Panagiotis Stamatakis ( el, Παναγιώτης Σταµατάκης) (c.1840–1885) (sometimes anglicised as Panayotis or Stamatakes) was a
Greek archaeologist
Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
. He is noted particularly for his role in supervising the excavations of
Heinrich Schliemann at
Mycenae in 1876, and his role in recording and preserving the archaeological remains at the site.
Stamatakis was a leading figure of his day in Greek archaeology, being promoted to the country's highest archaeological office (
Ephor General of Antiquities) in 1884. In the wider scholarly community, however, his work and significance was largely forgotten after his death. Modern reassessment of the excavations at Mycenae, fuelled in large part by the rediscovery in the early 21st century of Stamatakis' notebooks from the site, led in turn to a re-evaluation of his importance to the Mycenae excavations and to archaeology more generally: he has been described as 'one of the great Greek archaeologists of the nineteenth century'.
Life and career
Stamatakis was born in the village of Varvitsa in
Laconia
Laconia or Lakonia ( el, Λακωνία, , ) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word ''laconic''—to speak in a blunt, c ...
. Almost nothing is known of his early life: he certainly had no university education, and appears to have been largely self-taught in archaeology.
In January 1866, he was hired as an assistant to
Panagiotis Efstratiadis
Panagiotis Efstratiadis or Eustratiades ( el, Παναγιώτης Ευστρατιάδης) (1815 – ) was a Greek archaeologist. He served as Ephor General of Antiquities, the head of the Greek Archaeological Service, between 1864 and 188 ...
, the
Ephor
The ephors were a board of five magistrates in ancient Sparta. They had an extensive range of judicial, religious, legislative, and military powers, and could shape Sparta's home and foreign affairs.
The word "''ephors''" (Ancient Greek ''ép ...
(overseer) General of Antiquities, and sworn in as a civil servant on 15 July. His first task was to record antiquities held in private collections, to enable the
Greek Archaeological Service
The Greek Archaeological Service ( el, Αρχαιολογική Υπηρεσία) is a state service, under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture, responsible for the oversight of all archaeological excavations, museums and the country's a ...
to gain an understanding of the number and condition of ancient finds unearthed to date.
In 1871, then working as an assistant in the Archaeological Office of the
Ministry of Education, Stamatakis was invited by the
Archaeological Society of Athens to become a travelling ''ephor'' for the society, known as an 'apostle'. A major part of his role as an 'apostle' was to persuade citizens to surrender illegally-excavated antiquities to the state. His energetic approach to these efforts, later described as 'tireless in his work, unyielding in the discharge of his duties and unshakeable in the matters of ethics', led to the establishment of public archaeological collections throughout Greece, and the basis for many future archaeological museums, including those at
Sparta,
Thebes and
Chaeronea.
On 3 March 1875, he assumed the post of ''ephor'' of central Greece with the Greek Archaeological Service, which was at that time expanding its ranks to include a number of such officers.
During his career, Stamatakis travelled and excavated widely in Greece. He discovered and excavated a
''tholos'' tomb at the site of the
Heraion of Argos, and his finds in Argos formed the basis for the early collection of the
Archaeological Museum of Argos
The Archaeological Museum of Argos ( el, Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Άργους) is a museum in Argos, in Argolis on the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece. The history of the museum began in April 1932, when the heirs of J. Kallergis dona ...
, opened in 1878. He campaigned in
Boeotia against the illegal excavation and trade of antiquities from 1871 onwards, carrying out excavations in 1873–1875 at
Tanagra following the illegal looting of the
necropolis
A necropolis (plural necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek ''nekropolis'', literally meaning "city of the dead".
The term usually im ...
there in the early 1870s, where the looting of around 10,000 tombs had raised concerns about antiquities looting and smuggling among the Greek press and population. His excavations brought to light various funerary reliefs and inscriptions. He also worked in the
Aegean islands, producing the first archaeological maps of
Delos
The island of Delos (; el, Δήλος ; Attic: , Doric: ), near Mykonos, near the centre of the Cyclades archipelago, is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in Greece. The excavations in the island are ...
and
Mykonos. From 1872 to 1873, he stayed on Delos to supervise the excavation of the
French School at Athens at the sanctuary of
Heracles, directed by J. Albert Lebègue.
Excavations at Mycenae, 1876–1877
Background to the excavations
The
German archaeologist and businessman Heinrich Schliemann first visited Mycenae in 1868, and tried unsuccessfully to secure a permit to excavate there throughout the early 1870s. The permit to excavate at the site belonged to the Archaeological Society of Athens, and Schliemann wrote in January 1870 to
Stefanos Koumanoudis
Stefanos Koumanoudis ( el, Στέφανος Κουμανούδης, 1818-1899) was a Greek archaeologist, teacher and writer of the 19th century.
Biography
He was born in 1818 in Adrianople to a rich merchant family. In an early age, his family ...
, secretary of the society, to propose that he excavate the site on their behalf. In this letter, he expressed his belief that the royal tombs of Mycenae might be found within the citadel. However, Schliemann's letter of 26 February 1870 to
Frank Calvert indicated that his petition had been unsuccessful. Further events in Greece, particularly the
Dilessi murders
The Dilessi murders were committed between 4 and 7 April 1870, when one Italians, Italian and three English people, English aristocracy, aristocrats were murdered at Dilesi ( gr, Δήλεσι), a coastal town in eastern Boeotia, by Greeks, Greek b ...
of April, put paid to any prospect of an official permit that year, and Schliemann left Greece for
Troy, where he excavated until 1873.
Throughout his time in Troy, Schliemann continued to push for permission to excavate in Greece. On 16 November 1872, he became a member of the Archaeological Society of Athens, and in January 1873 he made another petition, to Panagiotis Efstratiadis and to Demitrios Kallifronas, the Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public Education, which was again refused. Further efforts to offer
'Treasure of Priam', excavated from Troy in May 1873, in exchange for permission, were similarly rebuffed. At first, he divided his attentions between Mycenae and
Olympia
The name Olympia may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film
* ''Olympia'' (1938 film), by Leni Riefenstahl, documenting the Berlin-hosted Olympic Games
* ''Olympia'' (1998 film), about a Mexican soap opera star who pursues a career as an athlet ...
, but the Greek government awarded the permit for Olympia to the
German government early in 1874, to which Schliemann reacted in fury. Between 23 February and 4 March 1874, Schliemann travelled to Mycenae, hired workers and made an illegal test excavation, only stopping when forced to do so by the police, on Kallifronas' and Efstratiadis' orders.
In 1874,
Dimitrios Voulgaris — famous for the corruption of his governments — became
Prime Minister for the eighth and final time. The new government, through Kallifronas' successor Ioannis Valassopoulos, gave Schliemann permission to excavate, but gave ultimate responsibility for the project to the Greek Archaeological Service under Efstratiadis. Efstratiadis in turn stipulated that Stamatakis should serve as supervisor to the project, responsible for ensuring that Schliemann followed the terms of his permit and that the interests of the Greek state in preserving the antiquities were respected.
Schliemann's excavations of 1876
Legal troubles prevented Schliemann from beginning the excavations until 28 July 1876. On July 21, Valassopoulos had confirmed Stamatakis as overseer of the excavation, and made clear that it was being treated as an operation of the Archaeological Society of Athens, for whom Schliemann was in effect working.
Stamatakis kept a daily diary of the excavations, and supplemented this with regular reports to his superiors in the Greek government and the Archaeological Society. Among his major contributions to the excavations was establishing the system for classifying finds by material. More generally, he insisted on the meticulous recording of all finds, often clashing with Schliemann's desire to demolish anything that was not 'Homeric', and οften slowed or stopped part of the work in order to ensure that finds, such as the relief of the
Lion Gate, could be properly assessed and protected. While Schliemann only visited the site, at least at first, in the mornings and evenings, Stamatakis remained throughout the day, supervising the work, and it was he who took charge of the recording, sorting and processing of finds. His efforts and documentation have been credited with preserving the 'scientific integrity' of the excavation, and preventing its descent into 'gold-digging'.
Schliemann's initial excavations took place around the Lion Gate and, when Stamatakis insisted that he stop removing material from around the gate until its structural integrity could be assessed, the
Tomb of Clytemnestra. On 27 August, Stamatakis halted the excavations for three days, in protest at the difficulty of supervising Schliemann's rapidly-expanding workforce (now numbering seventy workers, versus thirty in July) and at Schliemann's attempts to remove finds, particularly
stelae, from the site. Schliemann's behaviour, however, remained focused on completing the excavations as quickly as possible: he had hired a total of 125 workers by September.
The excavation of
Grave Circle A took place over only eleven days. Schliemann discovered five
shaft graves within the circuit, conventionally numbered with Roman numerals I-V. Schliemann's recording of this phase of the excavation has been described as having 'serious scientific shortcomings, including the often vague and confusing information he provided on findspots.' Schliemann gave no detailed account of the arrangements of the graves, and what details he did include were frequently incorrect, often adjusting the truth to fit a neater arrangement. Stamatakis, by contrast, maintained a detailed account of the position of each burial and the finds associated with it, and his rediscovered notebooks formed the basis of a major reassessment of the Grave Circle A burials in 2009. In contrast to Schliemann's emphasis on speedily recovering the finds, Stamatakis sought to analyse the material and its stratigraphy fully before removing it: he attempted, for instance, to study the position and emplacement of the ''stelae'' above the shaft graves, in order to test a hypothesis that they might have been fixed in the ground considerably later than the burials they marked. In the case of Grave I, Schliemann's failure to record the
stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock (geology), rock layers (Stratum, strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary rock, sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.
Stratigrap ...
of the layers above the graves, born out of a desire to excavate as quickly as possible, has been blamed for the destruction of valuable information as to whether
Mycenaean figurines, dated around four centuries later than the burials, might have been placed in the grave as offerings during the re-building of Grave Circle A in the Late Mycenaean period.
Relationship with Schliemann
The relationship between Stamatakis and Schliemann was strained. Schliemann referred to him only once in his 1878 publication of ''Mycenae'', his own monograph on the site and excavations, as 'a government clerk'. In his letters, Schliemann called him 'a government spy', and his wife
Sophia Schliemann
Sophia Schliemann, born Sophia Engastromenou (Σοφία Εγκαστρωμένου) (12 January 1852 - 27 October 1932) was the Greek second wife of the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann. She is known for posing for a photo while draped in gold je ...
referred to him as 'our enemy'. In his own letters to his superiors in the Archaeological Society of Athens and the Greek Archaeological Service, Stamatakis twice threatened to resign. When ordered to stop digging or slow down the work, both Heinrich and Sophia could be aggressive: on one occasion, Stamatakis reported to Athens that Heinrich had 'began to insult
imcoarsely', and that Sophia had 'abuse
imin front of the workers, saying that
ewas illiterate and fit only to conduct animals'. By early October, Stamatakis and Schliemann were speaking only through intermediaries.
Schliemann left Mycenae on 4 December 1876: in a letter to
Max Müller, he wrote that Stamatakis 'would have made an excellent executioner', and professed his determination never to excavate in Greece again. Later, in 1877, he described him as 'the brute delegate of the Greek government'.
No securely-identified image of Stamatakis survives, and it has been suggested that Schliemann had him edited out of an illustration published in ''Mycenae'' as a consequence of their poor relationship. After Stamatakis' death, Schliemann referred to him in his monograph ''Tiryns'' as a 'distinguished archaeologist'.
Stamatakis' work at Mycenae after Schliemann's departure
Schliemann left Mycenae on 4 December 1876, with many finds remaining partially-exposed in the ground and several trenches unfinished. Stamatakis would continue working at the site until January 1878, aiming both to head off any possibility of looting and to ensure that Schliemann's excavations were properly finished. He was also responsible in this period for the safe transportation of the antiquities found at Mycenae to Athens, where they were stored, against Schliemann's protests, in the basement of the
National Bank. At the end of December, it was agreed that they would be moved to a new display in the
Polytechneion, which Stamatakis arranged, ordering the finds according to the burials with which they were discovered.
Stamatakis returned to Mycenae early in January 1877. Following the observation of a trench to the south side of the Grave Circle, Stamatakis excavated and discovered the remains of the so-called 'Ramp House', including a treasury of gold vessels, jewellery and a signet ring. Much of the material here was imported, showing connections between Mycenae and Central Europe. Another major project undertaken by Stamatakis in this period was the systematic photography of the finds and remains at Mycenae.
In June 1877, Stamatakis excavated two
Mycenaean chamber tombs at
Spata near
Athens. On 1 November, he returned to Mycenae, and began excavating on the 9th: by the 19th, a sixth Shaft Grave (numbered as VI), containing two burials, was discovered near the entrance to the Grave Circle, and Stamatakis excavated it on that day. In December, he uncovered four further
cist graves towards the outside of the Grave Circle.
After Mycenae
In 1879, Stamatakis excavated the
burial mound of the
Theban '
Sacred Band' on the battlefield of
Chaeronea, and in 1882 he began the excavation of the ''
polyandrion
The polyandrion is the archaeological term for a communal tomb in ancient Greece, where more than one body, usually warriors, are buried. The polyandrion is also called ''δημόσιον σήμα'' (public signal).
For the marking of polyandria d ...
'' of the
Thespian warriors who died at the
Battle of Delium in 424 BCE. Most of his archaeological work remained unpublished at the time of his death: he also carried out excavations at
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracle ...
,
Phthiotis and throughout Greece.
In 1881, he is said to have carried out the clearing of a well on the acropolis of
Daulis in
Phocis, uncovering a number of Classical vase fragments. In 1882, he invited
Christos Tsountas, then aged 25, to accompany him on a tour of Boeotia, combatting the illicit trade in antiquities — an event which has been described as the beginning of Tsountas' 'apprenticeship' to Stamatakis.
In 1884, on the retirement of Panagiotis Efstratiadis, Stamatakis was promoted to Ephor General, the highest office in the Greek Archaeological Service. He died less than a year later, on 19 March 1885, of
malaria: contemporary newspapers reported that he had contracted the disease during his excavations at Chaeronea, and he had certainly suffered from it for a number of years. He was buried in the
First Cemetery of Athens, in a tomb whose headstone was designed by
Wilhelm Dörpfeld, a German architect and archaeologist who had assisted Schliemann with his excavations at Troy. Some time afterwards, however, the tomb was demolished, apparently because Stamatakis lacked any living descendants to whom ownership of it could be passed. However, it has been noted that several surviving 19th-century graves in the First Cemetery belong to people without living heirs, and suggested on that basis that 'the municipality of Athens considered the grave to be rather unimportant'.
Footnotes
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stamatakis, Panagiotis
1885 deaths
Greek archaeologists
19th-century archaeologists
Mycenaean archaeologists
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
Mycenae
People from Laconia
Ephors General of Greece