Paniĝinĝarra (or Paniĝara) was a

Mesopotamian god Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost exclusively anthropomorphic. They were thought to possess extraordinary powers and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size. The deities typically wore ''melam'', an ambiguous substan ...

worshiped in Adab. His name could be contracted, and as a result in

Old Babylonian Old Babylonian may refer to: *the period of the First Babylonian dynasty (20th to 16th centuries BC) *the historical stage of the Akkadian language Akkadian (, Akkadian: )John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", ''The Camb ...

documents the writing ''^dPa-an-ni-gá-ra'' can be found. An inscription from the reign of Meli-Shipak refers to him as EN ''ku-dur-ri'', "lord of

kudurru A kudurru was a type of stone document used as a boundary stone and as a record of land grants to vassals by the Kassites and later dynasties in ancient Babylonia between the 16th and 7th centuries BC. The original kudurru would typically be stor ...

." A temple dedicated to him whose name is not fully preserved, Eursag .. existed in Adab. It might be the same temple of this god which is mentioned in an inscription of

Rim-Sîn I Rim-Sîn I ( akk, , Dri-im- Dsuen) ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1758 BC to 1699 BC (in short chronology) or 1822 BC to 1763 BC (middle chronology). His sister En-ane-du was high priestess of the moon god in Ur. Rim-Sin I ...

Larsa Larsa ( Sumerian logogram: UD.UNUGKI, read ''Larsamki''), also referred to as Larancha/Laranchon (Gk. Λαραγχων) by Berossos and connected with the biblical Ellasar, was an important city-state of ancient Sumer, the center of the cul ...

. One more temple seemingly bore the name Emeteursag ( Sumerian: "house worthy of a hero"), better known as the name of a site associated with

Zababa Zababa (Sumerian: 𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 dza-ba4-ba4) was the tutelary deity of the city of Kish in ancient Mesopotamia. He was a war god. While he was regarded as similar to Ninurta and Nergal, he was never fully conflated with them. His worship is at ...

located in

Kish Kish may refer to: Geography * Gishi, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, a village also called Kish * Kiş, Shaki, Azerbaijan, a village and municipality also spelled Kish * Kish Island, an Iranian island and a city in the Persian Gulf * Kish, Iran, ...

. Yet another, Enigurru ("house clad in terror") shared its name with a temple of

Ishtar Inanna, also sux, 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾, nin-an-na, label=none is an ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love, war, and fertility. She is also associated with beauty, sex, divine justice, and political power. She was originally worshiped in S ...

in her guise of "queen of

Nippur Nippur (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''Nibru'', often logogram, logographically recorded as , EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;"The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory': Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian language, Akkadian: '' ...

." Two further temples, Eutul ("house of the herd") and another whose name is not preserved are also known. Manfred Krebernik, following the study of Andrew R. George, assumes that all of them were located in Adab. In the god list ''

An = Anum ''An = Anum'', also known as the Great God List, is the longest preserved Mesopotamian god list, a type of lexical list cataloging the deities worshiped in the Ancient Near East, chiefly in modern Iraq. While god lists are already known from the ...

'' Paniĝinĝarra appears as a son of

Ninhursag , deity_of=Mother goddess, goddess of fertility, mountains, and rulers , image= Mesopotamian - Cylinder Seal - Walters 42564 - Impression.jpg , caption=Akkadian cylinder seal impression depicting a vegetation goddess, possibly Ninhursag, sitting ...

and her husband

Šulpae Šulpae was a Mesopotamian god. Much about his role in Mesopotamian religion remains uncertain, though it is agreed he was an astral deity associated with the planet Jupiter and that he could be linked to specific diseases, especially ''bennu''. ...

. The earlier

Weidner god list Weidner god list is the conventional name of one of the known ancient Mesopotamian lists of deities, originally compiled by ancient scribes in the late third millennium BCE, with the oldest known copy dated to the Ur III or Isin-Larsa period. Furth ...

places him next to another of Ninhursag's sons,

Ashgi Ashgi ( ''Ašgi'') was a Mesopotamian god associated with Adab (city), Adab and Kesh (Sumer), Kesh. While he was originally the tutelary deity of the former of these two cities, he was eventually replaced in this role by his mother Ninhursag, loca ...

, who was also associated with him in other sources. Paniĝinĝarra could also appear alongside his mother, for example in greeting formulas in letters. In late sources he could be equated with

Ninurta , image= Cropped Image of Carving Showing the Mesopotamian God Ninurta.png , caption= Assyrian stone relief from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu, showing the god with his thunderbolts pursuing Anzû, who has stolen the Tablet of Destinies from En ...

, similar to

Pabilsaĝ Pabilsaĝ ( sux, 𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕 /pabilsaŋ/) or Pabilsag was a Mesopotamian god who was the tutelary deity of the Sumerian city Larak. He is best known as the husband of the medicine goddess Ninisina. In late sources he was associated with ...

Wilfred G. Lambert Wilfred George Lambert FBA (26 February 1926 – 9 November 2011) was a historian and archaeologist, a specialist in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology. Early life Lambert was born in Birmingham, and, having won a scholarship, he was edu ...

goes as far as referring to him as a "form of Ninurta." A few works of Mesopotamian literature refer to Paniĝinĝarra. The humorous tale "Three ox drivers from Adab" describes him as "their sage, the scholar, the god of Adab" and as a "clerk" in what might be a parody of

court proceeding Procedural law, adjective law, in some jurisdictions referred to as remedial law, or rules of court, comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil, lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings. The rules are ...

s. He is also mentioned in passing in the poorly preserved myth ''

Urash Uraš or Urash ( sux, 𒀭𒅁), in Sumerian religion, is a goddess of earth, and one of the consorts of the sky god Anu. She is the mother of the goddess Ninsun and a grandmother of the hero Gilgamesh. However, ''Uras'' may only have been anot ...

and

Marduk Marduk (Cuneiform: dAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: ''amar utu.k'' "calf of the sun; solar calf"; ) was a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon. When Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of ...

''.

References

Bibliography

* * * * Mesopotamian gods {{MEast-myth-stub