Pinna internal and external shell anatomy

''Pinna'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

bivalve Bivalvia () or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class (biology), class of aquatic animal, aquatic molluscs (marine and freshwater) that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed b ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s belonging to the family

Pinnidae The pinnidae are a taxonomic family of large saltwater clams sometimes known as pen shells. They are marine bivalve molluscs in the order Pteriida. Shell description The shells of bivalves in this family are fragile and have a long and triang ...

. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of the genus is '' Pinna rudis''. These bivalves are sessile suspension feeders that live in shallow water, fixed to the substrate with a large, silky

byssus A byssus () is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusc that function to attach the mollusc to a solid surface. Species from several families of clams have a byssus, including pen shells ( Pinnidae), true mussels (Mytili ...

. There are 32 different species in the genus ''Pinna'', accounting for around 40% of the diversity in the family

, and members of the genus are present almost globally. The most extensively studied species in the genus is the critically endangered '' P. nobilis'', a

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

pen shell which was historically important as the principal source of

sea silk Sea silk is an extremely fine, rare, and valuable fabric that is made from the long silky filaments or byssus secreted by a gland in the foot of pen shells (in particular '' Pinna nobilis''). The byssus is used by the mussel to attach itself ...

. Members of ''Pinna'' are also valued as sources of food, pearls and for the aesthetic value of their shells.

Description

These pen shells can reach a length of about . They are characterized by thin, elongated, wedge-shaped, and almost triangular shells with long, toothless edges. The surface of the shells shows radial ribs over their entire length. ''Pinna'' is distinguished from its sibling genus ''

Atrina ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is ''Atrina fragilis, A. fragilis'', found in British waters. ''Atrina rigida, A. rigida'' (John Lightfoot FRS, Lightfoot, 1786) is found ...

'' by the presence of a sulcus dividing the

nacre Nacre ( , ), also known as mother-of-pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is ...

ous region of the valves, and the positioning of the adductor scar on the

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage The fus ...

side of shells. ''Pinna'' can also be distinguished from another of its relatives '' Streptopinna'' by being larger and having a more uniform shell shape. The internal anatomy is consistent with that of a typical

mussel Mussel () is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and Freshwater bivalve, freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other ...

, and includes adductor muscles, the mantle and gut, the foot, and the byssal glands. The main muscles consists of an anterior and a posterior adductor muscle, a posterior retractor muscle, and dorsal and ventral pallial retractor muscles. With the exception of the ventral pallial retractor muscle, everything else is located on the dorsal valve. The anterior adductor muscle is very small, and it is located close to the anterior point, while the posterior adductor muscle is much larger, and is located about a third of the length along the shell, near the hinge plate. The latter is attached to the valve alongside the posterior pedal retractor muscle. The foot has two parts: a more slender anterior part that projects out and a posterior part that wraps around the byssus. The byssus is composed of fibrous, iridescent, brown threads and surrounds the pair of byssal glands. The mantle is mostly translucent, except near the posterior edge, which is spotted.

Distribution

Species in the

''Pinna'' are geographically widespread and is known to occur in tropical and subtropical seas around the world. ''Pinna'' species are widespread in the

Indo-Pacific The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth. In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...

, ranging as far south as South Africa and

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

and as far north as the

Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean seas, mediterranean sea in West Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea and the larger Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.Un ...

and

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. On the west coast of North America, ''Pinna'' members are known from

North Carolina North Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South Carolina to the south, Georgia (U.S. stat ...

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

, and are abundant in the Caribbean and

Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...

. This genus is also historically very well known from the

and

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

s. Fossil members of this genus have been found globally, date back to the late

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the s ...

period and are especially well-represented and widespread in

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 143.1 Mya. ...

and

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...

Ecology

Life habit

''Pinna'' species live in coastal and marine waters, as well as in transitional inlets partially influenced by freshwater flow. Member of this genus are known to inhabit soft, muddy substrates, sandy

seagrass meadow A seagrass meadow or seagrass bed is an underwater ecosystem formed by seagrasses. Seagrasses are marine (saltwater) plants found in shallow coastal waters and in the brackish waters of estuaries. Seagrasses are flowering plants with stems and ...

coral reef A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in group ...

s, and fields of coral rubble in relatively shallow water. All members of the genus ''Pinna'' are sessile, and orient themselves vertically relative to the substrate with the thin, tapered end pointing downwards and the wide end open upwards. In muddy or soft, sandy conditions, ''Pinna'' will bury 50-95% of its body in substrate and will use tough byssal threads to keep them fixed in the soft substrate around them with the aperture elevated from, or flush with, the surface of the sediment. On more solid, rockier substrates, some ''Pinna'' can anchor themselves directly to hard substrates similarly to other common byssate molluscs. Members of the genus ''Pinna'' often arrange themselve in clusters or loosely spaced colonies, and can provide an important hard substrate for boring and encrusting organisms in otherwise inhospitable sandy or muddy settings, and may promote ecological diversity in environments they inhabit. ''Pinna'' are often well known hosts of ''Pontonia'' shrimp and pea crabs, as well as of

cardinalfish Cardinalfishes are a family, Apogonidae, of ray-finned fishes found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some species are found in brackish water and a few (notably '' Glossamia'') are found in fresh water. A ...

amphipods Amphipoda () is an order (biology), order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphip ...

isopods Isopoda is an Order (biology), order of crustaceans. Members of this group are called isopods and include both Aquatic animal, aquatic species and Terrestrial animal, terrestrial species such as woodlice. All have rigid, segmented exoskeletons ...

and

sea anemone Sea anemones ( ) are a group of predation, predatory marine invertebrates constituting the order (biology), order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the ''Anemone'', a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemone ...

s, which can live inside of their mantle cavities.

Feeding

Members of the genus ''Pinna'' are generally

filter feeder Filter feeders are aquatic animals that acquire nutrients by feeding on organic matters, food particles or smaller organisms (bacteria, microalgae and zooplanktons) suspended in water, typically by having the water pass over or through a s ...

s, however, some soft-bottom taxa, especially ones that are deeply buried in sediment, are likely deposit feeders. ''Pinna''-genus bivalves consume a wide variety of prey, and includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, and organic detritus. In ''Pinna nobilis'', the size of the shell, and, as a result, the proportion of the shell that is above the surface of the substrate, are directly related with where nutrients were sourced. Larger ''P. nobilis'' showed a preference for prey higher in the water column, such as Calanoid copepods and

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma'') is any member of a large group comprising several Genus, genera of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world. Living diatoms make up a significant portion of Earth's B ...

s, while smaller ''P. nobilis'' preferred more benthic prey, like Harpacticoid copepods and consumed a higher proportion of organic

detritus In biology, detritus ( or ) is organic matter made up of the decomposition, decomposing remains of organisms and plants, and also of feces. Detritus usually hosts communities of microorganisms that colonize and decomposition, decompose (Reminera ...

, which is denser on the bottom.

Reproduction and development

''Pinna'' bivalves are

iteroparous Semelparity and iteroparity are two contrasting reproductive strategies available to living organisms. A species is considered ''semelparous'' if it is characterized by a single reproduction, reproductive episode before death, and ''iteroparous ...

broadcast spawners, and release male and female gametes into the water column separately to allow for external fertilization. Reproduction across the genus ''Pinna'' beyond this is diverse, some members of the genus, such as ''Pinna nobilis, P. rugosa,'' and '' P. bicolor'' have defined spawning periods, which generally occur during the summer, while others, like '' P. carnea'' that live in more tropical climates spawn year-round. Fertilized gametes form

trochophore A trochophore () is a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia. By moving their cilia rapidly, they make a water eddy to control their movement, and to bring their food closer in order to capture it more easily. ...

s, then

veliger A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells. Description The veliger is the characteristic larva of the gastropod, bivalve and scaphopod taxono ...

larvae, which are

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) but are unable to actively propel themselves against ocean current, currents (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are ca ...

ic can drift for many days in the water column before settling onto substrate. The veliger of the genus ''Pinna'' are stubby, triangular in outline, transparent and already contains the heteromyarian, or anisomyarian musculature seen in adult ''Pinna'', where one adductor muscle is much reduced in size compared to the other. Upon reaching an appropriate substrate, the larva develops quickly, rapidly becoming sessile, and adult characteristics such as the ctenidium, mantle, and shell ornament take shape. Interestingly, all shell growth only occurs along the dorsal (pointed), ventral (wedge), and posterior margins, while no growth occurs anteriorly. The veliger shell quickly erodes, and is uncommon to see in adult forms.

Human uses

Sea silk

Pearls

Members of the genus ''Pinna'' are known to produce

pearl A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle (mollusc), mantle) of a living Exoskeleton, shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pear ...

s. Due to the partial coverage of the insides of their shells with

, they are capable of producing both nacreous and non-nacreous pearls. Uniquely, members of ''Pinna'' appear to be unique in their capacity to produce gem-quality pearls that are made of calcite and contain

carotenoid Carotenoids () are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, cana ...

s which can lead to colouration that ranges from off-white, to vivid orange, brown and black. Pinna pearls may also be elongate and teardrop-shaped, mirroring the shape of the host shell. The nacreous shell itself is also valuable as a collector's item.

Food

Members of the genus ''Pinna'', as well as its sibling genus ''

'', are prized food sources around the Indo-pacific and Mediterranean. Members of the genus are both harvested in the wild and are cultured, within the genus ''Pinna'', most

aquaculture Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. Nelu ...

efforts are concentrated on '' Pinna rugosa'' in Mexico and '' Pinna nobilis,'' the noble pen shell, in the Mediterranean. Aquaculture from the harvesting and growing of spats has seen success in some members of ''Pinna'', but is not performed commercially, and the majority of ''Pinna'' catch remains harvested wild. ''P. nobilis'' remains a delicacy in parts of the Mediterranean, and is still served in restaurants, despite its

critically endangered An IUCN Red List critically endangered (CR or sometimes CE) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. As of December 2023, of t ...

status and the fact it is illegal to harvest.

Conservation

Human efforts

As of 2019, ''Pinna nobilis'' is classified as a critically endangered species by the

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...

. Mass mortality events have caused nearly all Mediterranean populations to die out. Since then, conservation efforts such as transporting individuals to safer habitats, population monitoring, and

captive breeding Captive breeding, also known as captive propagation, is the process of keeping plants or animals in controlled environments, such as wildlife reserves, zoos, Botanical garden, botanic gardens, and other Conservation biology, conservation facilitie ...

efforts have been made to preserve the species. In December 2022, the European Life ''Pinna'' Project set out to test their conservation protocols using the related ''Atrina'' genus as an experimental population because ''Atrina'' was not critically endangered or a protected species.

Parasites

Parasites such as the protozoan ''Haplosporidium pinnae'', ''Myobacterium'' species and more, have been theorized as a potential cause of mortality for ''Pinna nobilis''. In 2019, an event termed the " cold drop" resulted in high volumes of nutrients, sediments, and fresh water to flood ''Pinna'' habitats and allow the introduction of ''H. pinnae''. The presence of parasites, along with mass mortality events, only contributed to the decline of ''P. nobilis'' populations following 2019.

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...

extant Extant or Least-concern species, least concern is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Exta ...

species in the genus ''Pinna'' are: * '' Pinna angustana'' Lamarck, 1819 * ''

Pinna atropurpurea Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), or auricle, the outer part of the ear * Pinna (bivalve), ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of molluscs * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf People Surname * Christophe Pinna (born 1968 ...

'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * '' Pinna attenuata'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna bichi'' Thach, 2016 * '' Pinna bicolor'' Gmelin, 1791 * '' Pinna carnea'' Gmelin, 1791 * '' Pinna cellophana'' Matsukuma & Okutani, 1986 * '' Pinna deltodes'' Menke, 1843 * '' Pinna dolabrata'' Lamarck, 1819 * '' Pinna electrina'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna epica'' Jousseaume, 1894 * '' Pinna evexa'' Callomon, 2023 * '' Pinna exquisita'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 * '' Pinna fimbriatula'' Reeve, 1859 * '' Pinna incurva'' Gmelin, 1791 * '' Pinna linguafelis'' (Habe, 1953) * '' Pinna madida'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna menkei'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna muricata'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pinna nembia'' Simone, 2024 * '' Pinna nobilis'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pinna papyracea'' Gmelin, 1791 * '' Pinna pereria'' Simone, 2024 * '' Pinna rapanui'' Araya & Osorio, 2016 * '' Pinna rudis'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pinna rugosa'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1835 * '' Pinna saccata'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pinna sanguinolenta'' Reeve, 1858 * '' Pinna trigonalis'' Pease, 1861 * '' Pinna trigonium'' Dunker, 1852 * '' Pinna trindadis'' Simone, 2024 * '' Pinna wayae'' P. W. Schultz & M. Huber, 2013 The following species are only known from the fossil record: *†'' Pinna anderssoni'' Wilckens, 1910 *†'' Pinna arcuata'' J. Sowerby, 1821 *†'' Pinna blanfordi'' O. Boettger, 1880 *†'' Pinna cretacea'' (Schlotheim, 1813) *†'' Pinna dissimilicostata'' X.-M. Gan, 1978 *†'' Pinna distans'' F. W. Hutton, 1873 *†'' Pinna folium'' G. Young & Bird, 1822 *†'' Pinna fragilis'' Watelet, 1868 *†'' Pinna freneixae'' Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988 *†'' Pinna huiyangensis'' R.-J. Zhang, 1977 *†'' Pinna karabiensis'' Yanin, 2021 *†'' Pinna kawhiana'' Marwick, 1953 *†'' Pinna keexwaanensis'' McRoberts, 2017 *†'' Pinna lanceolata'' J. Sowerby, 1821 *†'' Pinna margaritacea'' Lamarck, 1805 *†'' Pinna mitis'' J. Phillips, 1829 *†'' Pinna muikadanensis'' Nakazawa, 1961 *†'' Pinna nyainrongensis'' S.-X. Wen, 1979 *†'' Pinna octavia'' Marwick, 1953 *†'' Pinna pacata'' Shilekhin, Mazaev & Biakov, 2023 *†'' Pinna plicata'' F. W. Hutton, 1873 *†'' Pinna qinghaiensis'' Y.-J. Lu, 1986 *†'' Pinna rembangensis'' K. Martin, 1910 *†'' Pinna robinaldina'' A. d'Orbigny, 1844 *†'' Pinna sobrali'' Zinsmeister, 1984 *†'' Pinna socialis'' A. d'Orbigny, 1850 *†'' Pinna subcuneata'' Eichwald, 1865 *†'' Pinna suprajurensis'' A. d'Orbigny, 1850 *†'' Pinna torulosa'' Repin, 2001 *†'' Pinna vanhoepeni'' Rennie, 1930 *†'' Pinnacaris dentata'' Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993 *†'' Pinnatiporidium toomeyi'' (Dragastan) Dragastan & Schlagintweit, 2005 *†'' Pinnatoporella carinata'' (Etheridge, 1879) *†'' Pinnatulites microrugosa'' Hessland, 1949 *†'' Pinnatulites tumida'' Hessland, 1949 *†'' Pinnatulites varia'' Sarv, 1959

Nomen nudum

* ''Pinna inflata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna lubrica'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nebulosa'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nigricans'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna striata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna tenera'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna violacea'' Röding, 1798

Nomen dubium

* ''Pinna atrata'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna bullata''

Gmelin Gmelin may refer to: * Karl Christian Gmelin, Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis, Alsatica et confinium regionum cis- et transrhenania'' (1806) * Charles Gmelin (1872–1950), British Olympic athlete * ...

, 1791 * ''Pinna marginata''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1819 * ''Pinna minax'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rollei'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna rostellum'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rotundata''

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...

* ''Pinna sanguinea''

, 1791 * ''Pinna virgata'' Menke, 1843

Synonyms

* ''Pinna squamosissima'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of '' Atrina serrata'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) * ''Pinna strangei'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Atrina strangei'' (Reeve, 1858) * ''Pinna stutchburii'' Reeve, 1859: synonym of '' Pinna attenuata'' Reeve, 1858 * ''Pinna subviridis'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Atrina seminuda'' (Lamarck, 1819) * ''Pinna tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of '' Atrina tasmanica'' (Tenison Woods, 1876) * ''Pinna truncata'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of '' Atrina fragilis'' (Pennant, 1777) * ''Pinna tuberculosa'' Sowerby, 1835: synonym of '' Atrina tuberculosa'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna varicosa''

, 1819: synonym of '' Pinna carnea'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna vespertina'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of ''

'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Pinna vexillum'' Born, 1778: synonym of '' Atrina vexillum'' (Born, 1778) * ''Pinna vitrea''

, 1791: synonym of '' Streptopinna saccata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Pinna vulgaris'' Roissy, 1804: synonym of '' Pinna nobilis'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna whitechurchi'' Turton, 1932: synonym of '' Atrina squamifera'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna zebuensis'' Reeve, 1858: synonym of '' Pinna muricata'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna zelandica'' Gray, 1835: synonym of '' Atrina zelandica'' (Gray, 1835)

Gallery

File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318944 - Pinna angustana Lamarck, 1819 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna angustana'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414274 - Pinna atropurpurea Sowerby , 1825 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, ''

'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318930 - Pinna attenuata Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna attenuata'' File:Pinna bicolor Razor clam P1182475.JPG, '' Pinna bicolor'' File:Pinna carnea no.1.jpg, '' Pinna carnea'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318959 - Pinna deltodes Menke, 1843 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna deltodes'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318949 - Pinna electrina Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna electrina'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414491 - Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna incurva'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318885 - Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna muricata'' File:Pinnidae - Pinna rudis.JPG, '' Pinna rudis'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414295 - Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna rugosa'' File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318953 - Pinna trigonium Dunker, 1852 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna trigonium'' File:Pinna noblis shell & byssus.JPG, '' Pinna nobilis'' shell with

References

External links

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata

Mörch, O. A. L. (1852-1853). Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi, Regis Daniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Tertii Eques. Fasc. 1, Cephalophora, 170 pp. [1852]; Fasc. 2, Acephala, Annulata, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, 74 [+2] pp. [1853]. Hafniae [Copenhagen]: L. Klein

Children J. G. (1822-1823). Lamarck's genera of shells. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts (London), 14(27): 64-87, pl. 3-4 [ottobre 1822]; 14(28): 298-322, pl. 5-6 [gennaio 1823]; 15(29): 23-52, pl. 2-3 [aprile 1823]; 15(30): 216-258, pl. 7-8 [luglio 1823]; 16 (31): 49-79, pl. 5 [ottobre 1823]; 16 (32): 241-264, pl. 6 [dicembre 1823]. [Vedi anche Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward, 1931]
{{Taxonbar, from=Q532930 Pinnidae Bivalve genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus