Opaloconchida
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Phaeodarea, or Phaeodaria, is a group of amoeboid
cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eu ...
n organisms. They are traditionally considered radiolarians, but in molecular trees do not appear to be close relatives of the other groups, and are instead placed among the
Cercozoa Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eu ...
. They are distinguished by the structure of their central capsule and by the presence of a phaeodium, an aggregate of waste particles within the cell. The term "Radiozoa" has been used to refer to radiolaria when Phaeodarea is explicitly excluded. Phaeodarea produce hollow skeletons composed of amorphous silica and organic material, which rarely fossilize. The endoplasm is divided by a cape with three openings, of which one gives rise to feeding pseudopods, and the others let through bundles of
microtubule Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27  nm and have an inner diameter between 11 an ...
s that support the axopods. Unlike true radiolarians, there are no cross-bridges between them. They also lack symbiotic algae, generally living below the
photic zone The photic zone, euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological proc ...
, and do not produce any strontium sulphate.


Taxonomy


Phylogeny

Through phylogenetic analyses it has been discovered that Phaeodarea is a
monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
clade, but the historical orders and families comprising it aren't. Instead, the clade consists of 11 subclades defined by morphological and phylogenetic values that do not correspond with the traditional orders and families: Despite this, the current taxonomy by Cavalier-Smith maintains the original classification of suborders divided between two new orders: #Eodarida, containing phaeodarea with no silica skeleton or with a skeleton made of simple radiating spicules. Contains two suborders: Phaeogymnocellina and Phaeocystina. #Opaloconchida, containing phaeodarea with a highly perforated, shell-like opaline silica skeleton. Contains the remaining five suborders:
Phaeosphaeria ''Phaeosphaeria'' is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae. It has about 95 species. The genus was circumscribed by Japanese mycologist Ichiro Miyake in 1909, with '' Phaeosphaeria oryzae'' assigned as the type species. Species *'' Ph ...
, Phaeocalpia, Phaeogromia, Phaeoconchia and Phaeodendria.


Modern classification

The modern classification is the following, with the subclass containing a total of 2 orders, 7 suborders, 16 families and 39 genera. *Order Eodarida **Suborder Phaeogymnocellina (=
Phaeogymnocellida Phaeogymnocellida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References External links * Phaeogymnocellidaat the World Register of Marine Spacies (WoRMS) Phaeodaria Cercozoa orders {{Cercozoa-stub ...
) ***Family Phaeosphaeridae – '' Phaeopyla'', '' Phaeodactylis'', '' Phaeosphaera'' ***Family Phaeodinidae – '' Phaeodina'' ***Family Atlanticellidae – '' Gymnocelia'', '' Halocelia'', '' Lobocelia'', '' Miracelia'', '' Planktonetta'' **Suborder Phaeocystina (=
Phaeocystida Phaeocystida, also known as Phaeocystina, is a group of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. It was first described by Ernst Haeckel in 1887 and treated traditionally as a suborder, but later was raised to order level until Cavalier-Smith Th ...
) ***Family Aulacanthidae – '' Aulacantha'' ***Family
Astracanthidae ''Astracantha'' is a genus of phaeodaria containing the sole species of plankton ''A. heteracantha''. It was first described by the zoologist Valentin Haecker in 1908. It is the only member of the family Astracanthidae, described by Ernst Haeckel ...
– '' Astracantha'', '' Castanella'', '' Castanissa'' *Order Opaloconchida **Suborder Phaeosphaeria (=
Phaeocystida Phaeocystida, also known as Phaeocystina, is a group of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. It was first described by Ernst Haeckel in 1887 and treated traditionally as a suborder, but later was raised to order level until Cavalier-Smith Th ...
) ***Family Aulosphaeridae – '' Aulosphaera'', '' Aularia'', '' Aulotractus'' ***Family Cannosphaeridae – '' Coelocantha'' ***Family Sagosphaeridae – '' Sagenoarium'', '' Sagenoscena'', '' Sagoscena'' **Suborder Phaeocalpia (=
Phaeocalpida Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. E Haeckel, Zoology seri ...
) ***Family
Castanellidae Castanellidae is a family of cercozoans in the order Phaeocalpida Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific results of the voyage of t ...
– ''
Castanea The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nut (fruit), nuts they produce. Th ...
'' ***Family
Circoporidae Circoporidae is a family of cercozoans, single-celled eukaryotes in the order Phaeocalpida Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific r ...
– '' Circoporus'', '' Circospathis'', '' Haeckeliana'' ***Family
Tuscaroridae Tuscaroridae is a family of cercozoans, single-celled eukaryotes in the order Phaeocalpida Phaeocalpida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific r ...
– ''
Tuscarora Tuscarora may refer to the following: First nations and Native American people and culture * Tuscarora people **''Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation'' (1960) * Tuscarora language, an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people * ...
'', '' Tuscarilla'', '' Tuscaretta'' ***Family Porospathidae – '' Porospathis'' ***Family Polypyramidae – '' Polypyramis'' **Suborder Phaeogromia (=
Phaeogromida Phaeogromida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. E Haeckel, Zoology series, ...
) ***Family Challengeridae – '' Challengeria'', '' Challengeron'' ***Family Medusettiidae – '' Euphysetta'', '' Gazelletta'', '' Medusetta'' ***Family Lirellidae – '' Borgertella'', '' Lirella'' **Suborder Phaeoconchia (= Phaeoconchida) ***Family Concharidae – ''
Conchidium ''Porpax'' is a genus of epiphytic orchids native to southern and southeastern Asia from India to Yunnan to Borneo. , Plants of the World Online accepts the following species: *''Porpax albiflora'' (Rolfe) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen *''Porp ...
'' **Suborder Phaeodendria (=
Phaeodendrida Phaeodendrida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the HMS Challenger during the years 1873–1876. E Haeckel, Zoology s ...
) ***Family
Coelodendridae Coelodendridae is a family of cercozoans in the order Phaeodendrida Phaeodendrida is an order of cercozoans in the class Phaeodarea. References * Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887 * Report on the scientific results of the voyage o ...
– '' Coelodendrum'', '' Coelographis''


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q139462 Cercozoa classes Amoeboids Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel