''Paraburkholderia'' is a genus of

Pseudomonadota Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria) is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. The renaming of phyla in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature. The ...

that are

gram negative The gram (originally gramme; SI unit symbol g) is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one one thousandth of a kilogram. Originally defined as of 1795 as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to th ...

, slightly curved rods that are motile by means of

flagella A flagellum (; ) is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are termed as flagellates. A microorganism may have f ...

. They have been reported to colonize

endophytic An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; h ...

tissues of hybrid spruce (

Picea glauca ''Picea glauca'', the white spruce, is a species of spruce native to the northern temperate and boreal forests in North America. ''Picea glauca'' is native from central Alaska all through the east, across southern/central Canada to the Avalon Pe ...

x engelmannii) and

lodgepole pine ''Pinus contorta'', with the common names lodgepole pine and shore pine, and also known as twisted pine, and contorta pine, is a common tree in western North America. It is common near the ocean shore and in dry montane forests to the subalpine, ...

with a strong potential to perform

biological nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (), with a strong triple covalent bond, in the Atmosphere of Earth, air is converted into ammonia () or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but al ...

and plant growth promotion. Unlike ''

Burkholderia ''Burkholderia'' is a genus of Pseudomonadota whose pathogenic members include the ''Burkholderia cepacia'' complex, which attacks humans and ''Burkholderia mallei'', responsible for glanders, a disease that occurs mostly in horses and related a ...

'' species, ''Paraburkholderia'' members are not commonly associated with human infection. ''Paraburkholderia'' members form a monophyletic

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

within the

Burkholderiaceae The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, ...

family, which is what prompted their distinction as a genus independent from ''Burkholderia'' species, in combination with the finding of robust

conserved signature indels Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers ...

which are unique to ''Paraburkholderia'' species, and are lacking in members of the genus ''Burkholderia''. These CSIs distinguish the genus from all other bacteria. Additionally, the CSIs that were found to be shared by ''Burkholderia'' species are absent in ''Paraburkholderia'', providing evidence of separate lineages. Conserved signature indels have also been found within the genus ''Paraburkholderia''. These CSIs are in parallel with

phylogenomic Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields ...

analyses that indicate to two

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

clades within the genus; one clade harbours unnamed and ''Candidatus'' Paraburkholderia, while the other clade is inclusive of environmental ''Paraburkholderia'', commonly used for agricultural purposes. CSIs have been found exclusive to each of these clades, and have not been found specific for any other combination of ''Paraburkholderia'' species, providing an additional level of

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

resolution within the genus level.

Species

''Paraburkholderia'' comprises the following species: *'' Paraburkholderia atlantica'' *'' Paraburkholderia acidipaludis'' *'' Paraburkholderia agricolaris'' *'' Paraburkholderia aromaticivorans'' *'' Paraburkholderia aspalathi'' *'' Paraburkholderia azotifigens'' *'' Paraburkholderia bannensis'' *'' Paraburkholderia bryophila'' *'' Paraburkholderia caballeronis'' *'' Paraburkholderia caffeinilytica'' *'' Paraburkholderia caledonica'' *'' Paraburkholderia caribensis'' *''

Paraburkholderia caryophylli ''Paraburkholderia'' is a genus of Pseudomonadota that are gram negative, slightly curved rods that are motile by means of flagella. They have been reported to colonize endophytic tissues of hybrid spruce (Picea glauca x engelmannii) and lodge ...

'' *'' Paraburkholderia denitrificans'' *'' Paraburkholderia diazotrophica'' *'' Paraburkholderia dilworthii'' *'' Paraburkholderia dipogonis'' *'' Paraburkholderia eburnea'' *''

Paraburkholderia elongata ''Paraburkholderia elongata'' is a Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus ''Paraburkholderia''. The type strain is ''P. elongata'' 5NT, which was isolated from the Arnot research forest, near Van Etten, New York, u ...

Paraburkholderia rhizosphaerae ''Paraburkholderia rhizosphaerae'' is a bacterium from the genus of ''Paraburkholderia'' which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil in Daejeon in Korea. References

Paraburkholderia, rhizosphaerae Bacteria described in 2015 {{Betap ...

'' *'' Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica'' *''

Paraburkholderia rhynchosiae ''Paraburkholderia rhynchosiae'' is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus ''Paraburkholderia'' and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from root nodules from the plant '' Rhynchosia ferulifolia'' in South Africa ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q26270559 Burkholderiaceae Bacteria genera