biblical criticism
Biblical criticism is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible. During the eighteenth century, when it began as ''historical-biblical criticism,'' it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the concern to ...
and
comparative mythology
Comparative mythology is the comparison of myths from different cultures in an attempt to identify shared themes and characteristics.Littleton, p. 32 Comparative mythology has served a variety of academic purposes. For example, scholars have used ...
/ religion, parallelomania has been used to refer to a phenomenon (
mania
Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together wit ...
) where authors perceive apparent similarities and construct parallels and analogies without historical basis. The inverse phenomenon, which occurs when suggested similarities, for example between the Bible and Ancient Near East cultures, are dismissed out of hand, is called parallelophobia.
Parallelomania
The concept was introduced to scholarly circles in 1961 by Rabbi Samuel Sandmel (1911–1979) of the
Hebrew Union College
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
in a paper of the same title, where he stated that he had first encountered the term in a French book of 1830, but did not recall the author or the title. Sandmel stated that the simple observations of similarity between historical events are often less than valid, but at times lead to a phenomenon where an author first notices a supposed similarity, overdoses on analogy, and then "proceeds to describe source and derivation as if implying a literary connection flowing in an inevitable or predetermined direction". Martin McNamara, MSC ( Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy) stated that Sandmel's initial paper has proven to be "highly influential".
Christian and Jewish scholars have used the concept in a number of cases and areas. Thomas Schreiner (
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (SBTS) is a Baptist theological institute in Louisville, Kentucky. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. The seminary was founded in 1859 in Greenville, South Carolina, where it was at ...
) applies it to over-generalization of the simple use of the verb "see" used as a participle to refer to a casual act of observation, to extending its meaning to have deeper spiritual contexts in order to construct parallels. Jewish scholar Jacob Neusner has stated that some portrayals of Aphrahat as someone who cherry picked from Rabbinical literature are based on weak parallels which fall within Sandmel's characterization of parallelomania. Joseph Fitzmyer, a priest of the Society of Jesus (SJ), states the analyses of the
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extan ...
have at times suffered from parallelomania through the construction of unwarranted analogies with prior traditions.''According to Paul: Studies in the Theology of the Apostle'' by Joseph Fitzmyer (1 January 2003) page 32Gerald O'Collins, SJ states that most scholars are now aware of the pitfalls of parallelomania which exaggerate the importance of trifling resemblances.Gerald O'Collins, "The Hidden Story of Jesus" ''New Blackfriars'' Volume 89, Issue 1024, pages 710–714, November 2008
Parallelophobia
The inverse phenomenon that at the slightest suggestion of similarity between the Bible and extra-biblical texts, one uncritically proclaims the uniqueness and independence of the Bible, is called 'parallelophobia'. In their 1986 comparison of '' KTU'' 1.23, line 14 with Exodus 23:19b, Exodus 34:26 and Deuteronomy 14:21, Robert Ratner and Bruce Zuckerman warned against both parallelomania and parallelophobia: 'Those who have made this connection without hesitation have indulged in the sort of "parallelomania" that can only distort the picture of Ugaritic religion and culture and its relevance to biblical studies. On the other hand, we should have a care not to overreact in the other direction. (...) Just as we should resist the temptations of "parallelomania," we should also not succumb to "parallelophobia" and thereby close ourselves off from a potential insight that the Bible (just conceivably) might throw upon this difficult Ugaritic text.'
Other scholars have also warned against both, such as Mark W. Chavalas (2003), who encouraged his colleagues to follow the example of
William W. Hallo
William Wolfgang Hallo (March 9, 1928 – March, 27, 2015
Correspondence (theology)
Correspondence is a relationship between two levels of existence. The term was coined by the 18th-century theologian Emanuel Swedenborg in his ''Arcana Cœlestia'' (1749–1756), '' Heaven and Hell'' (1758) and other works.
Swedenborg
Definition ...
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Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology
Hyperdiffusionism is a pseudoarchaeological hypothesis suggesting that certain historical technologies or ideas originated with a single people or civilization before their adoption by other cultures. Thus, all great civilizations that share simil ...
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Panbabylonism
Panbabylonism (also known as Panbabylonianism) was the school of thought that considered the cultures and religions of the Middle East and civilization in general to be ultimately derived from Babylonian myths which in turn they viewed as being ba ...