Phyllocnistis

''Phyllocnistis'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.

Description

Adult

Adults of the genus ''Phyllocnistis'' are very small moths with wingspans generally not exceeding 5 mm. Both fore- and hindwings are lanceolate and predominantly white. The forewings are marked with yellow to orange, longitudinal and oblique striae, often bordered by gray or black. A few species are known to possess much darker or strikingly color patterns. The compound eyes of ''Phyllocnistis'' are reduced, with an interocular index (vertical eye diameter/minimum interocular distance) of approximately 0.9. The maxillary palpi are the most reduced among Gracillariidae, being barely evident as vestigial, non-segmented lobes at the base of the elongate proboscis. The wing venation is also reduced.

Larvae

The larvae of ''Phyllocnistis'' are among the most specialized Lepidoptera. Four instars appear to be the norm, with the first three instars possessing a sapfeeding morphology and behavior. Sapfeeding instars create a long serpentine, subepidermal mine on either the upper or lower surfaces of the host leaf. A few species also form subepidermal mines on stems and various fruits, including avocado. A characteristic, median frass trail extends the length of the mine, usually as a dark, unbroken line. The fourth instar is a highly specialized, apodal, non-feeding instar whose primary function is to spin the cocoon, at the mine terminus, prior to pupation.

Pupae

In contrast to the conservative morphology of the larval and adult stages, the pupae of ''Phyllocnistis'' are structurally diverse, particularly with regard to the development of the frontal process (cocoon-cutter) of the head. In addition, the mid-dorsal areas of abdominal terga 3–7 possess a mostly symmetrical cluster of recurved spines that frequently differ in their arrangement and form among species.

Ecology

''Phyllocnistis'' can be found on many host plants, and have been noted on plants from at least 20 families. One well-known species is the citrus leafminer (''Phyllocnistis citrella''), a pest of plants in the family Rutaceae, especially citrus.Heppner, J. B
''Phyllocnistis citrella''.
EENY-38. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1998, revised 2013.

Species

As of 2012, about 126 ''Phyllocnistis'' species have been described. This is probably a fraction of the true diversity of the genus, especially in the tropics, where there may be hundreds of species yet to be collected.Brito, R., et al. (2012)
A new species of ''Phyllocnistis'' Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species.
''Zootaxa'' 3582, 1–16.





*''Phyllocnistis abatiae'' E. M. Hering, 1958
*'' Phyllocnistis acmias'' Meyrick, 1906
*'' Phyllocnistis ampelopsiella'' Chambers, 1871
*'' Phyllocnistis amydropa'' Meyrick, 1934
*''Phyllocnistis argentella'' (Bradley, 1957)
*''Phyllocnistis argothea'' Meyrick, 1933
*''Phyllocnistis atractias'' Meyrick, 1906
*''Phyllocnistis atranota'' Meyrick, 1906
*'' Phyllocnistis aurilinea'' Zeller, 1877
*'' Phyllocnistis baccharidis'' E. M. Hering, 1958
*'' Phyllocnistis bourquini'' Pastrana, 1960
*'' Phyllocnistis breynilla'' Liu & Zeng, 1989
*'' Phyllocnistis canariensis'' M. Hering, 1927
*'' Phyllocnistis cassiella'' Ghesquière, 1940
*'' Phyllocnistis chlorantica'' Seksyaeva, 1992
*'' Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis cirrhophanes'' Meyrick, 1915
*''Phyllocnistis citrella'' Stainton, 1856
*'' Phyllocnistis citronympha'' Meyrick, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis cornella'' Ermolaev, 1987
*'' Phyllocnistis diaugella'' Meyrick, 1880
*'' Phyllocnistis dichotoma'' Turner, 1947
*'' Phyllocnistis diplomochla'' Turner, 1923
*'' Phyllocnistis dorcas'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis drimiphaga'' Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
*'' Phyllocnistis echinodes'' Meyrick, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis embeliella'' Liu & Zeng, 1989
*'' Phyllocnistis endoxa'' Meyrick, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis ephimera'' Turner, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis eurymochla'' Turner, 1923
*'' Phyllocnistis exaeta'' Meyrick, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis exiguella'' van Deventer, 1904
*'' Phyllocnistis extrematrix'' Martynova, 1955
*''Phyllocnistis finitima'' Braun, 1927
*'' Phyllocnistis habrochroa'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis hagnopa'' Meyrick, 1920
*'' Phyllocnistis hapalodes'' Meyrick, 1906
*'' Phyllocnistis helicodes'' Meyrick, 1916
*'' Phyllocnistis humiliella'' van Deventer, 1904
*'' Phyllocnistis hyperbolacma'' (Meyrick, 1931)
*''Phyllocnistis hyperpersea'' Davis and Wagner, 2011
*'' Phyllocnistis insignis'' Frey & Boll, 1876
*'' Phyllocnistis intermediella'' Busck, 1900
*'' Phyllocnistis iodocella'' Meyrick, 1880
*'' Phyllocnistis labyrinthella'' (Bjerkander, 1790)
*'' Phyllocnistis leptomianta'' Turner, 1923
*'' Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella'' Chambers, 1875
*'' Phyllocnistis liriodendronella'' Clemens, 1863
*'' Phyllocnistis longipalpa'' Davis and Wagner, 2011
*'' Phyllocnistis loxosticha'' Bradley, 1965
*'' Phyllocnistis lucernifera'' Meyrick, 1935
*'' Phyllocnistis magnatella'' Zeller, 1873
*'' Phyllocnistis magnoliella'' Chambers, 1878
*''Phyllocnistis maxberryi'' Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
*'' Phyllocnistis meliacella'' Becker, 1974
*'' Phyllocnistis micrographa'' Meyrick, 1916
*'' Phyllocnistis minimella'' van Deventer, 1904
*'' Phyllocnistis nepenthae'' M. Hering, 1931
*'' Phyllocnistis nymphidia'' Turner, 1947
*'' Phyllocnistis oxyopa'' Meyrick, 1918
*'' Phyllocnistis perseafolia'' Davis and Wagner, 2011
*'' Phyllocnistis pharetrucha'' Meyrick, 1921
*'' Phyllocnistis phrixopa'' Meyrick, 1926
*'' Phyllocnistis populiella'' Chambers, 1875
*'' Phyllocnistis psychina'' Meyrick, 1906
*'' Phyllocnistis puyehuensis'' Davis, 1994
*'' Phyllocnistis ramulicola'' Langmaid & Corley, 2007
*'' Phyllocnistis rotans'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis saligna'' (Zeller, 1839)
*'' Phyllocnistis sciophanta'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis selenopa'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis sexangula'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis signata'' Meyrick, 1915
*'' Phyllocnistis spatulata'' Meyrick, 1928
*'' Phyllocnistis stereograpta'' Meyrick, 1934
*'' Phyllocnistis subpersea'' Davis and Wagner, 2011
*'' Phyllocnistis symphanes'' Meyrick, 1926
*''Phyllocnistis synglypta'' Meyrick, 1918
*'' Phyllocnistis tectonivora'' Meyrick, 1936
*'' Phyllocnistis temperatior'' Meyrick, 1936
*'' Phyllocnistis tethys'' Moreira & Vargas, 2012
*'' Phyllocnistis titania'' Meyrick, 1928
*'' Phyllocnistis toparcha'' Meyrick, 1918
*'' Phyllocnistis triortha'' Meyrick, 1906
*'' Phyllocnistis triploca'' Meyrick, 1928
*''Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola'' Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
*'' Phyllocnistis unipunctella'' (Stephens, 1834)
*'' Phyllocnistis valentinensis'' M. Hering, 1936
*'' Phyllocnistis vitegenella'' Clemens, 1859
*'' Phyllocnistis vitella'' Ermolaev, 1987
*'' Phyllocnistis vitifoliella'' Chambers, 1871
*'' Phyllocnistis voutei'' M. Hering, 1932
*'' Phyllocnistis wampella'' Liu & Zeng, 1985
*'' Phyllocnistis wygodzinskyi'' E. M. Hering, 1958
*''Phyllocnistis xenia'' M. Hering, 1936

References

External links

Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7188676

Gracillarioidea genera