Phaeodarea, or Phaeodaria, is a group of
amoeboid cercozoa
Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eu ...
n organisms. They are traditionally considered
radiolarians,
but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the
Cercozoa
Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eu ...
.
They are distinguished by the structure of their central capsule and by the presence of a phaeodium, an aggregate of waste particles within the cell.
The term "Radiozoa" has been used to refer to radiolaria when Phaeodarea is explicitly excluded.
Phaeodarea produce hollow skeletons composed of amorphous
silica and organic material, which rarely fossilize. The
endoplasm is divided by a cape with three openings, of which one gives rise to feeding
pseudopods, and the others let through bundles of
microtubule
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27 nm and have an inner diameter between 11 an ...
s that support the
axopods. Unlike true radiolarians, there are no cross-bridges between them. They also lack symbiotic
algae, generally living below the
photic zone
The photic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological proc ...
, and do not produce any
strontium sulphate.
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Through phylogenetic analyses it has been discovered that Phaeodarea is a
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
clade, but the historical orders and families comprising it aren't. Instead, the clade consists of 11 subclades defined by morphological and phylogenetic values that do not correspond with the traditional orders and families:
Despite this, the current taxonomy by
Cavalier-Smith maintains the original classification of suborders
divided between two new orders:
#Eodarida, containing phaeodarea with no
silica skeleton or with a skeleton made of simple radiating spicules. Contains two suborders:
Phaeogymnocellina and
Phaeocystina.
#Opaloconchida, containing phaeodarea with a highly perforated, shell-like opaline silica skeleton. Contains the remaining five suborders:
Phaeosphaeria
''Phaeosphaeria'' is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. It has about 95 species. The genus was circumscribed by Japanese mycologist Ichiro Miyake in 1909, with '' Phaeosphaeria oryzae'' assigned as the type species.
Species
*'' Ph ...
,
Phaeocalpia,
Phaeogromia,
Phaeoconchia and
Phaeodendria.
Modern classification
The modern classification is the following, with the subclass containing a total of 2 orders, 7 suborders,
16 families and 39 genera.
*Order Eodarida
**Suborder Phaeogymnocellina (=
Phaeogymnocellida
Phaeogymnocellida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
External links
*
Phaeogymnocellidaat the World Register of Marine Spacies (WoRMS)
Phaeodaria
Cercozoa orders
{{Cercozoa-stub ...
)
***Family
Phaeosphaeridae – ''
Phaeopyla'', ''
Phaeodactylis'', ''
Phaeosphaera''
***Family
Phaeodinidae – ''
Phaeodina''
***Family
Atlanticellidae – ''
Gymnocelia'', ''
Halocelia'', ''
Lobocelia'', ''
Miracelia'', ''
Planktonetta''
**Suborder Phaeocystina (=
Phaeocystida
Phaeocystida, also known as Phaeocystina, is a group of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. It was first described by Ernst Haeckel in 1887 and treated traditionally as a suborder, but later was raised to order level until Cavalier-Smith
Th ...
)
***Family
Aulacanthidae – ''
Aulacantha''
***Family
Astracanthidae
''Astracantha'' is a genus of phaeodaria containing the sole species of plankton ''A. heteracantha''. It was first described by the zoologist Valentin Haecker in 1908. It is the only member of the family Astracanthidae, described by Ernst Haeckel ...
– ''
Astracantha'', ''
Castanella'', ''
Castanissa''
*Order Opaloconchida
**Suborder Phaeosphaeria (=
Phaeocystida
Phaeocystida, also known as Phaeocystina, is a group of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. It was first described by Ernst Haeckel in 1887 and treated traditionally as a suborder, but later was raised to order level until Cavalier-Smith
Th ...
)
***Family
Aulosphaeridae – ''
Aulosphaera'', ''
Aularia'', ''
Aulotractus''
***Family
Cannosphaeridae – ''
Coelocantha''
***Family
Sagosphaeridae – ''
Sagenoarium'', ''
Sagenoscena'', ''
Sagoscena''
**Suborder Phaeocalpia (=
Phaeocalpida
Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. E Haeckel, Zoology seri ...
)
***Family
Castanellidae
Castanellidae is a family of cercozoans in the order Phaeocalpida
Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific results of the voyage of t ...
– ''
Castanea
The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The name also refers to the edible nut (fruit), nuts they produce.
Th ...
''
***Family
Circoporidae
Circoporidae is a family of cercozoans, single-celled eukaryotes in the order Phaeocalpida
Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific r ...
– ''
Circoporus'', ''
Circospathis'', ''
Haeckeliana''
***Family
Tuscaroridae
Tuscaroridae is a family of cercozoans, single-celled eukaryotes in the order Phaeocalpida
Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific r ...
– ''
Tuscarora Tuscarora may refer to the following:
First nations and Native American people and culture
* Tuscarora people
**''Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation'' (1960)
* Tuscarora language, an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people
* ...
'', ''
Tuscarilla'', ''
Tuscaretta''
***Family
Porospathidae – ''
Porospathis''
***Family
Polypyramidae – ''
Polypyramis''
**Suborder Phaeogromia (=
Phaeogromida
Phaeogromida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. E Haeckel, Zoology series, ...
)
***Family
Challengeridae – ''
Challengeria'', ''
Challengeron''
***Family
Medusettiidae – ''
Euphysetta'', ''
Gazelletta'', ''
Medusetta''
***Family
Lirellidae – ''
Borgertella'', ''
Lirella''
**Suborder Phaeoconchia (=
Phaeoconchida)
***Family
Concharidae – ''
Conchidium
''Porpax'' is a genus of epiphytic orchids native to southern and southeastern Asia from India to Yunnan to Borneo. , Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:
*''Porpax albiflora'' (Rolfe) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen
*''Porp ...
''
**Suborder Phaeodendria (=
Phaeodendrida
Phaeodendrida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the HMS Challenger during the years 1873–1876. E Haeckel, Zoology s ...
)
***Family
Coelodendridae
Coelodendridae is a family of cercozoans in the order Phaeodendrida
Phaeodendrida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea.
References
* Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887
* Report on the scientific results of the voyage o ...
– ''
Coelodendrum'', ''
Coelographis''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q139462
Cercozoa classes
Amoeboids
Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel