Pinch Temperature

Pinch analysis is a methodology for minimising energy consumption of chemical processes by calculating thermodynamically feasible ''energy targets'' (or minimum energy consumption) and achieving them by optimising heat recovery systems, energy supply methods and process operating conditions. It is also known as ''process integration'', ''heat integration'', ''energy integration'' or ''pinch technology''.

The process data is represented as a set of energy flows, or streams, as a function of heat load (product of specific enthalpy and mass flow rate; SI unit W) against temperature (SI unit K). These data are combined for all the streams in the plant to give ''composite curves'', one for all ''hot streams'' (releasing heat) and one for all ''cold streams'' (requiring heat). The point of closest approach between the hot and cold composite curves is the '' pinch point'' (or just ''pinch'') with a hot stream pinch temperature and a cold stream pinch temperature. This is where the design is most constrained. Hence, by finding this point and starting the design there, the energy targets can be achieved using heat exchangers to recover heat between hot and cold streams in two separate systems, one for temperatures above pinch temperatures and one for temperatures below pinch temperatures. In practice, during the pinch analysis of an existing design, often cross-pinch exchanges of heat are found between a hot stream with its temperature above the pinch and a cold stream below the pinch. Removal of those exchangers by alternative matching makes the process reach its ''energy target''.

History

In 1971, Ed Hohmann stated in his PhD that 'one can
compute the least amount of hot and cold utilities required for a process
without knowing the heat exchanger network that could accomplish it. One
also can estimate the heat exchange area required'.

In late 1977, Ph.D. student Bodo Linnhoff under the supervision of Dr John Flower at the University of Leeds showed the existence in many processes of a heat integration bottleneck, ‘the pinch’, which laid the basis for the technique, known today as pinch-analysis. At that time he had joined Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) where he led practical applications and further method development.

Bodo Linnhoff developed the 'Problem Table', an algorithm for calculating the energy targets and worked out the basis for a calculation of the surface area required, known as ‘the spaghetti network’. These algorithms enabled practical application of the technique.

In 1982 he joined University of Manchester Institute of Technology (UMIST, present day University of Manchester) to continue the work. In 1983 he set up a consultation firm known as Linnhoff March International later acquired by KBC Energy Services.

Many refinements have been developed since and used in a wide range of industries, including extension to heat and power systems and
non-process situations. The most detailed explanation of the techniques is by Linnhoff et al. (1982), Shenoy (1995), Kemp (2006) and Kemp and Lim (2020), while Smith (2005) includes several chapters on them. Both detailed and simplified (spreadsheet) programs are now available to calculate the energy targets. See Pinch Analysis Software below.

In recent years, Pinch analysis has been extended beyond energy applications. It now includes:

* Mass Exchange Networks (El-Halwagi and Manousiouthakis, 1989)
* Water pinch (Yaping Wang and Robin Smith, 1994; Nick Hallale, 2002; Prakash and Shenoy, 2005)
* Hydrogen pinch (Nick Hallale et al., 2003; Agrawal and Shenoy, 2006)
* Carbon pinch (referenced in Kemp and Lim, 2020)

Weaknesses

Classical pinch-analysis primarily calculates the energy costs for the heating and cooling utility. At the pinch point, where the hot and cold streams are the most constrained, large heat exchangers are required to transfer heat between the hot and cold streams. Large heat exchangers entail high investment costs. In order to reduce capital cost, in practice a minimum temperature difference (Δ T) at the pinch point is demanded, e.g., 10 °F. It is possible to estimate the heat exchanger area and capital cost, and hence the optimal Δ T minimum value. However, the cost curve is quite flat and the optimum may be affected by "topology traps". The pinch method is not always appropriate for simple networks or where severe operating constraints exist. Kemp (2006) and Kemp and Lim (2019) discuss these aspects in detail.

Recent developments

The problem of integrating heat between hot and cold streams, and finding the optimal network, in particular in terms of costs, may today be solved with numerical algorithms. The network can be formulated as a so-called mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem and solved with an appropriate numerical solver. Nevertheless, large-scale MINLP problems can still be hard to solve for today's numerical algorithms. Alternatively, some attempts were made to formulate the MINLP problems to mixed integer linear problems, where then possible networks are screened and optimized. For simple networks of a few streams and heat exchangers, hand design methods with simple targeting software are often adequate, and aid the engineer in understanding the process.

See also

* CHP Directive
* Energy policy of the European Union
* Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
* Cogeneration
* Process flowsheeting

References

*El-Halwagi, M. M. and V. Manousiouthakis, 1989, "Synthesis of Mass Exchange Networks", AIChE J., 35(8), 1233–1244.
*Kemp, I.C. (2006). ''Pinch Analysis and Process Integration: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 2nd edition''. Includes spreadsheet software. Butterworth-Heinemann. . (1st edition: Linnhoff et al., 1982).
*Kemp, I.C. and Lim, J.S. (2020). ''Pinch Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 3rd edition''. Includes spreadsheet software. Butterworth-Heinemann. .
*Linnhoff, B., D.W. Townsend, D. Boland, G.F. Hewitt, B.E.A. Thomas, A.R. Guy and R.H. Marsland, (1982) ''A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy.'' IChemE, UK.
*Shenoy, U.V. (1995). ''Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis: Process Optimization by Energy and Resource Analysis''. Includes two computer disks. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, USA. .
*Smith, R. (2005). ''Chemical Process Design and Integration''. John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN, 0-471-48680-9
*Hallale, Nick. (2002). A New Graphical Targeting Method for Water Minimisation. Advances in Environmental Research. 6(3): 377-390
*Nick Hallale, Ian Moore, Dennis Vauk, "Hydrogen optimization at minimal investment", Petroleum Technology Quarterly (PTQ), Spring (2003)
*Agrawal, V. and U. V. Shenoy, 2006, "Unified Conceptual Approach to Targeting and Design of Water and Hydrogen Networks", AIChE J., 52(3), 1071–1082.
*Wang, Y. P. and Smith, R. (1994). Wastewater Minimisation. Chemical Engineering Science. 49: 981-1006
*Prakash, R. and Shenoy, U.V. (2005) Targeting and Design of Water Networks for Fixed Flowrate and Fixed Contaminant Load Operations. Chemical Engineering Science. 60(1), 255-268
*de Klerk, LW, de Klerk, MP and van der Westhuizen, D "Improvements in hydrometallurgical uranium circuit capital and operating costs by water management and integration of utility and process energy targets" AusImm Conference,
2015

External links

PinCH
- Software for continuous and batch processes including indirect heat recovery loops and energy storages. Free manuals, tutorials, case studies and success stories available

HeatIT
- Free (light) version of Pinch Analysis software that runs in Excel - developed b
Pinchco
a consultancy company offering expert advice on energy related matters

Simulis Pinch
Tool from ProSim SA that can be used directly in Excel and that is dedicated to the diagnosis and the energy integration of the processes.

Pinexo
- an extensive software offering alternative solutions with their payback times. Developed out of research at Chalmers Technical University, Gothenburg Sweden

Integration
- A practical and low-cost process integration computation tool developed b
CanmetENERGY
Canada's leading research and technology organization in the field of clean energy.

Mechanical engineering
Chemical process engineering
Heat exchangers
Building engineering
Energy recovery
Analysis