![Yuzhi Wuti Qingwen Jian Tian](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Yuzhi_Wuti_Qingwen_Jian_Tian.svg)
The ''Pentaglot Dictionary'' (Chinese: 御製五體清文鑑, ''Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian''; the term 清文, ''Qingwen'', "Qing language", was another name for the Manchu language in Chinese), also known as the ''Manchu Polyglot Dictionary'', was a dictionary of major imperial languages compiled in the late
Qianlong era
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 t ...
of the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
(also said to be compiled in 1794). The work contains
Manchu
The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...
lexemes and their translations into various administrative languages such as
Tibetan
Tibetan may mean:
* of, from, or related to Tibet
* Tibetan people, an ethnic group
* Tibetan language:
** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard
** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...
,
Mongolian, post-classical or vernacular
Chagatai (Eastern
Turki
Chagatai (چغتای, ''Čaġatāy''), also known as ''Turki'', Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (''Čaġatāy türkīsi''), is an extinct Turkic literary language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia and remained the shared literar ...
, now known as
Modern Uyghur since 1921) and
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
.
Title
The literal meaning of the Chinese title 《御製五體清文鑑》 ''Yù zhì wǔ tǐ Qīng wén jiàn'' is "Imperially-Published Five-Script Textual Mirror of Qing", which corresponds to mnc, m=, v=han-i araha sunja hacin-i hergen kamciha manju gisun-i buleku bithe, a=han-i araha sunja haqin-i hergen kamqiha manju gisun-i buleku bithe, "dictionary of Manchu words written by the Emperor (i.e., by imperial order) containing five languages". The translations into the other languages are as follows:
*
Tibetan
Tibetan may mean:
* of, from, or related to Tibet
* Tibetan people, an ethnic group
* Tibetan language:
** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard
** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...
:
::''rgyal pos mdzad pa’i skad lnga shan sbyar gyi manydzu’i skad gsal ba’i me long''
*
Mongolian:
::''qaɣan-u bičigsen tabun ǰüil-ün üsüg-iyer qabsuruɣsan manǰu ügen-ü toli bičig''
*
Chagatai:
::''ḫān-nïng fütügän beš qismi qošqan ḫat mānjū söz-ning ayrïmčïn ḫati''
Structure
The Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian is organized into six boxes, containing 36 volumes on 2563 pages. The original work contained 32 volumes, with a four-volume supplement. It is divided into divisions (such as "Heaven Division"), category (such as "Astronomy"), with the categories further separated into types. There are 56 divisions, 318 categories, 616 types, with a total of 18,671 terms. Each term has eight rows. From the top, the rows contain Manchu, Tibetan, a mechanical Tibetan transliteration into Manchu, a
phonetic
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. ...
Tibetan transcription into Manchu, Mongolian,
Chagatai, a transcription of Chagatai into Manchu, and Chinese.
For some terms, synonyms were included in the target languages (except Chinese). Thus, there are 19,503 terms used in Mongolian corresponding to 18,145 terms in Chinese (with 526 synonyms noted in Chinese). The Manchu text was largely based on the
Beijing dialect of Manchu, using vertical regular script, with sentences terminated with punctuation (), but no subsidiary pronunciation marks. Tibetan used the common written Tibetan usage at the time, in horizontal script in
Uchen script
}Uchen (; ; variant spellings include ''ucen'', ''u-cen'', ''u-chen'', ''ucan'', ''u-can'', ''uchan'', ''u-chan'', and ''ucän'') is the upright, block style of the Tibetan script. The name means "with a head," and is the style of the script used f ...
(), with terms that could not be written into a single line divided at syllabic boundaries, and terminating punctuation marks (). Under the Tibetan was the Manchu transliteration, using Manchu phonemes to transliterate Tibetan letters to allow two-way transliteration and using distinctive characters for initial and medial phonemes; further, to transliterate some Tibetan letters, some new written forms for Manchu phonemes were invented (including initial ''ng'' and terminal vowels). Below the Manchu transliteration was the Manchu transcription to record the pronunciation in the
Lhasa/Ü-Tsang dialect, due to the
substantial difference between
written Tibetan
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system (''abugida'') of Indic origin used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and Balti. It has also been used for some non-Tibetic languages i ...
and
spoken Tibetan. For Mongolian, the common written Mongolian of that time was used, in horizontal regular script, with punctuation marks at the end (). Chagatai is written horizontally in
Nastaʿlīq script
''Nastaliq'' (; fa, , ), also romanized as ''Nastaʿlīq'', is one of the main calligraphic hands used to write the Perso-Arabic script in the Persian and Urdu languages, often used also for Ottoman Turkish poetry, rarely for Arabic. ''Nasta ...
, with terms that could not be written into a single line divided at syllabic boundaries and no terminal punctuations. Below Chagatai was Manchu transcription to record the
eastern Xinjiang Turkic pronunciation, due to the substantial difference between Chagatai and the spoken language of Xinjiang at the time; the sounds showed characteristics of the pronunciations used in the
Hami
Hami (Kumul) is a prefecture-level city in Eastern Xinjiang, China. It is well known as the home of sweet Hami melons. In early 2016, the former Hami county-level city was merged with Hami Prefecture to form the Hami prefecture-level city with t ...
/
Turpan
Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015).
Geonyms
The original name of the cit ...
regions; Chinese was spelled in traditional Chinese characters, also in vertical regular script, with the diction showing the influence of common usage in the
Beijing Mandarin dialect. No punctuation or pronunciation marks were used.
Below were the renderings of the first term, "Heaven," on the first page of the first section, "Astronomy":
Manuscripts and editions
The ''Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian'' has been transmitted in three known
manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...
s, held by the Beijing
Palace Museum
The Palace Museum () is a huge national museum complex housed in the Forbidden City at the core of Beijing, China. With , the museum inherited the imperial royal palaces from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China and opened to the public in 192 ...
, the
Yonghe Temple
The Yonghe Temple (, "Palace of Peace and Harmony"), also known as the Yonghe Lamasery, or popularly as the Lama Temple, is a temple and monastery of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism located on 12 Yonghegong Street, Dongcheng District, Beij ...
, and the
British Museum
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...
in London. A print edition doesn’t seem to exist. In 1957, the Ethnic Publishing House (Nationalities Publishing House, Minzu Chubanshe, 民族出版社) published a photo-mechanic reproduction of the dictionary, which was reprinted in 1998. In 1967, Japanese scholars recompiled it and added Latin transliteration into a work known as the ''Interpretation of the Wuti Qing Wenjian''. In 1967, an edition was published in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
that added transliterations of Manchu, the Manchu transcriptions of the other languages and a Japanese translation. In 2013, a critical edition with complete transliterations as well as indices for all five languages was published in
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
.
* Tamura Jitsuzō 田村 實造, Imanishi Shunjū 今西 春秋, Satō Hisashi 佐藤 長 (Hg.): ''Gotai Shinbun kan yakukai'' 五體淸文鑑譯解. Kyōto, Kyōto daigaku bungakubu nairiku Ajia kenkyūjo 京都大學文學部內陸アジア硏究所 Shōwa 41–43
966–1968
*
:de:Oliver Corff, Kyoko Maezono, Wolfgang Lipp, Dorjpalam Dorj, Görööchin Gerelmaa, Aysima Mirsultan, Réka Stüber, Byambajav Töwshintögs, Xieyan Li (eds.): ''Auf kaiserlichen Befehl erstelltes Wörterbuch des Manjurischen in fünf Sprachen. „Fünfsprachenspiegel“. Systematisch angeordneter Wortschatz auf Manjurisch, Tibetisch, Mongolisch, Turki und Chinesisch.'' Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz 2013, .
The ''Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian'' is based on the ''Yuzhi Siti Qing Wenjian'' 御製四體清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Four-Script Textual Mirror of Qing"), with Chagatai added as fifth language. The four-language version of the dictionary with Tibetan was in turn based on an earlier three-language version with Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese called the ''Yuzhi Manzhu Menggu Hanzi San He Jieyin Qingwen Jian'' 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Manchu Mongol Chinese Three pronunciation explanation mirror of Qing"), which was in turn based on the ''Yuzhi Zengding Qing Wenjian'' 御製增訂清文鑑 ("Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing") in Manchu and Chinese, which used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and
Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words with
fanqie
''Fanqie'' ( zh, t= 反切, p=fǎnqiè) is a method in traditional Chinese lexicography to indicate the pronunciation of a monosyllabic character by using two other characters, one with the same initial consonant as the desired syllable and one w ...
. In Mongol the title of 御製滿珠蒙古漢字三合切音清文鑑 is "(Qaɣan-u bicigsen) Manzu Mongɣol Kitad üsüg ɣurban züil-ün ajalɣu nejilegsen toli bicig". In Manchu the title of 御製增訂清文鑑 is "Han-i araha nonggime toktobuha Manju gisun-i buleku bithe". It was used in
banner
A banner can be a flag or another piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or another message. A flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms (but usually in a square or rectangular shape) is called a banner of arms. Also, ...
schools as a textbook. A tetraglot dictionary (Yuzhi Zengding Qing Wenjian) in manuscript form exists in the Harvard-Yenching Library, where black ink is used for Chinese and Manchu and red ink for Tibetan and Mongolian. In 1708 the ''Yuzhi Qing Wenjian'' 御制清文鉴 "han-i araha manju gisun buleku bithe" was published.
"gamma uc̆in nigen boti, orosil nigen boti".
See also
*
Hua-Yi yiyu ("Sino-Barbarian Dictionary") - a series of bilingual Chinese-foreign language dictionaries in
Jurchen,
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
,
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
,
Ryukyuan,
Mongolian,
Old Uyghur
Old Uyghur () was a Turkic language which was spoken in Qocho from the 9th–14th centuries and in Gansu.
History
The Old Uyghur language evolved from Old Turkic after the Uyghur Khaganate broke up and remnants of it migrated to Turfan, Qomu ...
,
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
,
Cham
Cham or CHAM may refer to:
Ethnicities and languages
*Chams, people in Vietnam and Cambodia
**Cham language, the language of the Cham people
***Cham script
***Cham (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Cham script
*Cham Albanian ...
,
Dai,
Thai
Thai or THAI may refer to:
* Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia
** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand
** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand
*** Thai script
*** Thai (Unicode block ...
,
Burmese,
Khmer,
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
,
Tibetan
Tibetan may mean:
* of, from, or related to Tibet
* Tibetan people, an ethnic group
* Tibetan language:
** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard
** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...
,
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
,
Javanese,
Acehnese, and
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
*
Yuding Xiyu Tongwen Zhi 欽定西域同文志 ("Imperial Western Regions Thesaurus")- a thesaurus of geographical names in Xinjiang in
Oirat Mongol, Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Chagatai.
*
Mahāvyutpatti
The ''Mahāvyutpatti'' (Devanagari: महाव्युत्पत्ति, compound of महत् (in compounds often महा) - great, big, and व्युत्पत्ति f. - science, formation of words, etymology; Wylie: Bye-bra ...
References
External links
;
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
;
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...
Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian, Volumes 1-10Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian, Volumes 11-21Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian, Volumes 22-32
;摛藻堂四庫全書薈要
御製增訂清文鑑總綱《摛藻堂四庫全書薈要》本。本書8卷,拆分成8冊。 影印古籍 摛澡堂四庫全書薈要·經部·小學類御製增訂清文鑑《摛藻堂四庫全書薈要》本。本書32卷,拆分成30冊。 影印古籍 摛澡堂四庫全書薈要·經部·小學類御製增訂清文鑑《摛藻堂四庫全書薈要》本。本書32卷,拆分成30冊。 影印古籍 摛澡堂四庫全書薈要·經部·小學類御制增订清文鉴《摛藻堂四库全书荟要》本。本书32卷,拆分成30册。 影印古籍 摛澡堂四库全书荟要·经部·小学类;四庫之外
御制增订清文鉴 (清)高宗弘历敕撰 本书32卷,拆分成30册。御製增訂清文鑑 (淸)高宗弘歷敕撰 本书32卷,拆分成30册。;Others
Wuti Qingwen jian 五體清文鑑.
ttp://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Buch/Pentaglot-1.html
Pentaglot Project
Pentaglot Dictionary
{{Qing dynasty topics
Lexicography
Multilingual dictionaries
Tibetan dictionaries
Chinese dictionaries
Mongolian dictionaries
Manchu literature