PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby.

History

PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University. While

ELIZA ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program created from 1964 to 1966 at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Joseph Weizenbaum. Created to demonstrate the superficiality of communication between humans and machines ...

was a tongue-in-cheek simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia. The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid schizophrenia based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations: accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude". PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the

Turing Test The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluato ...

. A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through

teleprinter A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point (telecommunications), point-to-point and point- ...

s. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs. The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure consistent with random guessing. PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor") "met" several times. – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is ''not'' the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972, whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.) The most famous of these exchanges occurred at the ICCC 1972, where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over

ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foun ...

and "talked" to each other.

Notes and references

External links

Parry's Source Code
The original

LISP A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ). These misarticulations often result in unclear speech. Types * A frontal lisp occurs when the tongue is placed anterior to the target. Interdental lispi ...

code for Parry. {{DEFAULTSORT:Parry Chatbots History of artificial intelligence Schizophrenia

History

See also

Notes and references

External links