The Papel languages of southern Senegal, Gambia, and northwestern
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau ( ; pt, Guiné-Bissau; ff, italic=no, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, Gine-Bisaawo, script=Adlm; Mandinka: ''Gine-Bisawo''), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( pt, República da Guiné-Bissau, links=no ) ...
are:
*
Mankanya
*
Mandjak
*
Papel
They are an uncontroversial cluster of the
Bak languages
The Bak languages are a group of typologically Atlantic languages of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau linked in 2010 to the erstwhile Atlantic isolate Bijago. Bak languages are non- tonal.
Name
David Dalby coined the term ''Bak'' from the ''bVk''- pre ...
and form a
dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...
. All of these names are exonyms.
[Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. ''Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification''. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.]
Classification
Doneux (1975) classifies the Manjaku (Papel) languages as follows.
[Doneux, Jean Léonce. 1975. ''Lexique manjaku''. (Les Langues Africaines au Sénégal, 63.) Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliquée de Dakar.]
*Manjaku
**
Mankañ
***''Hula''
***''Woo''
**''Cur''
**Central
***Bok
****''Lund''
****''Bok''
****''Tsaam''
****''Siärär''
***Coastal
****''Yu''
****''Sis''
****''Pèpèl''
See also
*
Proto-Manjaku reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
Bak languages
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