Policarpus Taylor

Rear-Admiral Polycarpus Taylor (1706/07 – 23 January 1781) was a Royal Navy officer of the eighteenth century, most notable for his service commanding ships in the West Indies during the War of the Austrian Succession. Having joined the Royal Navy some time before 1733, Taylor then served at the Battle of Cartagena de Indias and Invasion of Cuba before being promoted to commander in 1742. After commanding several vessels and being promoted to post-captain, in August 1744 Taylor took command of HMS ''Fowey''; serving in the English Channel he ran ashore and destroyed the French privateer ''Griffon'' in 1745.

Taylor joined the Jamaica Station in 1747, and at the start of 1748 was appointed to command HMS ''Elizabeth''. In this ship he led the successful attack at the Battle of Saint-Louis-du-Sud and was also present at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, after which he was translated into Rear-Admiral Charles Knowles' flagship HMS ''Cornwall''. Taylor commanded ''Cornwall'' at the controversial Battle of Havana, and when Knowles returned home to be court martialled Taylor was left as senior officer in Jamaica, commanding HMS ''Rippon''. Recalled to England in 1749, Taylor received his next commands, HMS ''Culloden'' and HMS ''Deptford'', in 1756. After serving in them in the Mediterranean Fleet he left ''Deptford'' in early 1758 and had no further active service. He was made a superannuated rear-admiral in 1762, retiring to live in Norton, County Durham.

Naval career

Initial service

Polycarpus Taylor was born in 1706 or 1707; nothing else is recorded about his family or upbringing. Having at some point joined the Royal Navy, Taylor became lieutenant of the 8-gun sloop HMS ''Wolf'' on 4 May 1733. ''Wolf'' was serving on the Jamaica Station, based at Port Royal. The ship had been heavily hit by fevers, and routinely cycled through commanding officers; in September 1735 Taylor had to apply directly to the Admiralty for his wages because his most recent captain had died before being able to sign off on them.

Taylor continued in ''Wolf'', including when she was paid off in August 1735. He finally left the ship on 10 April 1738 as she was being recommissioned. After around a year without a position, Taylor was appointed to serve as second lieutenant of the 60-gun ship of the line HMS ''Augusta'' on 21 June 1739. From 11 July ''Augusta'' served off Cape St Vincent, forming part of Rear-Admiral Nicholas Haddock's Mediterranean Fleet. The ship was under the command of Captain Chaloner Ogle, who was promoted to rear-admiral but continued with ''Augusta'' as his flagship.

In the summer of 1740 ''Augusta'' moved to serve in Admiral Sir John Norris' Channel Fleet. On 10 September Ogle was sent with a large squadron to escort an expeditionary force to the West Indies, sent there to reinforce Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon on the Jamaica Station. Taylor moved from ''Augusta'' to the 80-gun ship of the line HMS ''Russell'', part of the same squadron, as her first lieutenant on 3 October. They reached the West Indies Station on 23 October, with ''Russell'' serving as Ogle's new flagship.

As part of ''Russell''s crew, Taylor participated in the unsuccessful attack on Cartagena at the Battle of Cartagena de Indias between March and April the following year. Then on 19 June Vernon moved Taylor to serve on board his flagship, the 80-gun ship of the line HMS ''Boyne'', as her fourth lieutenant.

First commands

''Boyne'' participated in the unsuccessful Invasion of Cuba between July and October. Taylor became her third lieutenant on 6 October, and first lieutenant on 6 February 1742. The ship was present during operations at Porto Bello in March, but after this further offensives were halted because the British fleet had been considerably weakened. Taylor was promoted to commander in around August of the same year, and was given command of the 8-gun bomb vessel HMS ''Basilisk''. He commanded the bomb until 2 May 1743 when he was promoted to post-captain and appointed to command the 44-gun frigate HMS ''Fowey''.

Taylor sailed home in ''Fowey'' in June 1744, escorting a convoy. It was expected at the time that news of war with France would soon reach the West Indies, and to ensure that the convoy was not reported to French authorities and attacked, the French Martinique-based merchant ship ''Mentor'' was forced to sail with the convoy. Part way through the journey the British privateer ''Thurloe'', which knew that war had been declared, came up with the convoy and declared that she had captured ''Mentor''. An argument then ensued over whether ''Thurloe'' had legitimately captured the ship or if ''Fowey'' had already taken her into custody. Taylor appealed ''Thurloe''s capture of behalf of his crew at a prize court in 1750.

The Admiralty had previously ordered that a new ship be built in the place of ''Fowey'', and accordingly Taylor paid her off upon reaching England with his convoy. Taylor transferred to the new ship, also a 44-gun frigate named HMS ''Fowey'', in August 1744. In 1745 the new ''Fowey'' was sent to cruise in the English Channel. On 12 June Taylor was sailing off Cape Antifer when the French 24-gun Saint Malo privateer ''Griffon'' attempted to chase him, being ignorant of ''Fowey''s greater strength. When ''Griffon'' discovered her mistake, the ship ran from ''Fowey'' to the nearby Feschampe Bay. Taylor followed ''Griffon'' into the bay, forcing the French ship to take cover under a 4-gun shore battery.

''Griffon'' and the battery fired at ''Fowey'', and the French ship then made sail to reach a nearby pier. Both of her pilots had however been incapacitated by ''Fowey''s return fire, and after an hour Taylor forced ''Griffon'' to run ashore without reaching her goal. The majority of the crew drowned, with ''Fowey'' rescuing around forty survivors. The French ship had lost her foremast and was bilged, with the guns spiked. Taylor sent boats in to burn ''Griffon'', but 150 Frenchmen had garrisoned the wreck and they were unable to board it. ''Fowey'' took the French survivors to Spithead. In November Taylor's ship escorted a troop convoy to Louisbourg and was subsequently kept on station there under the governor, Commodore Charles Knowles. For 1746 ''Fowey'' spent the summer months patrolling off Virginia, and in the winter did similar work at Jamaica.

Jamaica Station

In January 1747 ''Fowey'' sailed with Knowles to formally join the Jamaica Station, with the latter being appointed commander-in-chief. On 1 February Taylor was part of a court martial board that dismissed Captain John Crookshanks from his command of the 44-gun frigate HMS ''Lark'' and cashiered him. Taylor left ''Fowey'' on 3 November, moving into the 60-gun ship of the line HMS ''Warwick'' which was on the same station. This was a brief appointment for Taylor, as the now Rear-Admiral Knowles translated him into the 64-gun ship of the line HMS ''Elizabeth'' on 29 January 1748.

Knowles' squadron sailed to the south coast of Cuba on 13 February, but contrary winds meant they instead first went to attack Port Louis, Hispaniola, at the Battle of Saint-Louis-du-Sud on 22 March. Led into the harbour by ''Elizabeth'', the squadron cannonaded the Spanish 76-gun island castle protecting the area, which in response sent a fireship to attack ''Elizabeth'' and Knowles' flagship, the 80-gun ship of the line HMS ''Cornwall''. Boats from the squadron towed the fireship away before it could inflict any damage, but ''Elizabeth'' pre-emptively cut her cables and warped out of danger. The other ships continued to bombard the castle, and the Spanish governor surrendered soon afterwards. With the winds back in their favour, in April the squadron moved to attack Santiago, but on 9 April the Battle of Santiago de Cuba ended in failure when the leading British ship was unable to breach a defensive boom spread across the entrance to the harbour. The squadron afterwards returned to Jamaica, and in June Knowles appointed Taylor to command ''Cornwall''.

After a refit the squadron went to sail off Havana to intercept the Spanish treasure fleet in August. On 12 October Knowles encountered a squadron of Spanish warships, beginning the Battle of Havana. While the Spanish immediately formed line of battle, Knowles' force took longer to do so, and the battle only commenced at 2.30 p.m. after a chase of several hours, when the two fastest British ships came into range of the Spaniards. ''Cornwall'' reached the engagement at 4 p.m. and at pistol-range attacked the 70-gun ship of the line ''Africa'', Vice-Admiral Andrés Reggio's flagship. Taylor's ship was heavily damaged in the exchange, losing her maintopmast. This forced ''Cornwall'' to leave the line of battle to begin repairs, but while these were being completed the Spanish 64-gun ship of the line ''Conquistador'' neared her having also fallen out of the line. ''Cornwall'' attacked ''Conquistador'' and set her on fire three times with coehorns, forcing the Spaniard to surrender. The rest of the Spanish squadron escaped. ''Africa'' had been heavily damaged in the fight, and anchored in a bay to make repairs before she could reach a friendly port; Knowles' squadron found her on 15 October, and the Spaniards burned the flagship to avoid capture.

The squadron afterwards continued to patrol off Havana in the hope of discovering the treasure fleet, but on 16 October Knowles was informed that Britain and Spain were entering peace preliminaries to end the War of the Austrian Succession and War of Jenkins' Ear. After the battle Knowles reported the "bashfulness" of several of his captains to Admiral Lord Anson, but listed Taylor among those he thought were good seamen. Taylor had spent much of the battle in a small boat rowing the length of the British line of battle, ordering and threatening the captains of the other ships. On 29 October Knowles moved him to command the 60-gun ship of the line HMS ''Rippon''. In the meantime Knowles' captains had sent their own complaints to Anson, arguing that he had stayed in Taylor's ''Cornwall'' when he could have moved into a faster ship, and had been slow to form line of battle.

With the war over, Knowles and most of the squadron returned to England towards the end of the year, where the admiral and four of his captains were court martialled. ''Rippon'', however, stayed in the West Indies, and with Knowles' departure Taylor became the senior officer on the Jamaica Station. His period in command was brief, and he was recalled to England at the end of 1749.

Later service and retirement

Taylor reached Spithead in ''Rippon'' and paid the ship off on 12 December. He did not receive a new command until 7 June 1756, when he was appointed to the 74-gun ship of the line HMS ''Culloden'' at the start of the Seven Years' War. ''Culloden'' was part of the Mediterranean Fleet and based at Gibraltar, and to join her Taylor sailed out with Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hawke, who had been one of Taylor's captains in ''Wolf'' and was assuming command of the fleet.

Having arrived at Gibraltar on 2 July, Hawke took the fleet to Minorca. This was to attempt to reverse the result of the Battle of Minorca where the island had been lost to the French, but Hawke was unable to facilitate this. Taylor relinquished his command of ''Culloden'' in favour of Captain Smith Callis in August, instead joining the 50-gun ship of the line HMS ''Deptford'' on 3 October. ''Deptford'' was also part of the Mediterranean Fleet, and Taylor continued with it until his ship returned home to undergo a refit at Chatham Dockyard from December 1757. On 25 January 1758, just before this was completed, Taylor left the ship.

This was Taylor's last active service in the Royal Navy. On 6 December 1762 he was made a superannuated rear-admiral, and in his retirement he continued to live at his home in Norton, County Durham. He died there on 23 January 1781, aged 74, and was buried at St Mary the Virgin, Norton.

Personal life

While details on most of Taylor's family are unavailable, he had at least two children. A daughter, Mary, was born in around 1740 and went on to marry the naval officer Captain Robert Gregory, and was Taylor's eventual heir. On 20 July 1753 a son of his, also named Polycarpus, was baptized in Norton. Taylor then married Alice Gregory, also of Norton, on 13 December the same year at St. George's Chapel, Hyde Park Corner. In 1762 he had a large house built in Norton which went on to be known as "Admirals House" and is still extant.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Polycarpus
1706 births
1707 births
1781 deaths
Royal Navy rear admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War