Paul Goma (; October 2, 1935 – March 24, 2020) was a Romanian writer, known for his activities as a
dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th ...
and leading opponent of the
communist regime
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Cominte ...
before 1989. Forced into exile by the communist authorities, he became a
political refugee
The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum; ) is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, like a second country or another ent ...
and resided in France as a
stateless person
Stateless may refer to:
Society
* Anarchism, a political philosophy opposed to the institution of the state
* Stateless communism, which Karl Marx predicted would be the final phase of communism
* Stateless nation, a group of people without ...
. After 2000, Goma has expressed opinions on World War II, the
Holocaust in Romania
The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory. Minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after ...
and the Jews, claims which have led to widespread allegations of
antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
.
Biography
Early life
Goma was born to a Romanian family in
Mana
According to Melanesian and Polynesian mythology, ''mana'' is a supernatural force that permeates the universe. Anyone or anything can have ''mana''. They believed it to be a cultivation or possession of energy and power, rather than being a ...
village,
Orhei County, then in the
Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
, now part of
Moldova
Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...
.
In March 1944, the Goma family took refuge in
Sibiu
Sibiu ( , , german: link=no, Hermannstadt , la, Cibinium, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Härmeschtat'', hu, Nagyszeben ) is a city in Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Located some north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Ci ...
,
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
. In August 1944, finding themselves in danger of involuntary "
repatriation
Repatriation is the process of returning a thing or a person to its country of origin or citizenship. The term may refer to non-human entities, such as converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country, as well as to the pro ...
" to the Soviet Union, they fled to the village of
Buia, by the
Târnava Mare River. From October to December 1944, the family hid in the forests around Buia. On January 13, 1945, they were captured by Romanian shepherds and turned over to the
Gendarmerie
Wrong info! -->
A gendarmerie () is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term ''gendarme'' () is derived from the medieval French expression ', which translates to " men-at-arms" (literally, ...
in
SighiÅŸoara, where they were interned at the "Centrul de Repatriere" ("Repatriation Center"). There, Eufimie Goma forged documents for his family; however, Maria Goma's brother, who didn't have forged papers, was "repatriated to Siberia". In June 1945, taking advantage of the forged documents, they returned to Buia.
Later on, Paul Goma would describe his family's refugee saga in the novels ''Arta refugii'' ("The Art of Refuge", a wordplay on the Romanian words for "refuge" and "taking flight"), ''Soldatul câinelui'' ("Dog's Soldier"), and ''Gardă inversă'' ("Reverse Guard").
Dissident in Romania
Goma graduated from
Făgăraș
Făgăraș (; german: Fogarasch, Fugreschmarkt, hu, Fogaras) is a city in central Romania, located in Brașov County. It lies on the Olt River and has a population of 28,330 as of 2011. It is situated in the historical region of Transylvania, and ...
’
Radu Negru High School in 1953. In 1954, he was admitted to the Faculty of Letters of the
University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest ( ro, Universitatea din București), commonly known after its abbreviation UB in Romania, is a public university founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princel ...
.
[Deletant, p.236] In November 1956, he was part of the
Bucharest student movement of 1956
The events in Poland which led to the elimination of that country's Stalinist leadership and the rise to power of Władysław Gomułka on 19 October 1956 provoked unrest among university students in Eastern bloc countries. The state of unrest in ...
: during a seminar, he read out to other students parts of a novel he had written about a student who establishes a movement that is similar to the ones in Hungary during the
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 10 November 1956; hu, 1956-os forradalom), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the Hunga ...
.
Goma was arrested on the charge of attempting to organize a strike at the University of Bucharest and he was sentenced to two years in prison.
He served his sentence at the prisons in
Jilava
Jilava is a commune in Ilfov county, Muntenia, Romania, near Bucharest. It is composed of a single village, Jilava.
The name derives from a Romanian word of Slavic origin ( Bulgarian жилав ''žilav'' (tough), which passed into Romanian as '' ...
and
Gherla
Gherla (; hu, Szamosújvár; german: Neuschloss) is a municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 20,203. Three villages are a ...
, and then was put under house arrest in Lăteşti (a former village of the
Bordușani commune) until 1963.
As a former
political prisoner
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention.
There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although n ...
, he was not allowed to resume his studies and he had to work as a
manual labour
Manual labour (in Commonwealth English, manual labor in American English) or manual work is physical work done by humans, in contrast to labour by machines and working animals. It is most literally work done with the hands (the word ''manual'' ...
er until 1965 when a decree allowed former prisoners to study at the University.
In September 1965, he was re-admitted as a first-year student at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bucharest.
At the end of August 1968, Goma became a member of the
Romanian Communist Party
The Romanian Communist Party ( ro, Partidul Comunist Român, , PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that woul ...
, in an act of solidarity with the Romanian position during the
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republic ...
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia refers to the events of 20–21 August 1968, when the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Rep ...
(Romania did not take part, indeed condemning the invasion).
Several months later, Goma attempted to publish a novel, ''Ostinato'' (based on his experiences with the secret police), but it was not allowed by the censors after one of them claimed to recognize one character as
Elena Ceaușescu
Elena Ceaușescu (; ; 7 January 1916 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician who was the wife of Nicolae Ceaușescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and leader of the Socialist Republic of Romania. She was also ...
.
Nevertheless, he published the novel in translation in
West Germany
West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
in 1971, as a result of which, Paul Goma was excluded from the Communist Party.
During the summer of 1972, he was allowed to visit France, where he wrote ''Gherla'', a novel based on his experiences in the Gherla Prison. This book was also denied publication in Romania but was published in France in 1976.
Goma's 1977 letters
In 1977, Goma wrote a public letter expressing solidarity with the
Charter 77
Charter 77 (''Charta 77'' in Czech and Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were Jiřà Něm ...
,
but, finding few friends willing to sign it, he wrote another letter, addressed directly to Ceaușescu, in which he asked him to sign it, as the two of them (Goma and Ceaușescu) were the only Romanians not afraid of the
Securitate
The Securitate (, Romanian for ''security'') was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime ...
.
Following this, he wrote another letter (addressed to the 35 countries in the
CSCE CSCE may refer to
* China State Construction Engineering
* Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange which merged to form the New York Board of Trade
* Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
* Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe whic ...
) in which he called for respect for
human rights
Human rights are Morality, moral principles or Social norm, normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for ce ...
in Romania.
[Deletant, p.239]
In February 1977, Ceaușescu made a speech in which he attacked the "traitors of the country", referring to the two letters Goma wrote.
The following day, a police cordon was in front of his building, not allowing non-residents, to prevent people from signing Goma's letter. The authorities tried to convince Goma to emigrate, but he refused. As the police cordon got more relaxed, several more people signed the letter and they were arrested on exiting Goma's apartment.
In March, he wrote an even tougher admonitory letter to Ceaușescu, urging him not to break the bond between the people and him, a bond that was created after Ceaușescu condemned the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and attacked the Securitate whom Goma said were "traitors and enemies of Romania, who produce nothing and prevent those who produce from producing more".
[Deletant, p.240] In the meantime, Goma gained the support of two intellectuals: psychiatrist
Ion Vianu and literary critic
Ion Negoiţescu; in all, he had 75 signatures.
Called by
Cornel Burtică, the Secretary for Propaganda of the Central Committee, on March 12, Goma got the promise of being allowed to publish again, but he refused as he said that he wants not to be followed by the Securitate.
[Deletant, p.241] A week later, a former boxer,
Horst Stump, broke into Goma's flat and attacked him; the attacks repeated the following days. As he was barricading himself with some friends in his apartment, he gave an interview to French TV station
Antenne 2
France 2 () is a French public national television channel. It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group, along with France 3, France 4 and France 5. France Télévisions also participates in Arte and Euronews.
Since 3:20 CET on 7 Ap ...
.
Goma was arrested and excluded from the
Writers' Union of Romania
The Writers' Union of Romania (), founded in March 1949, is a professional association of writers in Romania. It also has a subsidiary in Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. The Writers' Union of Romania was created by the communist regime by taking ...
.
Following his arrest, he was attacked in the Romanian media: in a ''
Săptămîna'' article,
Eugen Barbu
Eugen Barbu (; 20 February 1924 – 7 September 1993) was a Romanian modern novelist, short story writer, journalist, and correspondent member of the Romanian Academy. The latter position was vehemently criticized by those who contended tha ...
called him "a nullity", in ''
Luceafărul'',
Nicolae DragoÅŸ said he was "rousing
reactionary
In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the ''status quo ante'', the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics abse ...
elements" and in ''
Contemporanul
''Contemporanul'' (The Contemporary) is a Romanian literary magazine published in IaÅŸi, Romania from 1881 to 1891. It was sponsored by the socialist circle of the city.
A new magazine ''Contimporanul
''Contimporanul'' (antiquated spelling of ...
'',
Vasile Băran, not mentioning Goma, claimed that "individuals calling themselves writers and journalists sully with the dirtiest of dirt our noble profession".
An international appeal for his release was launched, among the signatories being
Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco (; born Eugen Ionescu, ; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and was one of the foremost figures of the French avant-garde theatre in the 20th century. Ionesco inst ...
,
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
,
Arthur Miller
Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are '' All My Sons'' (1947), ''Death of a Salesman'' ( ...
and
Edward Albee
Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as ''The Zoo Story'' (1958), '' The Sandbox'' (1959), ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1962), '' A Delicate Balance'' (1966) ...
.
Goma was released on 6 May 1977, four days before the anniversary of 100 years of
Romanian independence, celebrations which Ceaușescu didn't want overshadowing by Goma's arrest.
On November 20, 1977, Goma and his family left Romania and went into exile in France.
[Paul Goma, in ''Culoarea curcubeului '77. Cod 'BÇŽrbosul, Polirom, 2005. ]
Exile in France
On 3 February 1981, Goma and Nicolae Penescu (former Interior Minister) received parcels in their post. Penescu opened his parcel to find a book and when he lifted its cover an explosion wounded him. Goma, who had received two death threats since his arrival in France, called the police. Both packages had been sent on instructions by
Carlos the Jackal
Ilich RamÃrez Sánchez (; born 12 October 1949), also known as Carlos the Jackal ( es, link=no, Carlos el Chacal) or simply Carlos, is a Venezuelan convicted of terrorist crimes, and currently serving a life sentence in France for the 1975 murder ...
.
[John Follain, ''Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal'', Arcade Publishing, 1998. . .]
In 1982, the Securitate planned to assassinate Goma.
Matei Haiducu, the
secret agent
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangib ...
sent by the Securitate to carry out the plan, turned to
French counter-intelligence (DST). With the help of the DST, Haiducu simulated an attempt on Goma's life, by poisoning his drink at a restaurant; the drink was then spilled by a French agent, pretending to be a "clumsy guest".
["Rumanian Sting"](_blank)
in ''Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
'', September 13, 1982
Although Goma's numerous works (both fiction and non-fiction) were translated worldwide, his books, except the first one, were published in Romania only after the
1989 Revolution. He lived in Paris as a stateless political refugee, his Romanian citizenship having been revoked after 1978 by the communist government.
Death
On March 18, 2020, Paul Goma was hospitalized at
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital (french: Hôpital universitaire la Pitié-Salpêtrière, ) is a teaching hospital in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Part of the and a teaching hospital of Sorbonne University.
History
The Salpêtrià ...
in Paris after being infected with
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, identified in Wuhan, China, in December ...
and died on March 24, 2020. He was 84.
Controversies
Despite the fact that his wife is Jewish, some of Goma's post-2005 articles and essays have been criticized for their strong
antisemitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
nature.
[Gabriel Andreescu, in]
"Goma ÅŸi tema antisemitismului"
, ''Ziua
''Ziua'' (''The Day'' in Romanian) was a major Romanian daily newspaper published in Bucharest. It was published in Romanian with a fairly sizeable and often informative English section. ''Ziua'' was founded in 1994 by Sorin Roşca Stănescu, eve ...
'', February 17, 2005 In particular, in his "essay" ''Săptămâna Roșie''
he Red Week he tried to rewrite the Romanian history of the years 1940–1944, claiming that the Jews exaggerated the numbers of the victims of the Romanian holocaust, that communist Jews made things up and that Jews were not the victims, but the perpetrators of several of the heinous crimes of those times, using thus strategies common to holocaust denial.
Goma rejects these criticisms
[Paul Goma, in]
"A fi "Antisemit"
November 11, 2005 and claims that he has filed
libel
Defamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal defini ...
lawsuit
-
A lawsuit is a proceeding by a party or parties against another in the civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used in reference to a civil actio ...
s against his accusers.
[Dan Culcer, in]
"Pledoarie pentru Goma"
March 3, 2007 He asserted that his wife was Jewish and stated that similar arguments were used against him by the
Securitate
The Securitate (, Romanian for ''security'') was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime ...
in the 1980s.
[Paul Goma, in]
"Jurnal 2006"
2006, pages 48, 191, 201. On January 30, 2007, Goma was awarded the "Citizen of Honor" distinction by the Municipal Council of
Timișoara
), City of Roses ( ro, Orașul florilor), City of Parks ( ro, Orașul parcurilor)
, image_map = Timisoara jud Timis.svg
, map_caption = Location in TimiÈ™ County
, pushpin_map = Romania#Europe
, pushpin_ ...
. In February 2007, the
Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania and the Israeli Embassy protested against the distinction, arguing that Paul Goma was the author of multiple antisemitic articles.
[Paul Goma, in ]
"Scrisoare către prietenii din Timișoara — şi din toată ţara"
February 22, 2007
On April 5, 2006 he was invited to become a member of the
Tismăneanu Commission,
[Paul Goma, in ]
"Despre Vladimir Tismăneanu – şi nu numai – în 11 puncte"
June 22, 2006 a body charged with researching the crimes of the communist dictatorship in Romania. Nine days later he was dismissed by the Commission's president,
Vladimir Tismăneanu
Vladimir Tismăneanu (; born July 4, 1951) is a Romanian American political scientist, political analyst, sociologist, and professor at the University of Maryland, College Park. A specialist in political systems and comparative politics, he is di ...
, who explained the exclusion based on Goma's questioning the moral and scientific credibility of the president of the Commission, and disclosing of their private correspondence.
[Tismăneanu, in]
Armand Gosu, "N-am avut de-a face cu Securitatea", in ''22'', nr.849, June 2006
Literary contributions
Goma's literary debut came in 1966 with a short story published in the review ''Luceafǎrul'' with which he collaborated as well as with ''Gazeta literarǎ'', ''Viaţa românească'' and ''Ateneu''. In 1968 he published his first volume of stories, ''Camera de alături'' ("The Room Next Door"). After ''Ostinato'' and its West German publication in 1971 came ''Uşa'' ("Die Tür" or "The Door") in 1972, also in Germany. After his forced emigration in 1977 and until his books could again be published in Romania after the 1989 revolution, all his books appeared in France and in French. (His novel ''Gherla'' had in fact been published in 1976 first in French by Gallimard of Paris before he left Romania.) There followed such novels as ''Dans le cercle'' ("Within the Circle", 1977); ''Garde inverse'' ("Reverse Guard", 1979); ''Le Tremblement des Hommes'' ("The Trembling of People", 1979); ''Chassée-croisé'' ("Intersection", 1983); ''Les Chiens de la mort'' ("The Dogs of Death", 1981), which details his prison experiences in Piteşti in the 1950s; and ''Bonifacia'' (1986). The autobiographical ''Le Calidor'' appeared in French in 1987 and was subsequently published in Romanian as ''Din Calidor: O copilărie basarabeană'' ("In Calidor: A Bessarabian Childhood", 1989, 1990; translated as ''My Childhood at the Gate of Unrest'') in the Romanian émigré journal ''Dialog'', edited by Ion Solacolu.
[Segel, Harold B. ''The Columbia Guide to the Literatures of Eastern Europe Since 1945'', p. 189-90. Columbia University Press, 2003, .]
In its totality, Goma's literary work comprises a "persuasive and grimly fascinating exposure of totalitarian inhumanity"
[Segel, p. 190.] from which, in his own case, even foreign exile was no guarantee of a safe haven. In such later novels as ''Bonifacia'' and ''My Childhood at the Gate of Unrest'', the biographical element dominates as he focuses on his childhood in Bessarabia. Several sets of diaries, all published in Romania in 1997 and 1998, shed light on Goma's later life and career: ''Alte Jurnale'' ("Other Journals"), which covers his stay in the United States in autumn 1978 but concentrates primarily on 1994–96; ''Jurnal I: Jurnal pe sărite'' ("Journal I: By Leaps and Bounds", 1997); ''Jurnal II: Jurnal de căldură mare'' ("Journal II: Journal of Great Heat", 1997), covering June and July 1989; ''Jurnal III: Jurnal de noapte lungă'' ("Journal of the Long Night", 1997), covering September to December 1993; and ''Jurnalul unui jurnal 1997'' ("The Journal of a Journal, 1997"), focusing just on that year.
Published works
* ''Camera de alături'',
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
, 1968.
* ''Ostinato'',
Suhrkamp
Suhrkamp Verlag is a German publishing house, established in 1950 and generally acknowledged as one of the leading European publishers of fine literature. Its roots go back to the "arianized" part of the S. Fischer Verlag.
In January 2010 the ...
,
Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
, 1971.
** ''La Cellule des libérables'',
Éditions Gallimard
Éditions Gallimard (), formerly Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française (1911–1919) and Librairie Gallimard (1919–1961), is one of the leading French book publishers. In 2003 it and its subsidiaries published 1,418 titles.
Founded by Ga ...
,
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, 1971.
** ''Ostinato'',
Bruna & Zoon,
Utrecht
Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...
, 1974.
** ''Ostinato'', Editura Univers, 1992.
* ''Die Tür'', 1972.
** ''Elles étaient quatre'', Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1974.
** ''Uşa noastrǎ cea de toate zilele'', Editura Cartea Româneascǎ, Bucharest, 1992.
* ''Gherla'', Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1976.
** ''Gherla'', 1978.
** ''Gherla'',
Humanitas
''Humanitas'' is a Latin noun meaning human nature, civilization, and kindness. It has uses in the Enlightenment, which are discussed below.
Classical origins of term
The Latin word ''humanitas'' corresponded to the Greek concepts of '' philanthr ...
, Bucharest, 1990.
* ''Dossier Paul Goma. L'écrivain face au socialisme du silence.'', Paris, 1977
* ''Dans le cercle'', Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1977.
** ''In cerc'', 1995.
* ''Garde inverse'', Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 1979.
** ''Gardă inversă'', Univers, 1997.
* ''Le Tremblement des Hommes: peut-on vivre en Roumanie aujourd'hui?'',
Éditions du Seuil
Éditions du Seuil (), also known as ''Le Seuil'', is a French publishing house established in 1935 by Catholic intellectual Jean Plaquevent (1901–1965), and currently owned by La Martinière Groupe. It owes its name to this goal "The ''seuil' ...
, Paris, 1979. .
** 1980.
** ''Culorile curcubeului '77'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.
** ''Culoarea curcubeului ’77. Cod "Bǎrbosul"'', Polirom, 2005.
* ''Les chiens de mort, ou, La passion selon PiteÅŸti'',
Hachette Hachette may refer to:
* Hachette (surname)
* Hachette (publisher), a French publisher, the imprint of Lagardère Publishing
** Hachette Book Group, the American subsidiary
** Hachette Distribution Services, the distribution arm
See also
* Hachett ...
, Paris, 1981.
** ''Het vierkante ei'',
Elsevier Manteau,
Antwerp
Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, , 1983.
** ''Die rote Messe'', Thule,
Köln, 1984.
** ''Patimile dupÇŽ PiteÅŸti'', 1990.
** ''Patimile dupÇŽ PiteÅŸti'', Dacia, 1999.
* ''Chassé-croise'', Hachette, Paris, 1983.
** ''Soldatul câinelui'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 1991.
* ''Le calidor'',
Albin Michel Albin may refer to:
Places
* Albin, Wyoming, US
* Albin Township, Brown County, Minnesota, US
* Albin, Virginia, US
People
* Albin (given name), origin of the name and people with the first name "Albin"
* Albin (surname)
;Mononyms
* Albin of ...
, 1987.
** ''Din calidor'', 1989.
** ''My Childhood at the Gate of Unrest'',
Readers International, July 1990.
** ''Din calidor: O copilÇŽrie basarabeanÇŽ'', Polirom, 2004.
* ''L'art de la fugue'', Julliard, 1990.
** ''Arta refugii'', Editura Dacia,
Cluj
; hu, kincses város)
, official_name=Cluj-Napoca
, native_name=
, image_skyline=
, subdivision_type1 = County
, subdivision_name1 = Cluj County
, subdivision_type2 = Status
, subdivision_name2 = County seat
, settlement_type = City
, le ...
, 1991.
** ''Arta refugii'', Editura Basarabian,
ChiÅŸinau, 1995.
* ''Sabina'', 1991.
** ''Sabina'', 1993.
** ''Sabina'', Universal Dalsi, Bucharest, 2005.
* ''Astra'', 1992.
** ''Astra'', Editura Dacia, 1992.
* ''Bonifacia'', 1993.
* ''Bonifacia'', Albin Michel 1998.
** ''Bonifacia'', Anamarol, 2006.
* ''Adameva'', Loreley,
IaÅŸi, 1995. (not distributed)
* ''Amnezia la români'', Litera, 1995.
* ''Scrisori întredeschise – singur impotriva lor'', Multiprint "Familia",
Oradea
Oradea (, , ; german: Großwardein ; hu, Nagyvárad ) is a city in Romania, located in Crișana, a sub-region of Transylvania. The county seat, seat of Bihor County, Oradea is one of the most important economic, social and cultural centers in the ...
, 1995.
* ''Justa'' Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1995.
* ''Jurnal pe sărite'', Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1997
* ''Jurnal de cÇŽldura mare'', Edutura Nemira, Bucharest, 1997
* ''Altina – grǎdina scufundata'', Editura Cartier, Chişinau, 1998.
* ''Scrisuri. 1972–1998'', Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1999.
* ''Roman intim'', Editura Allfa, 1999.
* ''Jurnal de Noapte Lungă'', Dacia, Bucharest, 2000.
* ''Jurnal unui jurnal'', Dacia, Cluj, 2000.
* ''Jurnal de Apocrif'', Dacia, Cluj, 2000.
* ''Profil bas'', Des Syrtes, 2001.
* ''Săptămîna RoÅŸie. 28 Iunie–3 Iulie 1940 sau Basarabia ÅŸi evreii'', Museum, ChiÅŸinău, 2003.
* ''Jurnal'', Criterion, Bucharest, 2004.
* ''Alfabecedar'', Editura Victor Frunză, 2005.
Awards and honours
* "Chevalier dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres" (France), 1986
*
Writers' Union of Moldova
The Writers' Union of Moldova () is a professional association of writers in Moldova.
Mihai Cimpoi has been the president of the Writers' Union of Moldova since 1991.
External links
Uniunea Scriitorilor din Republica MoldovaC. Tănase Scris ...
's Prize for Prose, March, 1992.
*
Writers' Union of Romania
The Writers' Union of Romania (), founded in March 1949, is a professional association of writers in Romania. It also has a subsidiary in Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. The Writers' Union of Romania was created by the communist regime by taking ...
's Prize for Prose, May 25, 1992.
* "Honorary Citizen" by the Municipal Council of
Timișoara
), City of Roses ( ro, Orașul florilor), City of Parks ( ro, Orașul parcurilor)
, image_map = Timisoara jud Timis.svg
, map_caption = Location in TimiÈ™ County
, pushpin_map = Romania#Europe
, pushpin_ ...
, January 30, 2007.
Notes
References
* Dennis Deletant, ''Ceauşescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989'', M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, .
External links
*
Paul Goma's site with downloadable recent writings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goma, Paul
1935 births
2020 deaths
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
Male essayists
Romanian essayists
Romanian expatriates in France
Romanian writers in French
Romanian dissidents
Romanian diarists
Romanian exiles
Romanian anti-communists
Inmates of Gherla prison
Romanian Holocaust deniers
Romanian prisoners and detainees
People detained by the Securitate
People from Orhei District
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
University of Bucharest alumni
Stateless people
Holocaust denial in France
Holocaust denial in Romania
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France