''Pinna'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s belonging to the family

Pinnidae The Pinnidae are a taxonomic family of large saltwater clams sometimes known as pen shells. They are marine bivalve molluscs in the order Pteriida. Shell description The shells of bivalves in this family are fragile and have a long and triang ...

. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pinna Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138352 on 2022-01-16 The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

of the genus is '' Pinna rudis''. The most completely studied species in the genus is '' P. nobilis'', a

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

pen shell which was historically important as the principal source of

sea silk Sea silk is an extremely fine, rare, and valuable fabric that is made from the long silky filaments or byssus secreted by a gland in the foot of pen shells (in particular ''Pinna nobilis''). The byssus is used by the clam to attach itself to t ...

Description

These pen shells can reach a length of about . They are characterized by thin, elongated, wedge-shaped, and almost triangular shells with long, toothless edges. The surface of the shells shows radial ribs over their entire length. ''Pinna'' is distinguished from its sibling genus ''

Atrina ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is '' A. fragilis'', found in British waters. '' A. rigida'' ( Lightfoot, 1786) is found on the southeast coast of North America and in ...

'' by the presence of a sulcus dividing the

nacre Nacre ( , ), also known as mother of pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is f ...

ous region of the valves, and the positioning of the adductor scar on the

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage * Dorsal c ...

side of shells. These

s most commonly lie point-first on the sea bottom in which they live, anchored by a net of

byssus A byssus () is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusc that function to attach the mollusc to a solid surface. Species from several families of clams have a byssus, including pen shells (Pinnidae), true mussels (Mytilid ...

threads.

Distribution

Species in the

''Pinna'' are geographically widespread. This genus is very ancient, going back up to the

Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...

period. It is especially represented in

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...

and

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...

, species in the genus ''Pinna'' include: * † '' Pinna affinis'' J. Sowerby, 1821 † * '' Pinna angustana''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1819 * † '' Pinna arcuata'' J. Sowerby, 1821 * '' Pinna atropurpurea'' Sowerby, 1825 * '' Pinna attenuata'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna bichi'' Thach, 2016 * ''

Pinna bicolor ''Pinna bicolor'' is a species of bivalves Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell con ...

Gmelin Gmelin may refer to: * Gmelin's test, a chemical test * Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin People * Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...

, 1791 * '' Pinna carnea''

, 1791 * '' Pinna cellophana'' Matsukuma & Okutani, 1986 * '' Pinna deltodes'' Menke, 1843 * † '' Pinna dissimilicostata'' X.-M. Gan, 1978 * † '' Pinna distans'' Hutton, 1873 * '' Pinna dolabrata''

, 1819 * '' Pinna electrina'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna epica'' Jousseaume, 1894 * '' Pinna exquisita'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 * '' Pinna fimbriatula'' Reeve, 1859 * † '' Pinna folium'' Young & Bird, 1822 * † '' Pinna huiyangensis'' R.-J. Zhang, 1977 * '' Pinna incurva''

, 1791 * † '' Pinna kawhiana'' Marwick, 1953 * † '' Pinna keexwaanensis'' McRoberts, 2017 * † '' Pinna lanceolata'' J. Sowerby, 1821 * † '' Pinna lata'' Hutton, 1873 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Pinna linguafelis'' (Habe, 1953) * '' Pinna madida'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna menkei'' Reeve, 1858 * † '' Pinna mitis'' Phillips, 1829 * † '' Pinna muikadanensis'' Nakazawa, 1961 * '' Pinna muricata''

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

* ''

Pinna nobilis ''Pinna nobilis'', common name the noble pen shell or fan mussel, is a large species of Mediterranean clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells. *''Pinna gigas'' Chemnitz It reaches up to of shell length.Zavodn ...

-- Grande nacre * † '' Pinna nyainrongensis'' S.-X. Wen, 1979 * † '' Pinna octavia'' Marwick, 1953 * '' Pinna papyracea''

, 1791 * † '' Pinna plicata'' Hutton, 1873 (Based on a fragment of a trace fossil called Zoophycus) * '' Pinna rapanui'' Araya & Osorio, 2016 * '' Pinna rudis''

* '' Pinna rugosa'' Sowerby, 1835 * '' Pinna sanguinolenta'' Reeve, 1858 * † '' Pinna socialis'' d'Orbigny, 1850 * † '' Pinna subcuneata'' Eichwald, 1865 * † '' Pinna suprajurensis'' d'Orbigny, 1850 * '' Pinna trigonalis'' Pease, 1861 * '' Pinna trigonium'' Dunker, 1852 * '' Pinna wayae'' Schultz & M. Huber, 2013

Nomen nudum

* ''Pinna inflata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna lubrica'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nebulosa'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nigricans'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna striata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna tenera'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna violacea'' Röding, 1798

Nomen dubium

* ''Pinna atrata'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna bullata''

, 1791 * ''Pinna marginata''

, 1819 * ''Pinna minax'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rollei'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna rostellum'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rotundata''

* ''Pinna sanguinea''

, 1791 * ''Pinna virgata'' Menke, 1843

Synonyms

* ''Pinna squamosissima'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of '' Atrina serrata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) * ''Pinna strangei'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Atrina strangei'' (Reeve, 1858) * ''Pinna stutchburii'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Pinna attenuata'' Reeve, 1858 * ''Pinna subviridis'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Atrina seminuda'' (Lamarck, 1819) * ''Pinna tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of ''

Atrina tasmanica ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is ''Atrina fragilis, A. fragilis'', found in British waters. ''Atrina rigida, A. rigida'' (John Lightfoot FRS, Lightfoot, 1786) is found ...

'' (Tenison Woods, 1876) * ''Pinna truncata'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of ''

Atrina fragilis ''Atrina fragilis'', the fan mussel, is a species of large saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells. The fan mussel, ''Atrina fragilis'' is one of the largest (30 to 48 cm long) and rarest bivalve mollusc ...

'' (Pennant, 1777) * ''Pinna tuberculosa'' Sowerby, 1835: synonym of '' Atrina tuberculosa'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna varicosa''

, 1819: synonym of '' Pinna carnea'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna vespertina'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Pinna atropurpurea'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Pinna vexillum'' Born, 1778: synonym of '' Atrina vexillum'' (Born, 1778) * ''Pinna vitrea''

, 1791: synonym of '' Streptopinna saccata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Pinna vulgaris'' Roissy, 1804: synonym of ''

'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna whitechurchi'' Turton, 1932: synonym of ''

Atrina squamifera ''Atrina squamifera'', one of several species known as the ''horse mussel'', is a species of Bivalvia, bivalve pen shell. It is a marine (ocean), marine mollusc in the family (biology), family Pinnidae. It is Endemism, endemic to South Africa. D ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna zebuensis'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Pinna muricata'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna zelandica'' Gray, 1835: synonym of '' Atrina zelandica'' (Gray, 1835) Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318944 - Pinna angustana Lamarck, 1819 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna angustana'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414274 - Pinna atropurpurea Sowerby , 1825 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna atropurpurea'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318930 - Pinna attenuata Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna attenuata'' Image:Pinna bicolor Razor clam P1182475.JPG, ''

'' Image:Pinna carnea no.1.jpg, '' Pinna carnea'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318959 - Pinna deltodes Menke, 1843 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna deltodes'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318949 - Pinna electrina Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna electrina'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414491 - Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna incurva'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318885 - Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna muricata'' Image:Pinna pectinata.jpg, ''

'' Image:Pinnidae - Pinna rudis.JPG, '' Pinna rudis'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414295 - Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna rugosa'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318953 - Pinna trigonium Dunker, 1852 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna trigonium''

References

*Frank H.T. Rodes, Herbert S. Zim en Paul R. Shaffer (1993) - Natuurgids Fossielen (het ontstaan, prepareren en rangschikken van fossielen), Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar. ISBN D-1993-0001-361 *Cyril Walker & David Ward (1993) - Fossielen: Sesam Natuur Handboeken, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn. * * * Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. * Schultz, P. W.; Huber, M. (2013). Revision of the worldwide Recent Pinnidae and some remarks of fossil European Pinnidae. Acta Conchyliorum. 13: 1-164.

External links

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata

Mörch, O. A. L. (1852-1853). Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi, Regis Daniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Tertii Eques. Fasc. 1, Cephalophora, 170 pp. [1852
Fasc. 2, Acephala, Annulata, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, 74 [+2] pp. [1853]. Hafniae [Copenhagen]: L. Klein]
Children J. G. (1822-1823). Lamarck's genera of shells. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts (London), 14(27): 64-87, pl. 3-4 [ottobre 1822
14(28): 298-322, pl. 5-6 [gennaio 1823]; 15(29): 23-52, pl. 2-3 [aprile 1823]; 15(30): 216-258, pl. 7-8 [luglio 1823]; 16 (31): 49-79, pl. 5 [ottobre 1823]; 16 (32): 241-264, pl. 6 [dicembre 1823]. [Vedi anche Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward, 1931],] Pinnidae Bivalve genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{bivalve-stub