Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol

''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.''Persicaria''.
Flora of North America. It has a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext ...

, with species occurring nearly worldwide.''Persicaria''.
New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. The genus was segregated from '' Polygonum''.Wilson, K. L. (1990)
Some widespread species of ''Persicaria'' (Polygonaceae) and their allies.
''Kew Bulletin'' 45(4) 621-36. Persicaria amphibia kz3

Persicaria glabra in Narshapur forest, AP W IMG 1109

Description

The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

s or

stolon In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...

s. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly. The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.''Persicaria''.
FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium. The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a

panicle A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...

or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, pink or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an

achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not ope ...

which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.

Taxonomy

Within the family Polygonaceae, ''Persicaria'' is placed in the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Polygonoideae, where the tribe Persicarieae consists of two sister genera, '' Bistorta'' and ''

Koenigia :Koenigia'' as described by Philibert Commerçon is a synonym of ''Dombeya. ''Koenigia'' is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus ''Aconogonon'' has been merged into ''Koenigia''. Description Species of ''Koenigia'' are annual ...

'', together with ''Persicaria''.

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

accepted the following 131 species: *'' Persicaria acuminata'' (Kunth) M.Gómez *''

Persicaria akakiensis ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria amphibia ''Persicaria amphibia'' ( syn. ''Polygonum amphibium'') is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by several common names, including longroot smartweed, water knotweed, water smartweed, and amphibious bistort. It is native to ...

'' (L.) Delarbre – amphibious bistort, water smartweed *''

Persicaria angustifolia ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria arifolia ''Persicaria arifolia'' is a flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based o ...

'' (L.) Haraldson – halberd-leaf tearthumb *'' Persicaria assamica'' (Meisn.) Soják *''

Persicaria attenuata ''Persicaria attenuata'' is a species of flowering plant native to Australia and Asia. It typically grows in wet land or streams. References Flora of New South Wales Perennial plants attenuata ''Attenuata'' is a genus of minute sea s ...

'' (R.Br.) Soják *'' Persicaria barbata'' (L.) H.Hara *''

Persicaria biconvexa ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria bicornis ''Persicaria bicornis'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae). The common name is pink smartweed. It is native to the central and southwestern United States from northern Texas west to Arizona, eas ...

'' (Raf.) Nieuwl. – pink smartweed *''

Persicaria breviochreata ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria bungeana'' (Turcz.) Nakai – prickly smartweed *''

Persicaria capitata ''Persicaria capitata'', the pink-headed persicaria, pinkhead smartweed, pink knotweed, Japanese knotweed, or pink bubble persicaria, is an Asian species of plants in the genus ''Persicaria'' within the buckwheat family. It is native to Asia (Ch ...

'' (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross – pink-head knotweed *''

Persicaria careyi ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria cespitosa ''Persicaria cespitosa'' (synonym ''Polygonum cespitosum''), known as tufted knotweed, is a summer annual weedy plant of the family Polygonaceae, native to eastern Asia, from China to Japan and Southeast Asia, and introduced into North America. ...

'' (Blume) Nakai *''

Persicaria chinensis ''Persicaria chinensis'' ( synonym ''Polygonum chinense''), commonly known as creeping smartweed or Chinese knotweed, is a plant species from the family Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the kno ...

'' (L.) H.Gross – Chinese knotweed *'' Persicaria debilis'' (Meisn.) H.Gross ex W.Lee *'' Persicaria decipiens'' (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson – slender knotweed, willow-weed *''

Persicaria dichotoma ''Persicaria dichotoma'' is a species of flowering plant native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular ...

'' (Blume) Masam. *''

Persicaria dissitiflora ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria eciliata ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria extremiorientalis'' (Vorosch.) Tzvelev *'' Persicaria ferruginea'' (Wedd.) Soják *''

Persicaria filiformis ''Persicaria filiformis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to the Kuril Islands, Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands), Korea, Myanmar, the Philippines and Vietnam. It was first described as ''Polygonum filif ...

'' (Thunb.) Nakai *''

Persicaria foliosa ''Persicaria foliosa'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The nam ...

'' (H.Lindb.) Kitag. *'' Persicaria galapagensis'' (Caruel) Galasso *''

Persicaria glabra ''Persicaria glabra'' is a species of flowering plant native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular t ...

'' (Willd.) M.Gómez' – smooth smartweed *'' Persicaria glacialis'' (Meisn.) H.Hara *'' Persicaria glandulopilosa'' (De Wild.) Soják *'' Persicaria glomerata'' (Dammer) S.Ortiz & Paiva *'' Persicaria hastatosagittata'' (Makino) Nakai *'' Persicaria hirsuta'' (Walter) Small – hairy smartweed *'' Persicaria hispida'' (Kunth) M.Gómez *'' Persicaria humilis'' (Meisn.) H.Hara *''

Persicaria hydropiper ''Persicaria hydropiper'' ( syn. ''Polygonum hydropiper''), also known as water pepper, marshpepper knotweed, arse smart or tade, is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. A widespread species, ''Persicaria hydropiper'' is found in Australia, New Z ...

'' (L.) Delarbre – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed *'' Persicaria hydropiperoides'' (Michx.) Small – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper *'' Persicaria hystricula'' (J.Schust.) Soják *'' Persicaria japonica'' (Meisn.) Nakai *'' Persicaria kawagoeana'' (Makino) Nakai *'' Persicaria lanigera'' (R.Br.) Soják *''

Persicaria lapathifolia ''Persicaria lapathifolia'' (syn. ''Polygonum lapathifolium''), known as pale persicaria, is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. It is closely related to '' Persicaria maculosa'' and as such is considered a weed in Britain and Europe. Other co ...

'' (L.) Delarbre – pale persicaria *''

Persicaria laxmannii ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria limbata'' (Meisn.) H.Hara *''

Persicaria longiseta ''Persicaria longiseta'' is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by the common names Oriental lady's thumb, bristly lady's thumb, Asiatic smartweed, long-bristled smartweed, low smartweed, Asiatic waterpepper, bristled knotw ...

'' (Bruyn) Kitag. – bristly lady's thumb *''

Persicaria maackiana ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria macrantha ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria maculosa'' Gray – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank *''

Persicaria madagascariensis ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria malaica ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria meisneriana'' (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez – Mexican tearthumb *'' Persicaria microcephala'' (D.Don) H.Gross *''

Persicaria minor ''Persicaria minor'' is species of herb in the family Polygonaceae. Common names include pygmy smartweed, small water pepper and swamp willow weed. This herb is native to Asia, but distributed widely in Europe and Australia. It is used in South E ...

'' (Huds.) Opiz – small water-pepper *''

Persicaria mitis ''Persicaria mitis'' (Schrank) Assenov is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Europe. (''Persicaria mitis'' Delarbre is a different species, being a rejected synonym of '' Persicaria maculosa''.) Taxonomy The speci ...

'' (Schrank) Assenov *''

Persicaria muricata ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria neofiliformis'' (Nakai) Ohki *''

Persicaria nepalensis ''Persicaria nepalensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to eastern Africa, including Madagascar, and parts of Asia. It has been introduced elsewhere: parts of Europe (including Great Britain), North America (i ...

'' (Meisn.) Miyabe) – Nepal knotweed *''

Persicaria nogueirae ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria obtusifolia'' (Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet *''

Persicaria odorata ''Persicaria odorata'', with common names Vietnamese coriander, rau răm, laksa leaf, Vietnamese cilantro, phak phai, praew leaf, hot mint and Cambodian mint, is an herb with aromatic leaves, used in Southeast Asian and Northeast Indian cooking. ...

'' (Lour.) Soják – Vietnamese coriander *'' Persicaria orientalis'' (L.) Spach – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather *''

Persicaria palmata ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria paraguayensis'' (Wedd.) S.T.Kim & Donoghue *'' Persicaria peduncularis'' (Wall. ex Meisn.) Nemoto *''

Persicaria pensylvanica ''Persicaria pensylvanica'' (syn. ''Polygonum pensylvanicum'') is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. It is native to parts of North America, where it is widespread in Canada and the United States. It has also been ...

'' (L.) M.Gómez) – Pennsylvania smartweed *''

Persicaria perfoliata ''Persicaria perfoliata'' (basionym ''Polygonum perfoliatum'') is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family. Common names include mile-a-minute, devil's tail, giant climbing tearthumb, and Asiatic tearthumb. It is a trailing herbaceou ...

'' (L.) H.Gross *''

Persicaria poiretii ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria posumbu ''Persicaria posumbu'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae. It was first described as ''Polygonum posumbu'' in 1825 and transferred to the genus ''Persicaria'' in 1919. Plants of the World Online records it as having a dis ...

'' (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross *''

Persicaria praetermissa ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria prostrata'' (R.Br.) Soják - Creeping Knotweed *''

Persicaria pubescens ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria pulchra ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria punctata ''Persicaria punctata'' (syn. ''Polygonum punctatum'') is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by the common names dotted smartweed and dotted knotweed. ''Persicaria punctata'' is native to the Americas, where it can be fou ...

'' (Elliott) Small – dotted knotweed *''

Persicaria puritanorum ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria robustior'' (Small) E.P.Bicknell – stout smartweed *''

Persicaria roseoviridis ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria rubricaulis'' (Cham.) Galasso *''

Persicaria rudis ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria runcinata ''Persicaria runcinata'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas and Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicatin ...

'' (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross *''

Persicaria sagittata ''Persicaria sagittata'', common names American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, or arrowvine, is a plant species widespread in the eastern half of North America as well as in eastern Asia. It has been found in every state and province from Texas ...

'' (L.) H.Gross – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine *''

Persicaria segetum ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria senegalensis ''Persicaria senegalensis'' is a species of perennial herb in the family Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is b ...

'' (Meisn.) Soják *'' Persicaria senticosa'' (Meisn.) H.Gross *''

Persicaria setacea ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria setosula ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria sinica ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria sinuata ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria stagnina'' (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) M.A.Hassan *'' Persicaria stelligera'' (Cham.) Galasso *'' Persicaria strigosa'' (R.Br.) Nakai – spotted knotweed *'' Persicaria subsessilis'' (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson *''

Persicaria sungareensis ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria taquetii ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria tenella'' (Blume) H.Hara *'' Persicaria thunbergii'' (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross *''

Persicaria tinctoria ''Persicaria tinctoria'' is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family. Common names include Chinese indigo and Japanese indigo. It is native to Eastern Europe and Asia. The leaves were a source of indigo dye. It was already in use in ...

'' (Aiton) Spach – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo *''

Persicaria trigonocarpa ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria truellum'' (Koidz.) Honda *''

Persicaria virginiana ''Persicaria virginiana'', also called jumpseed, Virginia knotweed or woodland knotweed is a North American species of smartweed within the buckwheat family. It is unusual as a shade-tolerant member of a mostly sun-loving genus. Jumpseed is a p ...

'' (L.) Gaertn. – jumpseed *'' Persicaria viscofera'' (Makino) H.Gross *''

Persicaria viscosa ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds.Persicaria wellensii ''Persicaria'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds or smartweeds. Polygonaceae genera Taxa named by Philip Miller