Panglima is a military title used in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
and
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
, and historically in the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
. It means 'a commander of a body of troops'. In the past it is used to call some prominent military leaders in several kingdoms, such as
Panglima Polem Panglima is a military title used in Indonesia and Malaysia, and historically in the Philippines. It means 'a commander of a body of troops'. In the past it is used to call some prominent military leaders in several kingdoms, such as Panglima Polem ...
from
Aceh
Aceh ( ), officially the Aceh Province ( ace, Nanggroë Acèh; id, Provinsi Aceh) is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a s ...
. In modern times it is reserved for the chiefs of the armed forces of
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
and
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
and some other posts.
Use in Indonesia
Panglima Tertinggi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia
![Soekarno](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg)
As stipulated in article 10 of
Indonesian Constitution, the
President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
is the Supreme Commander of Indonesian Armed Forces (). Essentially it is parallel to the title 'Commander-in-Chief' in other countries, ''e.g.'' the United States.
During the
Old Order era, this title is included into many honorific titles that were often mentioned each time
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
's name was written or read in speeches, edicts, or news.
Panglima TNI
In
Indonesian National Armed Forces
, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces')
, current_form =
, disbanded =
, branches =
, headquarters = Cilangkap, Jakarta
, website =
, commander-in-chief = Joko Widodo
, ...
the highest position overseeing the three branches - Army, Navy, Air Force - is called ('
Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces'). Before the separation of the
National Police from the Armed forces in 2000, the Armed Forces consisted of four branches. The Armed Forces were named Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, which comprised TNI and the Police. The commander of the Armed Forces was called accordingly, or usually known with the acronym .
According to
the revised Constitution is appointed by the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
after confirmed by
DPR. Before the Constitution was amended in 2002, the President had the prerogative right to appoint or dismiss the 'Panglima' at his pleasure.
Panglima Besar
![Sudirman in Jakarta (1946)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Sudirman_in_Jakarta_%281946%29.jpg)
The honorific title , meaning 'Grand Commander' was bestowed informally upon
Sudirman, the first Commander of the
Armed Forces
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
and legendary leader of guerilla war during
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
(1945–1949).
Other military uses
Beside the use for 'Panglima TNI', the title 'Panglima' is also used for many formations within the Armed Forces.
![Suharto as the commander of Kostrad](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Suharto_as_the_commander_of_Kostrad.jpg)
The commander of
Kostrad
The Army Strategic Reserves Command ( id, Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat; abbreviated ) is a combined-arms formation of the Indonesian Army. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has up to 35,000 troops. It also supervises operationa ...
, a formation within the
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
, is called . One of such notable is the first,
Suharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
, who later became a
President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
(1968–1998), and the second,
Umar Wirahadikusumah
Umar Wirahadikusumah (; 10 October 1924 – 21 March 2003) was an Indonesian politician and former army general, who served as the fourth Vice President of Indonesia, serving from 1983 until 1988. Previously, he was chair of the Audit Board of ...
, who became
Vice President of Indonesia (1983–1988).
Each commander of
Regional Military Commands (, usually known with the acronym ) has the title or . There are 15 Kodam, each with one Pangdam.
Each commander of the three
Fleet Command
''Fleet Command'', previously labelled as ''Jane's Fleet Command'', is a real-time tactics naval warfare simulation computer game released in May 1999. It was developed by Sonalysts Inc. and published by Electronic Arts (EA). The game licensed p ...
s is given title 'Panglima'. The commander of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Fleet Command (), are known as or .
Similar to the Navy, each commander of the three
Air Force Operations Commands is also given title 'Panglima'. The commander of Air Force Operations Command - 1/2/3 (), are known as .
The highest position in
Military Sea-lift Command () are given the title of 'Panglima', which is .
Past usage
Upon the formation of the
Fourth Working Cabinet
The Fourth Working Cabinet, ( id, Kabinet Kerja IV), was an Indonesian cabinet that resulted from regrouping of the previous cabinet by President Sukarno. It consisted of three deputy prime ministers, eight coordinating ministers and 33 ministers, ...
(19 November 1963), the title 'Panglima' was used for the commander of each branch of Indonesian Armed Forces.
[Aside from the three branches - Army, Navy, Air Force - ]Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
was included in the Armed Forces since 1962 until it was excluded again in 2004. They were also members of the Cabinet. Therefore, they were given the title (Minister), appointed directly by the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
. As such, their titles were:
*
Minister/Commander of the Army (, abbreviated )
*
Minister/Commander of the Navy (, abbreviated )
*
Minister/Commander of the Air Force (, abbreviated )
*
Minister/Commander of the Police (, abbreviated )
This use was discontinued in the
New Order era, replaced with the title (Chief of Staff) for the commander of three branches and (Chief) for the Chief of National Police.
Prior to January 2022, National Air Defence Forces Command () also use the title of 'Panglima' for its highest position, which is and for its each Commander of Air Defense Sector ( or ).
Use in Malaysia
Panglima Angkatan Tentera
In
Malaysian Armed Forces
The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ms, Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active pers ...
() the highest position overseeing the branches - Army, Navy, Air Force - is called (in official English translation: Chief of Defence Force).
Panglima Tentera
Each branch of
Malaysian Armed Forces
The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ms, Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active pers ...
has a ''Panglima'' at its head.
Chief of Army is ,
Chief of Navy is , and
Chief of Air Force is . Each of them also has a deputy commander, called (Deputy Chief).
Other uses
The word 'Panglima' is used for several titles in the
orders and decorations of Malaysia, such as ''
Panglima Mangku Negara'' (P.M.N), ''
Panglima Setia Mahkota
The Most Esteemed Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia ( ms, Darjah Yang Mulia Setia Mahkota Malaysia) is a Malaysian federal award presented for meritorious service to the country and awarded by the sovereign.
The order was instituted on ...
'' (P.S.M.), ''
Panglima Jasa Negara'' (P.J.N.), and ''
Panglima Setia Diraja'' (P.S.D.).
PASKAL,
Royal Malaysian Navy
The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN, ms, Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia; TLDM; Jawi: ) is the naval arm of the Malaysian Armed Forces. RMN is the main agency responsible for the country's maritime surveillance and defense operations. RMN's area of o ...
's special operation force, is also known as ''
Panglima Hitam''.
Other usage
*
Panglima Estino
Panglima Estino, officially the Municipality of Panglima Estino ( Tausūg: ''Kawman sin Panglima Estino''; tl, Bayan ng Panglima Estino), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a pop ...
- 5th class municipality in the province of
Sulu
Sulu (), officially the Province of Sulu (Tausug language, Tausūg: ''Wilāya sin Lupa' Sūg''; tl, Lalawigan ng Sulu), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro, Bangsamor ...
,
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
.
*
Panglima Sugala - 3rd class municipality in the province of
Tawi-Tawi, Philippines.
*
RSS ''Panglima'' - was the first ship of the
Republic of Singapore Navy
The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) is the naval service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for defending the country against any sea-borne threats, and the protection of its sea lines of communications, that would comprom ...
. Naval Military Experts Institute, co-located in
Changi Naval Base
Changi Naval Base (CNB), officially known as the RSS ''Singapura'' – Changi Naval Base, is a naval base of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). Located about 1.5 kilometres east of Changi Air Base (East) and 3.5 kilometres east of Singapore ...
, is named RSS ''Panglima'' in honour of the first ship of the navy.
See also
*
Indonesian National Armed Forces
, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces')
, current_form =
, disbanded =
, branches =
, headquarters = Cilangkap, Jakarta
, website =
, commander-in-chief = Joko Widodo
, ...
*
Malaysian Armed Forces
The Malaysian Armed Forces (: MAF; ms, Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; Jawi: ), are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active pers ...
*
Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia
Notes
References
* Bachtiar, Harsja W. ''Siapa Dia?: Perwira Tinggi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (Who is He?: Senior Officers of the Indonesian Army)'', Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta, 1988, {{ISBN, 979-428-100-X
* Poerwadarminta, W. J. S. ''Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia'', Balai Pustaka, 1986
* Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. ''30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka (30 Years of Indonesian Independence) 1965–1973'', 6th reprint, 1985
External links
Official Website of TNIOfficial Website of the Department of DefenseMalaysian Armed Forces Headquarters WebsiteRoyal Malaysian awards and decorations
Malay language
Military of Indonesia
Military history of Indonesia
Military of Malaysia