Parity

Parity may refer to: * Parity (computing) **

Parity bit A parity bit, or check bit, is a bit added to a string of binary code. Parity bits are a simple form of error detecting code. Parity bits are generally applied to the smallest units of a communication protocol, typically 8-bit octets (bytes) ...

in computing, sets the parity of data for the purpose of error detection **

Parity flag In computer processors the parity flag indicates if the numbers of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation. It is normally a single bit in a processor status register. For example, assume a machine ...

in computing, indicates if the number of set bits is odd or even in the binary representation of the result of the last operation **

Parity file Parchive (a portmanteau of parity archive, and formally known as Parity Volume Set Specification) is an erasure code system that produces par files for checksum verification of data integrity, with the capability to perform data recovery operatio ...

in data processing, created in conjunction with data files and used to check data integrity and assist in data recovery *

Parity (mathematics) In mathematics, parity is the property of an integer of whether it is even or odd. An integer is even if it is a multiple of two, and odd if it is not.. For example, −4, 0, 82 are even because \begin -2 \cdot 2 &= -4 \\ 0 \cdot 2 &= 0 \\ 41 ...

, indicates whether a number is even or odd **

Parity of a permutation In mathematics, when ''X'' is a finite set with at least two elements, the permutations of ''X'' (i.e. the bijective functions from ''X'' to ''X'') fall into two classes of equal size: the even permutations and the odd permutations. If any total or ...

, indicates whether a permutation has an even or odd number of inversions **

Parity function In Boolean algebra, a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function. The parity function is notable for its ...

, a Boolean function whose value is 1 if the input vector has an odd number of ones **

Parity learning Parity learning is a problem in machine learning. An algorithm that solves this problem must find a function ''ƒ'', given some samples (''x'', ''ƒ''(''x'')) and the assurance that ''ƒ'' computes the parity of bits at some fixed locations. T ...

, a problem in

machine learning Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that 'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine ...

** Parity of

even and odd functions In mathematics, even functions and odd functions are functions which satisfy particular symmetry relations, with respect to taking additive inverses. They are important in many areas of mathematical analysis, especially the theory of power seri ...

Parity (physics) In physics, a parity transformation (also called parity inversion) is the flip in the sign of ''one'' spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it can also refer to the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates (a point refle ...

, a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion * Parity (biology), the number of times a female has given birth;

gravidity and parity In biology and human medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a woman is or has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). These terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional te ...

represent pregnancy and viability, respectively *

Parity (charity) Parity is a United Kingdom-based Men's rights movement, equal rights organisation, which describes itself as campaigning to promote and protect the equality of men and women under the law. Its main focus has been in the area of state pensions an ...

, UK equal rights organisation *

Parity (law) Principle of parity is a legal concept used in codecision procedure that disables one European European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to: In general * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe * ...

, legal principle *

Mental Health Parity Act The Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) is legislation signed into United States law on September 26, 1996 that requires annual or lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits to be no lower than any such dollar limits for medical and surgical be ...

, also applies to substance use disorder *

Purchasing power parity Purchasing power parity (PPP) is the measurement of prices in different countries that uses the prices of specific goods to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currency, currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of ...

, in economics, the exchange rate required to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies *

Interest rate parity Interest rate parity is a no-arbitrage condition representing an equilibrium state under which investors interest rates available on bank deposits in two countries. The fact that this condition does not always hold allows for potential opportuniti ...

, in finance, the notion that the differential in interest rates between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate *

Put–call parity In financial mathematics, put–call parity defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and European put option, both with the identical strike price and expiry, namely that a portfolio of a long call option and a short put ...

, in financial mathematics, defines a relationship between the price of a European call option and a European put option *

Parity (sports) In sports, parity is when participating teams have roughly equivalent levels of talent. In such a league, the "best" team is not significantly better than the "worst" team. This leads to more competitive contests where the winner cannot be easily ...

, an equal playing field for all participants, regardless of their economic circumstances *

Potty parity Potty parity is equal or equitable provision of public toilet facilities for females and males within a public space. Definition of parity Parity may be defined in various ways in relation to facilities in a building. The simplest is as equal fl ...

, equalization of waiting times for males and females in restroom queues * A tactic in

reversi Reversi is a strategy board game for two players, played on an 8×8 uncheckered board. It was invented in 1883. Othello, a variant with a fixed initial setup of the board, was patented in 1971. Basics There are sixty-four identical game pieces ...

Grid parity Grid parity (or socket parity) occurs when an alternative energy source can generate power at a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) that is less than or equal to the price of power from the electricity grid. The term is most commonly used whe ...

of renewable energy *

Doctrine of parity The doctrine of parity was used to justify agricultural price controls in the United States beginning in the 1920s. It was the belief that farming should be as profitable as it was between 1909 and 1914, an era of high food prices and farm prosperi ...

, agricultural price controls * Military parity, equipotential readiness between foes, without gaps such as a

missile gap In the United States, during the Cold War, the missile gap was the perceived superiority of the number and power of the USSR's missiles in comparison with those of the U.S. (a lack of military parity). The gap in the ballistic missile arsenals di ...

*Special cases in

combination puzzles A combination puzzle, also known as a sequential move puzzle, is a puzzle which consists of a set of pieces which can be manipulated into different combinations by a group of operations. Many such puzzles are mechanical puzzles of polyhedral s ...

{{disambiguation tr:Parite