''Pleroma'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
in the family
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs, sh ...
, native from
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...
and the
Leeward Islands
french: Îles-Sous-le-Vent
, image_name =
, image_caption = ''Political'' Leeward Islands. Clockwise: Antigua and Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Saint kitts and Nevis.
, image_alt =
, locator_map =
, location = Caribbean SeaNorth Atlantic Ocean
, coor ...
to tropical South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru and Venezuela).
[
]
Description
Species of ''Pleroma'' are subshrubs, shrubs or trees. Their leaves are almost always opposite and petiolate
Petiole may refer to:
*Petiole (botany), the stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem
*Petiole (insect anatomy)
In entomology, petiole is the technical term for the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, a ...
, rarely sessile. The inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...
is a terminal panicle
A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...
or some modification of one. The flowers are perigynous
In the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the bas ...
with a bell- or urn-shaped hypanthium
In angiosperms, a hypanthium or floral cup is a structure where basal portions of the calyx, the corolla, and the stamens form a cup-shaped tube. It is sometimes called a floral tube, a term that is also used for corolla tube and calyx tube. It ...
(base of the flower), usually externally covered with short, soft hairs (pubescent). There are usually five petal
Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...
s (sometimes four), purple to lilac, rarely white. The flowers have ten stamen
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...
s (sometimes eight), often of two distinct sizes, with purple or pink anthers. The connective at the base of an anther is modified into a ventral bilobed appendage. The numerous seeds are contained in a dry semiwoody capsule and are spiral in shape, possibly elongated.[
]
Taxonomy
The genus ''Pleroma'' was established by David Don
David Don (21 December 1799 – 15 December 1841) was a Scottish people, Scottish botanist.
Biography
David Don was born on 21 December 1799 at Doo Hillock, Forfar, Angus, Scotland to Caroline Clementina Stuart, and her husband George Don of ...
in 1823.[ He derived the name from ]Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...
, , meaning 'fullness', referring to the way the seeds filled the capsule.[, pp. 293ff] Although Don used the genus name as a feminine noun, giving specific epithets feminine endings,[ the Greek word is neuter, and subsequent authors have used neuter endings (e.g. ''Pleroma heteromallum'' rather than Don's ''Pleroma heteromalla'').][
In 1885, in his treatment for ''Flora brasiliensis'', ]Alfred Cogniaux
Célestin Alfred Cogniaux (7 April 1841 – 15 April 1916) was a Belgian botanist. Amongst other plants, the genus '' Neocogniauxia'' of orchids is named after him.
In 1916 his enormous private herbarium was acquired by the National Botanic ...
used a broad concept of the genus ''Tibouchina
''Tibouchina'' "Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961. is a Neotropical realm, neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae. Species of this genus a ...
'', transferring into it species at that time placed in ''Pleroma'' and other genera. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to ''Tibouchina''.[ A ]phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They are considered to be intracellular endosy ...
and 1 nuclear
Nuclear may refer to:
Physics
Relating to the nucleus of the atom:
* Nuclear engineering
*Nuclear physics
*Nuclear power
*Nuclear reactor
*Nuclear weapon
*Nuclear medicine
*Radiation therapy
*Nuclear warfare
Mathematics
*Nuclear space
*Nuclear ...
regions) determined that the broad circumscription of ''Tibouchina'' was paraphyletic. Four major clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
s were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.[ A further ]molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'', two re-established genera ''Pleroma'' and ''Chaetogastra
''Chaetogastra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Melastomataceae. Its native range is South America and North America. It contains around 115 species.
Description
Species of ''Chaetogastra'' are herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or ...
'', and a new genus, ''Andesanthus
''Andesanthus'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae, native to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. The genus was established in 2019 for some species formerly placed in '' Tibouchina''. Some specie ...
''. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...
which includes former ''Tibouchina'' species is as follows,[ using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed ''Tibouchina'' s.l. (The relationship between ''Chaetogastra'' and the genus '']Brachyotum
''Brachyotum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae. There are about 58 species native to the Andes of South America. Ulloa, C. U. (2007)''Brachyotum sertulatum'', una especie nueva de Melastomataceae de Colombia.In: ''Ana ...
'' differed between analyses.)
''Pleroma'' is shown to be sister to ''Tibouchina''.[
]
Species
, Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...
accepted the following species:[
*'' Pleroma ackermannii'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma ademarii'' (P.J.F.Guim., R.Romero & Leoni) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma aemula'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim., A.L.F.Oliveira & R.Romero
*'' Pleroma alatum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma amoenum'' (Herzog) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma andersregnellii'' P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma angustifolium'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma apparicioi'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma arboreum'' Gardner
*'' Pleroma arenarium'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma asperius'' (Cham.) Triana
*'' Pleroma australe'' Triana
*'' Pleroma axillare'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma bahiense'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma bandeirae'' P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma barnebyanum'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma benthamianum'' Gardner
*'' Pleroma bergianum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma blanchetianum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma boraceiense'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Justino
*'' Pleroma boudetii'' (P.J.F.Guim. & R.Goldenb.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma bracteolatum'' (J.G.Freitas, A.K.A.Santos & R.P.Oliveira) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma caissara'' F.S.Mey.
*'' Pleroma candolleanum'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma canescens'' (D.Don) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma carajasense'' K.Rocha, R.Goldenb. & F.S.Mey.
*'' Pleroma cardinale'' (Bonpl.) Triana
*'' Pleroma carvalhoi'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma castellense'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cecilianum'' P.J.F.Guim. & M.F.Oliveira da Silva
*'' Pleroma cinereum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma claussenii'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma clavatum'' (Pers.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cleistoflora'' (Ule) P.J.F.Guim., M.F.Oliveira da Silva & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma clidemioides'' O.Berg ex Triana
*'' Pleroma collinum'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma comosum'' (J.G.Freitas, A.K.A.Santos & R.P.Oliveira) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cordifolium'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma costatocalyx'' F.S.Mey., L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma crassirame'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cristatum'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cryptadenum'' (Gleason) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma cucullatum'' F.S.Mey., Fraga & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma decemcostatum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma dendroides'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma diffusum'' DC.
*'' Pleroma discolor'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma divaricatum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma dubium'' (Cham.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma dusenii'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma echinatum'' Gardner
*'' Pleroma edmundoi'' (Brade & Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma eichleri'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma elegans'' Gardner
*'' Pleroma estrellense'' (Raddi) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma ferricola'' A.L.F.Oliveira, R.Romero & P.J.F.Guim.
*'' Pleroma fissinervium'' (DC.) Gardner
*'' Pleroma floribundum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma fontanae'' F.S.Mey., L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma formosum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma fornograndense'' F.S.Mey., R.Goldenb. & L.Kollmann
*'' Pleroma fothergillae'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma foveolatum'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma fragae'' L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma francavillanum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma gardneri'' (Naudin) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma gaudichaudianum'' (DC.) A.Gray
*'' Pleroma gertii'' P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma glandulosum'' (Bonpl.) Triana
*'' Pleroma glutinosum'' (Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma goldenbergii'' (F.S.Mey., P.J.F.Guim. & Kozera) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma granulosum'' (Desr.) D.Don
*'' Pleroma guartelaensis'' F.S.Mey. & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma hatschbachii'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma heteromallum'' (D.Don) D.Don
*'' Pleroma hirsutissimum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma hospitum'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma integerrimum'' (R.Romero & A.B.Martins) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma itatiaiae'' (Wawra) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma kleinii'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma kollmanniana'' F.S.Mey. & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma kuhlmannii'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma laevicaule'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma langsdorffianum'' (Bonpl.) Triana
*'' Pleroma leopoldinense'' L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma lhotskyanum'' (C.Presl) Triana
*'' Pleroma lilacinum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma luetzelburgii'' (Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma lutzii'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma macrochiton'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma manicatum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma marinanum'' P.J.F.Guim. & Fraga
*'' Pleroma martiale'' (Cham.) Triana
*'' Pleroma martiusianum'' (DC.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma marumbiense'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma maximilianum'' Triana
*'' Pleroma melanocalyx'' (R.Romero, P.J.F.Guim. & Leoni) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma mello-barretoi'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma michelangelii'' P.J.F.Guim. & J.G.Freitas
*'' Pleroma microphyllum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma minus'' (R.Romero & A.B.Martins) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma minutiflorum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma mirabile'' (Brade & Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma molle'' (Cham.) Triana
*'' Pleroma mosenii'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma mourae'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma mutabile'' (Vell.) Triana
*'' Pleroma noblickii'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma nodosum'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma obscurum'' Triana
*'' Pleroma ochypetalum'' (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don
*'' Pleroma oleifolium'' (DC.) R.Romero & Versiane
*'' Pleroma oreophilum'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma ornatum'' (Sw.) Triana
*'' Pleroma pallidum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma pauloalvinii'' (Vinha) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma penduliflorum'' Fraga & P.J.F.Guim.
*'' Pleroma pereirae'' (Brade & Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma petiolatum'' (R.Romero & A.B.Martins) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma pilosum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma quartzophilum'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma raddianum'' (DC.) Gardner
*'' Pleroma radula'' (Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma ramboi'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma redivivum'' O.Berg ex Triana
*'' Pleroma regelianum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma reitzii'' (Brade) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma riedelianum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma rigidulum'' (Naudin) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma riparium'' (Markgr.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma robustum'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma rubrobracteatum'' (R.Romero & P.J.F.Guim.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma rubrum'' J.G.Freitas
*'' Pleroma rupicola'' (Hoehne) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma salviifolium'' (Cham.) Triana
*'' Pleroma scaberrimum'' Triana
*'' Pleroma schenckii'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma schwackei'' (Cogn.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma sellowianum'' (Cham.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'']Pleroma semidecandrum
''Pleroma semidecandrum'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Tibouchina semidecandra'', the princess flower, glory bush, or lasiandra, is a flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae, native to southeast Brazil.
Description
It is a sprawling, ev ...
'' (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma setosociliatum'' (Cogn.) F.S.Mey. & F.B.Matos
*'' Pleroma stellipile'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma stenocarpum'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma stipulaceum'' (Vinha) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma subglabrum'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma subsessilis'' F.S.Mey. & L.Kollmann
*'' Pleroma taperoense'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma tedescoi'' (Meirelles, L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma thereminianum'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma tomentulosum'' (Wurdack) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma trichopodum'' DC.
*'' Pleroma trinervium'' P.J.F.Guim.
*'' Pleroma tuberosum'' Gardner ex Triana
*'' Pleroma urceolare'' (DC.) Triana
*'' Pleroma ursinum'' (Cham.) Triana
*'' Pleroma urvilleanum'' (DC.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
*'' Pleroma velutinum'' (Naudin) Triana
*'' Pleroma venetiense'' F.S.Mey., L.Kollmann & R.Goldenb.
*'' Pleroma villosissimum'' Triana
*'' Pleroma vimineum'' (D.Don) D.Don
*'' Pleroma virgatum'' Gardner
*'' Pleroma wurdackianum'' (R.Romero & A.B.Martins) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.
Distribution and habitat
''Pleroma'' species are mostly native to eastern Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
in the Atlantic Forest
The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and th ...
and Cerrado
The ''Cerrado'' (, ) is a vast ecoregion of tropical savanna in eastern Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, and the Federal District. The core areas of the Cerrado biome are t ...
biomes, more rarely in the Caatinga
Caatinga (, ) is a type of semi-arid tropical vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (''caa'' = forest, v ...
.[ A few species reach other parts of South America and the Caribbean (]Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
, Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
, Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
, French Guiana
French Guiana ( or ; french: link=no, Guyane ; gcr, label=French Guianese Creole, Lagwiyann ) is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic ...
, the Leeward Islands
french: Îles-Sous-le-Vent
, image_name =
, image_caption = ''Political'' Leeward Islands. Clockwise: Antigua and Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Saint kitts and Nevis.
, image_alt =
, locator_map =
, location = Caribbean SeaNorth Atlantic Ocean
, coor ...
, Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...
and Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
).[ They are found in forests and forest margins, river banks, high altitude grasslands, rocky outcrops and ]restinga
Restingas () are a distinct type of coastal tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest in eastern Brazil. They form on sandy, acidic, and nutrient-poor soils, and are characterized by medium-sized trees and shrubs adapted to the drier and nut ...
s, from sea level up to an elevation of 2,650 m.[
]
References
{{taxonbar, from1=Q42929429
Melastomataceae genera