The Littorinidae are a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of over 200 species of

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

Littorinimorpha Littorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods, consisting primarily of sea snails ( marine species), but also including some freshwater snails ( aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species).Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Fr� ...

, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide.

Names

In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from other families, such as the

Neritidae Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Neritininae Poey, 1852. Accessed through: ...

, are sometimes also commonly known as "winkles" because they are small, round snails that occupy a similar ecological niche.

Taxonomy

These

subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): * Subfamily Littorininae

Children A child ( : children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The legal definition of ''child'' generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger ...

, 1834 – synonyms: Echinininae Rosewater, 1972; Tectariinae Rosewater, 1972; Melaraphidae Starobogatov & Sitnikova, 1983 * Subfamily Lacuninae Gray, 1857 – synonyms: Risellidae Kesteven, 1903; Cremnoconchinae Preston, 1915; Bembiciidae Finlay, 1928. * Subfamily Laevilitorininae Reid, 1989 Genera within the family Littorinidae include: ; Littorininae * ''

Afrolittorina ''Afrolittorina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Afrolittorina'' include: *''Afrolittorina acutispira'' ( E.A. Smith, 1892) *''A ...

'' Williams, Reid & Littlewood, 2003 * ''

Austrolittorina ''Austrolittorina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Austrolittorina'' include: * ''Austrolittorina antipodum'' ( Philippi, 1847) ...

'' Rosewater, 1970 * ''

Cenchritis ''Cenchritis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod ...

'' von Martens, 1900 * ''

Echinolittorina ''Echinolittorina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles. Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included wit ...

'' Habe, 1956 – synonyms: ''Amerolittorina'' Reid, 2009; ''Fossarilittorina'' Rosewater, 1981; ''Granulilittorina'' Habe & Kosuge, 1966; ''Lineolittorina'' Reid, 2009 * ''

Littoraria ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 – 39 species * ''

Littorina ''Littorina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.WoRMS (2011). Littorina Férussac, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies ...

'' Férussac, 1822 – 18 species – type genus * ''

Mainwaringia ''Mainwaringia'' is a genus of sea snails or freshwater snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Mainwaringia'' include: *''Mainwaringia leithii'' (E. A. S ...

'' Nevill, 1885 * ''

Melarhaphe ''Melarhaphe'' is a monotypic genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Bouchet, P.; Reid, David G. (2012). Melarhaphe Menke, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species ...

'' Menke, 1828 * ''

Nodilittorina ''Nodilittorina'' is a genus of small sea snails. marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Nodilittorina Martens, 1897. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...

'' von Martens, 1897 – this genus proved to be polyphyletic and in 2003 was divided into: ** ''

'' – 59 species worldwide ** ''

'' – five species ** ''

'' – four species ** ''

'' s.s. – the monotypic subgenus * ''

Peasiella ''Peasiella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Peasiella'' include: * '' Peasiella conoidalis'' (Pease, 1868) * '' Peasiella fascia ...

'' - Nevill, 1885 * ''

Tectarius ''Tectarius'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Species Species within the genus ''Tectarius'' include: * ''Tectarius antonii'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Tectarius coronatu ...

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; nl, label=also Dutch, Valencijn; pcd, Valincyinnes or ; la, Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a s ...

, 1833 – 11 species, its synonym or subgenus includes: '' Echininus'' Clench & Abbott, 1942. ; Lacuninae * ''

Bembicium ''Bembicium'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod ...

'' Philippi, 1846 * '' Cremnoconchus'' Blanford, 1869(file created 29 July 2010
FRESH WATER MOLLUSCAN SPECIES IN INDIA
11 pp. accessed 31 July 2010.Blanford W. T. (1869). "Notes on some Indian and Mascarene Land-Shells". ''

Annals and Magazine of Natural History The ''Journal of Natural History'' is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology. The journal was established in 1841 under the name ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History'' (''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.'') a ...

'' (4)3
340
344
page 343
– freshwater snails living in waterfalls.Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". ''

Hydrobiologia ''Hydrobiologia'', ''The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences'', is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing 21 issues per year, for a total of well over 4000 pages per year. ''Hydrobiologia'' publishes original research, reviews and opi ...

'' 595: 149–166. . * ''

Lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work **Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse po ...

'' Turton, 1827 – synonym: ''Aquilonaria'' Dall, 1886 * ''

Pellilitorina ''Pellilitorina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastro ...

'' Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 * '' Risellopsis'' Kesteven, 1902 ; Laevilitorininae * '' Laevilacunaria'' Powell, 1951 * ''

Laevilitorina ''Laevilitorina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2010). Laevilitorina Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 ...

'' Pfeiffer, 1886 subfamily ? * '' Algamorda'' Dall, 1918 * '' Macquariella''

Finlay Finlay is a masculine given name, and also a surname. The given name is represented in Scottish Gaelic as Fionnlagh. Given name Finlay *Finlay Mickel, Scottish skier *Finlay Currie (1878–1968), Scottish actor *Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby play ...

, 1927 (?) * '' Rissolitorina'' Ponder, 1966 ;Synonyms: * ''Corneolitorina'' Powell, 1951: synonym of ''Laevilitorina (Laevilitorina)'' Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886 represented as ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Haloconcha'' Dall, 1886 is a synonym for ''

Lacunaria ''Lacunaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ochnaceae native to Central America and tropical South America. Species , Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Bo ...

'' Dall, 1885 * ''Macquariella'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886 * ''Rissolittorina'' Ponder, 1966: synonym of ''Laevilitorina'' Pfeffer, 1886

References

* * Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Names

Taxonomy

References

Further reading