''Phalotris'' is a genus of snakes of the subfamily Dipsadinae.

Geographic range

All species of the genus ''Phalotris'' are found in South America''.

Species

The following 19 species are recognized as being valid.. * ''

Phalotris bilineatus ''Phalotris bilineatus'', Dumeril's diadem snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in ...

'' (Duméril, Bibron, G. & Duméril, 1854) * ''

Phalotris concolor ''Phalotris concolor'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Brazil, in the state of Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gro ...

'' Ferrarezzi, 1993 * ''

Phalotris cuyanus ''Phalotris cuyanus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South A ...

'' (

Cei CEI may refer to: Companies and organizations * Competitive Enterprise Institute, a libertarian think-tank * Council of Engineering Institutions, later the Engineering Council * Cycle Engineers' Institute, a screw thread pattern, see British Stand ...

, 1984) * '' Phalotris illustrator'' Scrocchi, Giraudo, & Nenda, 2022 * ''

Phalotris labiomaculatus ''Phalotris labiomaculatus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South Ameri ...

'' de Lema, 2002 * '' Phalotris lativittatus'' Ferrarezzi, 1993 * ''

Phalotris lemniscatus ''Phalotris lemniscatus'' is a species of venomous snake found in South America. It's usually known as Pampeana black headed snake or Duméril's diadem snake. Description and behavior The fossorial habits certainly favor its adaptation, giving i ...

'' (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) * ''

Phalotris matogrossensis ''Phalotris matogrossensis'', the Mato Grosso burrowing snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the lar ...

'' de Lema,

D'Agostini D'Agostini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Franca D'Agostini (born 1952), Italian philosopher *Matt D'Agostini (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player *Miriam D'Agostini (born 1978), Brazilian tennis player See al ...

& Cappellari, 2005 * ''

Phalotris mertensi ''Phalotris mertensi'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and ...

'' ( Hoge, 1955) * ''

Phalotris multipunctatus ''Phalotris multipunctatus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South Americ ...

'' Puorto & Ferrarezzi, 1993 * ''

Phalotris nasutus ''Phalotris nasutus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and ...

'' ( Gomes, 1915) * ''

Phalotris nigrilatus ''Phalotris nigrilatus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), ...

'' Ferrarezzi, 1993 * '' Phalotris normanscotti'' Cabral & Cacciali, 2015 * ''

Phalotris reticulatus ''Phalotris reticulatus'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America a ...

'' ( W. Peters, 1860) * ''

Phalotris sansebastiani ''Phalotris sansebastiani'' is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. This species is native to Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and gr ...

'' Jansen & G. Köhler, 2008 * '' Phalotris shawnella'' Smith, Brouard & Cacciali, 2022 * '' Phalotris spegazzinii'' (Boulenger, 1913) * '' Phalotris suspectus'' (Amaral, 1924) * '' Phalotris tricolor'' (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) '' Nota bene'': A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Phalotris''.

Etymology

The

specific name Specific name may refer to: * in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules: * Specific name (botany), the two-part (bino ...

, ''mertensi'', is in honor of German herpetologist

Robert Mertens Robert Friedrich Wilhelm Mertens (1 December 1894 – 23 August 1975) was a German herpetologist. Several taxa of reptiles are named after him.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore ...

. The specific name, ''normanscotti'', is in honor of Norman Scott, Jr., in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of Paraguay.

Venom

The venom of this genus was poorly characterized, due to the low amount produced by Colubridae, a more detailed characterization of particularly interesting proteins could only be viable by obtaining recombinant proteins, but there is a report of an accident by a ''Phalotris'', which resulted in

headache Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result ...

, local and oral mucosa hemorrhage,

edema Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's Tissue (biology), tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels t ...

and renal failure. Another accident report occurred with a 37-year-old biologist, whose symptoms were immediate local pain, bleeding and edema, a few hours later there was headache, systemic hemorrhage, fever,

myalgia Myalgia (also called muscle pain and muscle ache in layman's terms) is the medical term for muscle pain. Myalgia is a symptom of many diseases. The most common cause of acute myalgia is the overuse of a muscle or group of muscles; another likel ...

and dark urine. A study of the venom of ''Phalotris mertensi'' showed a myotoxic action 3 times greater than '' Bothrops jararaca''.

Geographic range

Species

Etymology

Venom

References

Further reading