kingdoms of Bugabo, Bukwara, Nguluhe, Ubena and

Unyanyembe Unyanyembe is a town in Tanzania (formerly German East Africa) near Mwadui Airport in Shinyanga Region. It was one of the locations visited by Henry Morton Stanley during his search for Dr Livingstone. In the 19th-century it was the headquarter ...

in Tanzania. *6 April 1861: Zanzibar proclaims independence from Oman, annexes Pemba and abolishes its autonomy from c. 1865. *1865: Egypt invades northern Ethiopia, temporarily occupying parts of what is now northern Eritrea. The Kingdom of Bwina proclaims independence from Kimwani. *1866: Anjouan is annexed to Mayotte. *1867: First mention of the Kingdom of Bugando, in Tanzania. *1870s: Foundation of the Kingdom of

Maasai Maasai may refer to: * Maasai people *Maasai language * Maasai mythology * MAASAI (band) See also * Masai (disambiguation) * Massai Massai (also known as: Masai, Massey, Massi, Mah–sii, Massa, Wasse, Wassil or by the nickname "Big Foot" Mas ...

, in Kenya, after the union of the clans. *c. 1870: First mention of the Kingdom of Kitagwenda, in Uganda. *1870: Pate is annexed to Witu. First mention of the Kingdom of Wiziba, in Tanzania. *1871: Mogadisho is annexed to Zanzibar. The Kingdom of

Unyamwezi Unyamwezi is a historical region in what is now Tanzania, around the modern city of Tabora to the south of Lake Victoria and east of Lake Tanganyika. It lay on the trade route from the coast to Lake Tanganyika and to the kingdoms to the west of L ...

proclaims independence from Unyanyembe. *1873: Monarchy is abolished in Hadimu. *c. 1875: First mention of the Kingdom of Ihangiro, in Tanzania. First mention of the Kingdom of Buzimba, in Uganda. *11 October 1875: Harar is occupied by Egypt until 1884. *7 September 1877: Northern

, then part of the Ottoman Empire, is annexed by Egypt under the name Egyptian Somaliland. *1878: Nossi-Bé becomes a separate colony. The Sultanate of

Hobyo Hobyo (; so, Hobyo), is an ancient port city in Galmudug state in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia. Hobyo was founded as a coastal outpost by the Ajuran Empire during the 13th century.Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: ...

proclaims independence from Majerteen. *1879:

Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera, is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the sixth highest capital in the world by altitude and the second highest capital in Africa. The ...

, in Eritrea, is recaptured by Ethiopia. *1882: The kingdoms of Leqa Qellam and Gera are annexed to the Ethiopian vassal kingdom of Shewa in Ethiopia. *5 July 1882:

Asseb Assab or Aseb (, ) is a port city in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. It is situated on the west coast of the Red Sea. Languages spoken in Assab are predominantly Afar, Tigrinya, and Arabic. Assab is known for its large market, beaches ...

, part of the vassal Ethiopian Afar sultanate (in modern Eritrea), is conquered by

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

. *1883: Bosha is annexed to Ethiopia.

Era of colonies and protectorates

*1884: First mention of the Kingdom of Kooki, in Uganda. *February 1884: The United Kingdom annexes the Egyptian Somaliland. *24 June 1884: Foundation of the French Protectorate of Obock, recognized by the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

8 February 1888. *August 1884: Burundi and Rwanda become

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

protectorates. *17 February 1885: The Sultanate of Zanzibar is under a German protectorate, a part of it is ceded to the German East Africa Company and will be known under the name

German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...

from 27 May 1885, *27 May 1885: The Kingdom of Witu, in

Kenya ) , national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...

is under a German protectorate under the name of

Wituland Wituland (also Witu, Vitu, Witu Protectorate or Swahililand) was a territory of approximately in East Africa centered on the town of Witu just inland from Indian Ocean port of Lamu north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya. Hist ...

, not recognized by the United Kingdom. *1886:

Grande Comore Grande Comore () is an island in Comoros off the coast of Africa. It is the largest island in the Comoros nation. Most of its population is of the Comorian ethnic group. Its population is about 316,600. The island's capital is Moroni, Comoros, ...

, in the Comoros, is united under the sultan of Bambao. Goma is annexed to Ethiopia. Diégo Suarez, in Madagascar, becomes a French colony. First mention of the Kingdom of Kome, in Tanzania. *21 April 1886: Anjouan becomes a French protectorate. *26 April 1886: Mohéli becomes a French protectorate. *24 June 1886: Grande Comore becomes a French protectorate. *26 January 1887: Harar is annexed to Shewa. *25 May 1887: The Sultanate of

cedes Mombasa to the British East Africa Association. *20 July 1887: Egyptian Somaliland becomes a protectorate under the name British Somaliland, subordinated to the colony of

Aden Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. ...

until 1905. *5 September 1887: Anjouan, Grande Comore and Mohéli are united under the name Protectorate of the Comoros. *1888: Maasai, Nandi and Wanga are annexed to the territory of the British East Africa Association, but the monarchies remains. First mention of the Kingdom of Kyamutwara, in Tanzania. *11 February 1888: Ndebele becomes a British protectorate as

Matabeleland Matabeleland is a region located in southwestern Zimbabwe that is divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo, and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi r ...

, under the administration of the British South Africa Company. *3 September 1888: The territory of the becomes the colony of

East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to the historical ...

, under the

Imperial British East Africa Company The Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) was a commercial association founded to develop African trade in the areas controlled by the British Empire. The company was incorporated in London on 18 April 1888 and granted a royal charter by Q ...

. *December 1888: Hobyo become an Italian protectorate. *9 December 1888: Foundation of the Italian Protectorate of Assab. *1889: The kingdoms of Dawaro,

are annexed to Ethiopia and

ceases to exist as a vassal kingdom of Ethiopia as its ruler becomes Emperor of all of Ethiopia. Bulozi becomes a British protectorate under the name Barotseland. *7 April 1889: Majerteen becomes an Italian protectorate. *2 May 1889: The Treaty of Uccialli is signed. The Ethiopian version states that Ethiopia may conduct foreign relations through Italy, while the Italian version states that Ethiopia is Italy's protectorate, later resulting in the

First Italo-Abyssinian War The First Italo-Ethiopian War, lit. ''Abyssinian War'' was fought between Italy and Ethiopia from 1895 to 1896. It originated from the disputed Treaty of Wuchale, which the Italians claimed turned Ethiopia into an Italian protectorate. Full-sc ...

. *3 August 1889: Italy establishes a protectorate over Benadir Coast, in Somalia. *21 September 1889: The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Jere, Malawi, Maseko and Nkamanga, under the name Shiré River. *29 October 1889: The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over the Kingdoms of Bocha, Buhera, Govera, Maungwe, Mbire, Mhari, Nhowe and Shavasha under the name Mashonaland, administered by the British South Africa Company. *c. 1890: First mention of the Kingdom of Kiyanja, in Tanzania. *1 January 1890: The Protectorate of Assab becomes the colony of Eritrea. *18 June 1890: The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Witu, Germany renounces his claims 1 July 1890. *1 July 1890: Burundi and Rwanda are parts of the

. The Burundian king is forced to recognize German authority 24 May 1903. The United Kingdom declares a protectorate over Buganda and occupies it under the

British East Africa Company The Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) was a commercial association founded to develop African trade in the areas controlled by the British Empire. The company was incorporated in London on 18 April 1888 and granted a royal charter by Q ...

from 18 December. *7 November 1890: Zanzibar becomes a British protectorate. *1891: Limu-Innarya is annexed to Ethiopia. *1 January 1891: German East Africa becomes a colony. *15 May 1891: Shiré River is now known as Nyasaland Districts. *1892: The German Empire sends expeditions to

. Mogadisho is under an Italian protectorate. *6 January 1892: The sultanates of

Bajini Badgini (also spelled Bajini) was a sultanate on the island of Grande Comore in present day Comoros. It was independent until 1886, when Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar of Bambao made it a part of the unified Ngazidja Grande Comore () is an is ...

, Hamahame, Hamamvu, Hambu,

Itsandra Itsandra was one of the two major sultanates on the island of Grand Comore before the French colonization of the Comoros. It was taken over by the Sultanate of Anjouan Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hin ...

, La Dombe, Mbaku, Mbude, Mitsamihuli and Washili, in Grande Comore, are suppressed by France. The Sultanate of Grande Comore is suppressed 19 September 1893. *23 February 1893: Nyasaland Districts is now known as

British Central Africa The British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) was a British protectorate proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day Malawi: it was renamed Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located ...

, under the administration of the

British South Africa Company The British South Africa Company (BSAC or BSACo) was chartered in 1889 following the amalgamation of Cecil Rhodes' Central Search Association and the London-based Exploring Company Ltd, which had originally competed to capitalize on the expecte ...

. *1894: Yengar is annexed to Ethiopia. *23 January 1894: Foundation of the North Zambesia protectorate by the union of Barotseland and the new protectorate of Bemba. Foundation of the South Zambesia protectorate by the union of the protectorates of Mashonaland and Matabeleland. *11 April 1894: The British protectorate over Buganda is effective, and extended to Ankole, Bunyoro-Kitara and Tooro on 30 June 1896. *November 1894: Walayta is annexed to Ethiopia. *1895: Antakarana is annexed to Madagascar. First mention of the Kingdom of Bukerewe, in Tanzania. *3 May 1895: Foundation of the British protectorate of Rhodesia by the union of North Zambesia and South Zambesia, under the administration of the

. *1 July 1895: The British colony of East Africa is expanded from territories of Zanzibar and becomes the

British East Africa East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was an area in the African Great Lakes occupying roughly the same terrain as present-day Kenya from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west. Controlled by Britai ...

Protectorate. *c. 1896: First mention of the Kingdom of Butundwe, in Tanzania. *1896: A German military station is established at Kajaga, in Burundi, rendering effective the control of the region. The German Empire creates the military districts of Tanganyika-Kivu (comprising Rwanda) and

Ujiji Ujiji is a historic town located in Kigoma-Ujiji District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The town is the oldest in western Tanzania. In 1900, the population was estimated at 10,000 and in 1967 about 41,000. The site is a registered National His ...

(comprising Burundi) inside the German East Africa. The next year the station is relocated to

Usumbura Bujumbura (; ), formerly Usumbura, is the economic capital, largest city and main port of Burundi. It ships most of the country's chief export, coffee, as well as cotton and tin ore. Bujumbura was formerly the country's normal capital. In late ...

. *28 January 1896: Sainte-Marie de Madagascar is annexed to Madagascar. *1 March 1896: Ethiopian victory over Italians at

Battle of Adowa The Battle of Adwa (; ti, ውግእ ዓድዋ; , also spelled ''Adowa'') was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Ethiopian forces defeated the Italian invading force on Sunday 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa. The de ...

during the First Italo-Abyssinian war ensures its independence. *30 March 1896: Mayotte is a dependency of Madagascar. Adoua 1

*20 May 1896: The Protectorate of Obock becomes

French Somaliland French Somaliland (french: Côte française des Somalis, lit= French Coast of the Somalis so, Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which time it became the French Ter ...

. *30 June 1896: Ankole, Bunyoro-Kitiara and Tooro become British protectorates. *6 August 1896: Diégo Suarez and Nossi-Bé are annexed to Madagascar, whose statute is now a French protectorate. *26 October 1896: Italy cease to claim a protectorate over Ethiopia. *14 November 1896: Kooki is annexed to Buganda. *28 February 1897: Madagascar becomes a colony. *20 July 1897: Monarchy is abolished in AmaGaza, after attempts beginning from 28 December 1895. *10 September 1897: Kafa is annexed to Ethiopia. *1898: Sheka is annexed to Ethiopia. *19 July 1898: Foundation of the Sultanate of Uhehe by the union of the Kingdoms of Ilole, Lungemba, Nguluhe, Udongwe and Usangu. *1899: The military district of Usumbura, including Burundi and Rwanda, is created within the German East Africa. Kazembe becomes a British protectorate administered by the British South Africa Company. *20th century: The monarchy is abolished in Kitangonya and Nkamanga. The Kingdom of Ruhangeri is annexed to Rwanda. *29 January 1900: Rhodesia is divided into two autonomous entities:

Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in southern Africa, south central Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by Amalgamation (politics), amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-West ...

and

Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally kn ...

. *1901: The Kingdom of Nyamutureza proclaims independence from Buzinja. *25 October 1901: Buhweju, Bunyaruguru, Buzimba, Igara, Kitagwenda, Kajara, Nshenyi, Obwera, Rujumbura and Rukiga are annexed to Ankole. *1902: Guma is annexed to Ethiopia. The monarchy is abolished in Karanga. *31 August 1903: Seychelles are a crown colony of the United Kingdom. *1904: Kazembe is annexed to North Rhodesia. *1905: Monarchy is abolished in Nandi. *16 March 1905: Benadir Coast and Mogadisho become a colony under the name

Italian Somaliland Italian Somalia ( it, Somalia Italiana; ar, الصومال الإيطالي, Al-Sumal Al-Italiy; so, Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaalida), was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia. Ruled in the 19th centur ...

, a crown colony from July 1910. *1 April 1905: Uganda becomes a colony. *1906: Burundi becomes a military residency of the German Empire. *July 1906: Foundation of the Kingdom of Busoga from the union of the Kingdoms of Bugabula, Bugweri Bufutulu, Buima, Bukono, Bukooli, Bukwanga Kiki, Bulamogi, Bunha, Busiki, Buzaaya, Buzimba-Busoga, Kigulu and Luuka. *1907: Bukome is annexed to Ussuwi. *6 July 1907: British Central Africa is now known as

Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...

. *15 November 1907: The military residency of Burundi is split between the civil residencies of Ruanda and

Urundi Burundi (, ), officially the Republic of Burundi ( rn, Repuburika y’Uburundi ; Swahili: ''Jamuhuri ya Burundi''; French: ''République du Burundi'' ), is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Gre ...

. *9 April 1908: Comoros is a dependency of

. *3 September 1908: Geledi is annexed to

. *1910: The monarch is abolished in Angoshe and Sankul. *25 July 1912: Comoros is annexed to Mayotte. In the same time the sultanates of Anjouan and Mohéli are abolished.

Colonies and mandates

*23 February 1914: Comoros become a dependency of Madagascar. *1916: The Kingdoms of Bugama-Kiganda and Cyingogo are annexed to Ruanda. Bukwara is annexed to Kyamutwara. *19 May 1916: Belgium begins conquest of German East Africa, completed 18 September 1916, except for the area that will be known as

Tanganyika Tanganyika may refer to: Places * Tanganyika Territory (1916–1961), a former British territory which preceded the sovereign state * Tanganyika (1961–1964), a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania * Tanzania Main ...

. *9 October 1916: The United Kingdom begins conquest of Tanganyika, completed 14 November 1918. *1918: Monarchy is abolished in Maasai. *1919: The Kingdoms of Bushiru and Bwanamwari are annexed to Ruanda. *30 May 1919: Following the Orts-Milner Convention, Ruanda and Burundi remains under Belgian administration. *1920s: Awsa is annexed to Ethiopia, but the monarchy remains. *10 January 1920: The

Kionga Triangle The Kionga Triangle (german: Kionga-Dreieck, pt, Triângulo de Quionga) was a small region of German East Africa situated at the mouth of the Ruvuma River. The Ruvuma served as the border between the German colony and Portuguese Mozambique, and ...

is ceded from

to Moçambique. *23 July 1920: The British East Africa Protectorate becomes the Kenya Colony and Protectorate. *September 1921: The Kingdom of Bushiru is independent of Ruanda. *20 July 1922: Burundi and Rwanda are under a Belgian mandate from the

League of Nations The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...

under the name

Ruanda-Urundi Ruanda-Urundi (), later Rwanda-Burundi, was a colonial territory, once part of German East Africa, which was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under militar ...

. Tanganyika is under a British mandate from the League of Nations. *21 September 1923: Changamire is annexed to Southern Rhodesia. *1924: The Kingdom of Buhoma is annexed to Ruanda-Urundi. *1 May 1924: Rhodesia is dissolved into the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia and the colony of Southern Rhodesia. *15 July 1924: Britain cedes

Jubaland Jubaland ( so, Jubbaland, ar, , it, Oltregiuba), the Juba Valley ( so, Dooxada Jubba) or Azania ( so, Asaaniya, ar, ), is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia. Its eastern border lies east of the Jubba River, stretching from Gedo t ...

, part of Kenya, to Italy. *1925: The Kingdom of Bushiru is annexed to Ruanda-Urundi, but the monarchy remains. *October 1925: Hobyo is annexed to

. *1926: Monarchy is abolished in Wanga. *1 March 1926: Ruanda-Urundi is a dependency of the Belgian Congo. *1 July 1926: Jubaland is annexed to

. *1927: Majerteen is annexed to Italian Somaliland. *1931: The Kingdoms of Bukonya, Kibari and Rwankeri are annexed to Ruanda-Urundi. *1932:

is annexed to Ethiopia. *15 January 1935: Foundation of the

Italian East Africa Italian East Africa ( it, Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa. It was formed in 1936 through the merger of Italian Somalia, Italian Eritrea, and the newly occupied Ethiopian Empire, conquered in the Seco ...

from the union of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. *3 October 1935: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (

). *9 May 1936: Ethiopia is occupied by Italy (

Second Italo-Abyssinian War The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression which was fought between Italy and Ethiopia from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the Itali ...

). *1 June 1936: Ethiopia is added to

, now divided in six provinces:

Addis Ababa Addis Ababa (; am, አዲስ አበባ, , new flower ; also known as , lit. "natural spring" in Oromo), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is also served as major administrative center of the Oromia Region. In the 2007 census, t ...

, Amhara, Eritrea, Galla-Sidamo,

and

. *August 1938: Monarchy is abolished in the Kingdom of Bushiru. *1 January 1939: The province of

Scioa Shewa ( am, ሸዋ; , om, Shawaa), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa (''Scioà'' in Italian), is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The modern Ethiopian capital A ...

is created in Italian East Africa from Addis Ababa and parts of Amhara and Galla-Sidamo. *19 August 1940: Italian occupation of British Somaliland until 16 March 1941. * February 1941: British occupation of Italian Somaliland until 21 November 1949. *March 1941: British occupation of

Ogaden Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled ''Ogadēn''; so, Ogaadeen, am, ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን) is one of the historical names given to the modern Somali Region, the territory comprising the eastern portion of Ethiopia formerly part of the Harargh ...

in Ethiopia until 23 September 1948. *5 May 1941: British occupation of Eritrea. *27 November 1941: Ethiopia is completely liberated by the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

*1942: British occupation of Réunion, until 1946. *5 May 1942: Haile Selassie returns to Addis Ababa from exile, exactly 5 years after having fled from it. *5 May 1942: British occupation of Madagascar, until 13 October 1946. *2 July 1942: British occupation of Mayotte, until 1946. *25 September 1942:

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

occupation of Comoros. *December 1942: British occupation of French Somaliland.

Autonomy

*19 March 1946: Réunion becomes an overseas département of France. *13 October 1946: End of the British occupation of Comoros. *27 October 1946: Comoros, Madagascar and French Somaliland become overseas territories of France. *11 December 1946: Tanganyika is under a British trust territory mandate from the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...

. *13 December 1946: Ruanda-Urundi is under a Belgian trust territory mandate from the United Nations. *1 April 1950: Italian Somalilant is under an Italian trust territory mandate from the United Nations. *19 February 1951: Eritrea is under a British trust territory mandate from the United Nations. *11 June 1951: Moçambique becomes an overseas province. *15 September 1952: Eritrea federated with Ethiopia as an autonomous State. *1 August 1953: Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia are parts of the

Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African Federation or CAF, was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern African territories: the Self-governing colony, self-governing British colony of Southe ...

, until 31 December 1963. *1955: The Kingdom of Chako is annexed to Ethiopia. *14 October 1958: Madagascar gains autonomy from France under the name Malagasy Republic. *20 June 1960: Ruanda-Urundi is separated from the Belgian Congo. *26 June 1960: Madagascar proclaims independence from France. British Somaliland proclaims independence from the United Kingdom under the name State of Somaliland. *1 July 1960: Creation of the Somali Republic by the unification of the State of Somaliland with the Italian Somaliland. *18 October 1960: Rwanda gains autonomy from Belgium, then becomes the Rwandan Republic from 28 January 1961. *31 December 1960: Buganda proclaims independence from the United Kingdom. *1 May 1961: Tanganyika gains autonomy from the United Kingdom, then proclaims independence on 9 December. *21 December 1961: Burundi gains autonomy from Belgium. *22 December 1961: Comoros gains autonomy from France under the name State of Comoros. *1 March 1962: Uganda gains autonomy from the United Kingdom.

Independence

*1 July 1962: Burundi (as the Kingdom of Burundi) and the Rwandan Republic proclaim their independence from Belgium. *9 October 1962: Uganda proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, taking back Buganda in the process, and becomes the Republic of Uganda from 9 October 1963. *14 November 1962: Autonomy of Eritrea is dissolved by Eritrean parliament (with possible interference by the Emperor of Ethiopia). *9 December 1962: Tanganyika is renamed Republic of Tanganyika, while the traditional monarchies of the countries are abolished, except for the Kingdom of Shambalai. *13 February 1963: The Kingdom of

Rwenzururu Rwenzururu is a Administrative division, subnational kingdom in western Uganda, located in the Rwenzori Mountains on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The kingdom includes the districts of Bundibugyo District, Bundibugyo, Kas ...

proclaims independence from Tooro as an autonomous part of Uganda. *9 May 1963: Nyasaland gains autonomy from the United Kingdom, followed by Kenya on 1 June and Zanzibar on 24 June. *10 December 1963: The Sultanate of Zanzibar proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, followed by Kenya on 12 December. *12 January 1964: The Sultanate of Zanzibar is renamed People's Republic of Zanzibar and

. *18 January 1964: Pemba People's Republic proclaims independence from Zanzibar and Pemba, with reintegration before the end of the month. *22 January 1964: Northern Rhodesia gains autonomy from the United Kingdom. *27 April 1964: Creation of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar from the union of the Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. Its name changes to United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October. *6 July 1964: Nyasaland proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, under the name Malawi. *24 October 1964: Northern Rhodesia proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, under the name Republic of Zambia, but local monarchies are recognized until October 1969. Southern Rhodesia changes its name to Rhodesia. *12 December 1964: The monarchy is abolished in Kenya and it is known as the Republic of Kenya. *11 November 1965: Rhodesia proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, renamed Republic of Rhodesia from 2 March 1970, then Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979. *24 May 1966: Monarchy is abolished in Buganda, then in Ankole, Bunyoro-Kitara and Tooro from 8 September 1967. *6 July 1966: The monarchy is abolished in Malawi and it is known as the Republic of Malawi. *28 November 1966: The Kingdom of Burundi becomes the Republic of Burundi. *5 July 1967: French Somaliland becomes the

French Territory of Afars and Issas French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

. *12 March 1968: Mauritius proclaims independence from the United Kingdom. *21 October 1969: The Somali Republic becomes the Somali Democratic Republic. *12 November 1970: Seychelles gains autonomy from the United Kingdom. *1 May 1972: The Republic of

Martyazo The Republic of Martyazo (french: République de Martyazo) was a short-lived secessionist state proclaimed by Hutu rebels at Vyanda in Burundi at the province of Makamba in the early May 1972 during the genocidal violence of 1972 as a bid to c ...

is proclaimed by

Hutu The Hutu (), also known as the Abahutu, are a Bantu ethnic or social group which is native to the African Great Lakes region. They mainly live in Rwanda, Burundi and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where they form one of the prin ...

rebels in Burundi. *9 May 1972: Burundi puts an end to the secession of Martyazo. *12 September 1974: The Emperor of Ethiopia is overthrown and Ethiopia, resulting in a 17-year-long civil war. *20 September 1974: Moçambique gains autonomy from Portugal. *21 March 1975: The monarchy is abolished in Ethiopia and is ruled by a military junta called the

Derg The Derg (also spelled Dergue; , ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, then including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when the military leadership formally " c ...

. *2 June 1975: The monarchy is abolished in Awsa, Ethiopia. *25 June 1975: Moçambique proclaims independence from Portugal under the name People's Republic of Mozambique, a civil war goes from March 1976 to 9 October 1992. *6 July 1975: Comoros proclaims independence from France, recognized 31 December 1975, while Mayotte remains a French territory following a 22 December 1974 referendum. *30 December 1975: The Malagasy Republic becomes the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. *29 June 1976: Seychelles proclaims independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Seychelles. *24 December 1976: Mayotte becomes a

collectivité territoriale A territorial collectivity (french: collectivité territoriale, previously '), or territorial authority, is a chartered subdivision of France with recognized governing authority. It is the generic name for any subdivision (subnational entity) wi ...

*27 June 1977: The French Territory of Afars and Issas proclaims independence from France under the name Republic of Djibouti. *24 May 1978: The State of Comoros becomes the Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros. *11 April 1979: Tanzanian occupation of Uganda until 1 July 1981. *12 December 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia renounces to its independence to become a colony of the United Kingdom. *17 April 1980: Zimbabwe proclaims independence from the United Kingdom, renamed Republic of Zimbabwe from 17 April 1991.

Contemporary history

*10 September 1987: Ethiopia becomes the

People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) () was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991. The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxist-Leninist one-party state upon the adoption o ...

. *1 December 1990: The People's Republic of Mozamnbique is now known as Republic of Mozambique. *18 May 1991:

Somaliland Somaliland,; ar, صوماليلاند ', ' officially the Republic of Somaliland,, ar, جمهورية صوماليلاند, link=no ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd'' is a ''de facto'' sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still conside ...

proclaims independence from the Somali Democratic Republic. *27 May 1991: The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is simply known as Ethiopia with the overthrow of the

. *21 July 1991: The Somali Democratic Republic becomes the Somali Republic. *12 March 1992: The monarchy is abolished in Mauritius and it is known as Republic of Mauritius. *12 September 1992: The Democratic Republic of Madagascar becomes the Republic of Madagascar. *24 May 1993: Eritrea proclaims independence from Ethiopia. *24 July 1993: The autonomous Kingdoms of Buganda, Bunyoro-Kitara and Tooro are created inside the Republic of Uganda. *20 November 1993: Proclamation of the autonomous Kingdom of Ankole, inside the Republic of Uganda. *22 August 1995: Ethiopia becomes the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Nine autonomous regions and two chartered cities were created:

Afar Region The Afar Region (; aa, Qafar Rakaakayak; am, አፋር ክልል), formerly known as Region 2, is a regional state in northeastern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Afar people. Its capital is the planned city of Semera, which lies on the paved ...

Amhara Region The Amhara Region ( am, አማራ ክልል, Åmara Kilil), officially the Amhara National Regional State (), is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Reg ...

Benishangul-Gumuz Region Benishangul-Gumuz ( am, ቤንሻንጉል ጉሙዝ, Benšangul Gumuz) is a regional state in northwestern Ethiopia to the border of Sudan. It was previously known as Region 6. The region's capital is Assosa. Following the adoption of the 1 ...

Gambela Region The Gambela Region (also spelled Gambella; am, ጋምቤላ), officially the Gambela Peoples' Region, is a regional state in western Ethiopia, bordering South Sudan. Previously known as Region 12, its capital is Gambela. The Region is situated ...

Harari Region The Harari Region ( Harari: ሀረሪ ሁስኒ; ; ), officially the Harari People's National Regional State ( Harari: ዚሀረሪ ኡምመት ሁስኒ ሁኩማ; am, የሐረሪ ሕዝብ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት; om, Moo ...

Oromia Region Oromia (Amharic: ) ( om, Oromiyaa) is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. The capital of Oromia is Addis Ababa. It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benish ...

Somali Region The Somali Region ( so, Deegaanka Soomaalida, am, ሱማሌ ክልል, Sumalē Kilil, ar, المنطقة الصومالية), also known as Soomaali Galbeed (''Western Somalia'') and officially the Somali Regional State, is a regional state ...

Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (often abbreviated as SNNPR; am, የደቡብ ብሔር ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል, Yädäbub Bḥer Bḥeräsäbočna Hzboč Kllə) is a regional state in southwestern E ...

Tigray Region The Tigray Region, officially the Tigray National Regional State, is the northernmost regional state in Ethiopia. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob, and Kunama people. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle. Tigray is ...

and

Dire Dawa Dire Dawa ( am, ድሬዳዋ, om, Dirree Dhawaa, 3=Place of Remedy; so, Diridhaba, meaning "where Dir hit his spear into the ground" or "The true Dir", ar, ديري داوا,) is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Oromia and Somali Re ...

. *3 August 1997: Anjouan proclaims independence from Comoros, endorsed by a referendum 26 October 1997. *11 August 1997: Mohéli proclaims independence from Comoros, ending in 1998. *23 July 1998: Proclamation of the autonomous Puntland State inside the Somali Republic, followed by the State of Jubaland on 3 September 1998. *11 July 2001: Mayotte becomes a collectivité départementale. *23 December 2001: The Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros becomes the Union of Comoros, following a constitutional referendum. On 10 March 2002 Anjouan ends its secession and becomes, with Mohéli, autonomous regions, followed by Grande Comore on 7 April. *1 April 2002: Proclamation of the autonomous State of

Southwestern Somalia The South-West State of Somalia ( so, Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya, Maay language, Maay Maay: ''Koofur Orsi''), is a States and regions of Somalia, Federal Member State in southwestern Somalia. It was founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur ...

inside the Somali Republic. *30 April 2002: The province of

Antsiranana Antsiranana ( mg, Antsiran̈ana ), named Diego-Suárez prior to 1975, is a city in the far north of Madagascar. Antsiranana is the capital of Diana Region. It had an estimated population of 115,015 in 2013. History The bay and city originally u ...

proclaims independence from Madagascar under the name Confederation of Madagascar (until 1 July), followed by

Toamasina Toamasina (), meaning "like salt" or "salty", unofficially and in French Tamatave, is the capital of the Atsinanana region on the east coast of Madagascar on the Indian Ocean. The city is the chief seaport of the country, situated northeast of it ...

from 1 May to 5 July,

Toliara Toliara (also known as ''Toliary'', ; formerly ''Tuléar'') is a city in Madagascar. It is the capital of the Atsimo-Andrefana region, located 936 km southwest of national capital Antananarivo. The current spelling of the name was adopted ...

from 2 May to 14 June,

Mahajanga Mahajanga (French: Majunga) is a city and an administrative district on the northwest coast of Madagascar. The city of Mahajanga (Mahajanga I) is the capital of the Boeny Region. The district (identical to the city) had a population of 220,629 i ...

from 3 May to 13 June. *12 October 2002: Rodrigues becomes an autonomous part of Mauritius. *5 June 2003: The Rwandan Republic becomes the Republic of Rwanda. *14 August 2006: Proclamation of the autonomous State of

Galmudug Galmudug ( ar, جلمدج; it, Galmudugh), officially Galmudug State of Somalia ( so, Dowlad Goboleedka Galmudug ee Somalia, Soomaaliya), is a States and regions of Somalia, Federal Member State in central Somalia, with its capital at Dhusamareb. ...

inside the Somali Republic.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political History of Eastern Africa East Africa History of Africa Political history