Oxomoco' also known as Oxomo is an Aztec deity, the goddess of the night, the astrology and the calendar. Oxomoco and
Cipactonal
Cipactonal is the Aztec god of astrology and calendars. Oxomoco and Cipactonal were said to be the first human couple, and the Aztec comparison to Adam and Eve in regard to human creation and evolution. They bore a son named Piltzin-tecuhtli, who ...
were said to be the first human couple, and the Aztec comparison to Adam and Eve in regard to human creation and evolution.
They bore a son named
Piltzintecuhtli, who married a maiden, daughter of
Xōchiquetzal.
As an older woman she was also known as Itzpapalotl.
Origin of the Name
Dr. Rafael Tena of the INAH translates the name Oxomoco as "First Woman" saying that it is a Huastec word morphed into Nahuatl. Uxumocox; Uxum (Woman) and Ocox (First).
Depictions
Oxomoco and Cipactonal are mentioned in the Aztec ''
Annals of Cuautitlán
Annals ( la, annāles, from , "year") are a concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically, year by year, although the term is also used loosely for any historical record.
Scope
The nature of the distinction between anna ...
''; they were in charge of the calendar.
They also appear in
Quiché legends such as within the
Popol Vuh
''Popol Vuh'' (also ''Popol Wuj'' or ''Popul Vuh'' or ''Pop Vuj'') is a text recounting the mythology and history of the Kʼicheʼ people, one of the Maya peoples, who inhabit Guatemala and the Mexican states of Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan and ...
.
Some scholars, such as the Nicaraguan
Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
Fernández () is a Spanish surname meaning "son of Fernando". The Germanic name that it derives from ( Gothic: ''Frið-nanð'') means "brave traveler." The Portuguese version of this surname is Fernandes. The Arabized version is ''Ibn Faranda'' ...
claim that Cipactonal was actually the female and Oxomoco actually the male and referred to one of them as Tamagastad.
Other scholars from the Nicaraguan perspective such as
Ephraim George Squier
Ephraim George Squier (June 17, 1821 – April 17, 1888), usually cited as E. G. Squier, was an American archaeologist, history writer, painter and newspaper editor.
Biography
Squier was born in Bethlehem, New York, the son of a minister, Joel ...
and
Frank E. Comparato also claim that Oxomoco was male and Cipactonal female and claim that they were sorcerers and magicians.
Nahuatl
Nahuatl (; ), Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller ...
terms of the four shamans who stayed at
Tamoanchan
Tamoanchan is a mythical location of origin known to the Mesoamerican cultures of the central Mexican region in the Late Postclassic period. In the mythological traditions and creation accounts of Late Postclassic peoples such as the Aztec, Ta ...
are not gendered with the exception of Oxomoco who was female.
In the ''
Codex Borbonicus
The Codex Borbonicus is an Aztec codex written by Aztec priests shortly before or after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It is named after the Palais Bourbon in France and kept at the Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale in Paris. T ...
'', Oxomoc, like Cipactonal, usually wears the tobacco gourd of priests on her back.
In some depictions the goddess is wearing a butterfly mask and throwing maize and beans from a vessel.
In the
Florentine Codex
The ''Florentine Codex'' is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. Sahagún originally titled it: ''La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España'' (in English: ''The ...
, Oxomoco is depicted divining with knotted cords.
There is a notable carving of Oxomoco and Cipactonal near
Yautepec,
Morelos
Morelos (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuer ...
.
References
{{Aztec mythology
Aztec goddesses
Night goddesses
Mythological first humans