Ozuaei

This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of Illyria ( grc-gre, Ἰλλυρία; la, Illyria). The name '' Illyrians'' seems to be the name of a single Illyrian tribe that was the first to come into contact with the ancient Greeks, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs. The locations of Illyrian tribes/peoples prior to the Roman conquest are approximate, as sometimes many wholly different locations are given by ancient writers and modern authors (as in the case of the Enchelei).

After the Great Illyrian Revolt, the Romans deported,J. J. Wilkes, ''The Illyrians'', 1992, , p. 217. split, and resettled Illyrian tribes within Illyria itself and to Dacia, sometimes causing whole tribes to vanish and new ones to be formed from their remains, such as the Deraemestae and the Docleatae, some of them mixed with Celtic tribes (see Celticization). Many tribal names are known from Roman and the number of their , formed of the dispersed tribes in Illyria.

Illyrian

Albani

The ''Albani'' (Latinized form of grc, Ἀλβανοί, ''Albanoi'') were an Illyrian tribe whose first historical account appears in a work of Ptolemy. They were the citizens of Albanopolis (), located in the center of modern Albania, in the Zgërdhesh hill fort, near the city of Krujë. The national ethnonym of the Albanians is derived from this tribe.

Amantes

The ''Amantes'' lived in present-day southwestern Albania. The site of Amantia has been identified with the location of their territory. The toponym has a connection with the modern Albanian term amë/ãmë ("river-bed, fountain, spring")

Ardiaei

The ''Ardiaei'' or ''Ouardaioi'' ( grc, link=no, Ἀρδιαῖοι, Οὐαρδαῖοι; la, link=no, Vardiaei, Vardaei) were an Illyrian tribe, residing inland,Appian and Illyricum by Marjeta Šašel Kos
" The Ardiaei were certainly also settled in the hinterland, along the Naro River at least as far as the Konjic region ..." that eventually settled on the Adriatic coast. The Ardiaei had 20 . The Ardiaean dynasty ruled over the Illyrian Kingdom.

Autariatae

The ''Autariatae'' or ''Autariates'' ( grc, lang=no, Αὐταριᾶται) were an Illyrian tribe that became prominent between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. The tribe had been Celticized.

Balaites

The ''Balaites'' were an Illyrian tribe known from epigraphical findings only who were organizing themselves in a koinon, and it is likely that they lived in the vicinity of Apollonia.

Bathiatae

The Bathiatae were an Illyrian tribe.

Bylliones

The Bylliones () were an Illyrian tribe. They were affected by a partial cultural Hellenisation.The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), , 1994, page 423, "Through contact with their Greek neighbors some Illyrian tribe became bilingual (Strabo Vii.7.8.Diglottoi) in particular the Bylliones and the Taulantian tribes close to Epidamnus ..." According to Robert Elsie, the tribe was Illyrian.

Cavii

The Cavii were an Illyrian tribe. They lived close to Lake Shkodër. Their main settlement was Epicaria. They are mentioned rarely by ancient writers.

Daorsi

The ''Daorsi'' or ''Duersi'' or ''Daorsii'' or ''Daorsei'' ( grc, link=no, Δαόριζοι, Δαούρσιοι) were an Illyrian tribe. Another name of the tribe was Daversi. The Daorsi had suffered attacks from the Delmatae that made them along with Issa seek the aid of the Roman state. The Daorsi fought on the Roman side, providing them with their strong navy abandoning Caravantius. After the Illyrian Wars, the Daorsi were given immunity. Their most important city was Daorson. They had 17 .

Dardani

The ''Dardani'' or ''Dardanians'' were a tribe located at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone and their identification is uncertain. Johann Georg von Hahn was the first to propose that the names ''Dardanoi'' and ''Dardania'' were related to the Albanian word ''dardhë'' ("pear, pear-tree"). Subgroups of the Dardani include the Galabri and the Thunatae.

Dassaretii

The ''Dassaretii'' ( grc, link=no, Δασσαρῆται, Δασσαρήτιοι) were an Illyrian tribe. They were located between the Dardani and the Ardiaei. Appian of Alexandria wrote in his ''Illyrian wars'' that according to the Ancient Greeks, Illyrius, the ancestor of the Illyrians, had a daughter, ''Dassaro'', from whom sprang the Dassaretii. They are not to be confused with the ancient Greek Dexaroi the Lake Ohrid region.

Deretini

The Deretini or Derriopes ( grc, link=no, Δερρίοπες) were an Illyrian tribe in Narona conventus with 14 .

Deuri

The Deuri or Derbanoi ( grc, link=no, Δερβανοί) were an Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 216, "... of southwest Bosnia, the Maezaei (269) of the Sana and Vrbas valleys, and the Sardeates (52) around Jajce and the Deuri (25) around Bugojno, both in the Vrbas valley." Other possible names are Derrioi.The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 577 In a conventus held in Salona after the Roman conquest the Deuri had 25 .

Dyestes

The Dyestes or Dyestae ( grc, link=no, Δυέσται) were an Illyrian tribe located around the silver mines of Damastion. Only Strabo passingly mentions this tribe.

Enchelei

The ''Enchelei'' or ''Sesarethii'' ( grc, link=no, Ἐγχελεῖς, Σεσαρηθίους, accusative of ) were an Illyrian tribe. Their name, given by the Greeks, meant "eel-men". In Greek mythology. According to E. Hamp, a connection with Albanian ''ngjalë'' makes it possible that the name ''Enchele'' was derived from the Illyrian term for eels Cadmus and Harmonia ruled over them. Several locations are hypothesized for the Encheleans: around Lake Ohrid; above Lake Ohrid, or in the region of Lynkestis south of the Taulantii.John J. Wilkes, ''The Illyrians'', 1996, , p. 99.

Kinambroi

The Kinambroi ( grc, link=no, Κίναμβροι) were an Illyrian tribe. They surrendered to Octavian in 33 BC.

Labeatae

The ''Labeates'' or ''Labeatae'' ( grc, link=no, Λαβεᾶται) were an Illyrian tribe that lived (after being defeated by Parmenio) around Scodra.

Mazaei

The ''Mazaei'' or ''Maezaei'' ( grc, link=no, Μαζαῖοι, Μαιζαῖοι) were a tribal group, including 269 .

Melcumani

The Melcumani or Merromenoi or Melkomenioi ( grc, link=no, Μελκομένιοι) were an Illyrian tribe. The Melcumani had 24 .

Narensi

Narensi or Narensii or Narensioi ( grc, link=no, Ναρήνσιοι) or ''Naresioi'' or ''Naresii'' ( grc, link=no, Ναρήσιοι) was the name of a newly formedThe Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 578 Illyrian tribe from various peoples living around the River Naron or Neretva, mostly in its Lower course. The Narensi had 102 .

Parthini

Penestae

Penestae ( grc, link=no, Πενέσται) was the name of an Illyrian tribe. Their chief town was Uscana.

Selepitani

The Selepitani (Latin: ''Selepitani'') were an Illyrian tribe located below the Lake Scutari.

Siculotae

The Siculotae or Sikoulotai were an Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, page 217, "... whose name deriving from the Greek for 'thunderbolt' links them with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of ..." The Siculotae were part of the Pirustae. The Siculotae had 24 .

Dalmatae

The ''Dalmatae'' were an ancient Illyrian tribe. It is considered to be connected to the Albanian ''dele'' and its variants which include the Gheg form ''delmë'', meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term ''delmer'', "shepherd". They were later Celticized. The Delmatae had 342 .

Iapydes

The Iapydes or Japodes ( grc, link=no, Ἰάποδες, Iapodes) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Istrian peninsula. The first written mention of an Illyrian tribe known as "Iapydes" is by Hecataeus of Miletus.

Baridustae

The Baridustae were an Illyrian tribe that was later settled in Dacia along with Pirustae and Sardeates. The Baridustae were a Dalmatian tribe.

Tariotes

The ''Tariotes'' were a subtribe of the Dalmatae that lived on the eastern Adriatic coast.

Sardiatae

The Sardeates or Sardiotai were an Illyrian tribe close to Jajce. Sardeates were later settled in Dacia.ALBURNUS MAIOR (Roşia Montană) Alba, Romania.
"An important settlement, center of gold mining in Roman Dacia Superior, in the Apuseni mountains. In the hills of Cetatea Mare and Cetatea Mică, traces are preserved of ancient Roman mines. Under Trajan, Dalinatian colonists (Pirustae, Baridustae, Sardeates) settled here, each tribe dwelling in a separate village or quarter." The Sardeates had 52 .

Docleatae

The Docleatae ( grc, link=no, Δοκλεᾶται, Dokleatai) were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is now Montenegro. Their capital was Doclea (or ''Dioclea''), and they are called after the town. They had settled west of the Morača river, up to Montenegro's present-day borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Docleatae were prominent for their cheese, which was exported to various Roman provinces within the Roman Empire. They were composed of parts of the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae that came together after the Great Illyrian revolt. The Docleatae had 33 .

Pleraei

Pleraei, Plarioi, Pyraei, Pleraioi, Plaraioi or Palarioi ( grc, link=no, Παλάριοι) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.

Endirudini

Endirudini or Interphrourinoi ( grc, link=no, Ἰντερφρουρῖνοι)Appianus
''Illyrica''
was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.

Sasaei

Sasaei was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.

Grabaei

The ''Grabaei'' or ''Kambaioi'' ( grc, link=no, Καμβαῖοι) were a minor Illyrian group that lived around Lake Scutari.

Deraemestae

Deraemestae or Deraemistae was the name of an Illyrian tribe. The Deraemestae were composed of partsAlan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', ''Vol. 10'': ''The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69'', 1996, p. 577: "... figure in the warfare of the second century B.C. The Deraemestae (30) were a new formation from several smaller peoples in the hinterland of Epidaurum including the Ozuaei, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae." of several other tribes such as the Ozuaei, Taulantii, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae. The Deramestae had 30 .

Oxuaioi

Ozuaei or Ozuaioi or Oxuaioi ( grc, link=no, Ὀξυαῖοι) was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.

Hemasini

Hemasini or Hippasinoi ( grc, link=no, Ἱππασῖνοι) was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.

Arthitae

Arthitae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.

Armistae

Armistae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.

Taulantii

''Taulantii'' ( grc, link=no, Ταυλάντιοι) was the name of a cluster of Illyrian tribes. The term ''taulantii'' is connected with the Albanian word ''dallëndyshe'', or ''tallandushe'', meaning ' swallow'. The ethnonym ''Chelidonioi'' also reported by Hecateus as the name of a tribe neighboring the Taulantii is the translation of the name ''Taulantii'' as ''khelīdṓn'' (χελιδών) means "swallow" in Ancient Greek. According to Greek mythology Taulas (Tαύλας), one of the six sons of Illyrius, was the eponymous ancestor of the Taulantii. They lived on the Adriatic coast of Illyria, between to the vicinity of the city of Epidamnus (modern Durrës in Albania). This tribe played an important role in Illyrian history of the 4th-3rd centuries BC, when King Glaukias (ruled 335 – c. 302 BC) ruled over them. This tribe had become bilingual being under the effects of an early Hellenisation. Taulantii could prepare mead, wine from honey like the Abri.

Chelidonioi

Abroi

Pannonian tribes

The name Pannonians ( grc, link=no, Παννόνιοι, Pannonii) refers to Illyrian tribes, who originally inhabited the southern part of what was later known as Roman province of Pannonia, south of the river Drava (), and the northern part of the future Roman province of Dalmatia. In the Roman era, Pannonians settled in Dacia, the northern Pannonian plain and the eastern Alps. Some Pannonian tribes appear to have been Celticized.

The Pannonians were not definitely subdued within the province of Illyricum until the Great Illyrian Revolt, which started in 6 AD when the Pannonians, together with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and engaged the Roman Empire in a hard-fought campaign that lasted for three years, when they were finally overcome by the future emperor Tiberius and Germanicus in 9 AD. At that point, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after 20 AD but before 50 AD.

The Pannonian tribes inhabited the area between the river Drava and the Dalmatian coast. Early archaeology and onomastics show that they were culturally different from southern Illyrians, Iapodes, and the La Tène peoples commonly known as the Celts, though they were later Celticized. However, there are some cultural similarities between the Pannonians and Dalmatians. Many of the Pannonians lived in areas with rich iron ore deposits, so that iron mining and production was an important part of their economy before and after the Roman conquest. Apart from Segestica, the Pannonians did not have settlements of importance in pre-Roman times that were actually Celtic. Ancient sources (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Appian of Alexandria) mention few of the Pannonian tribes by name, and historians and archaeologists have located some of them. Those tribes were:

Amantini

''Amantini'' ( grc, link=no, Ἄμαντες) was the name of a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 218, "Except for the Latobici and Varciani, whose names are Celtic, the civitates of Colapiani, Jasi, Breuci, Amantini and Scordisci were Illyrian." They greatly resisted the Romans but were sold as slaves after their defeat.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 207, "The war was a savage affair and the main resistance to the Romans came from the Breuci and Amantini in the Sava valley. The young males were rounded up and sold as slaves in Italy, a quite exceptional action" The Amantini were close to Sirmium.

Breuci

The Breuci ( grc, link=no, Βρεῦκοι, Breukoi) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 203, "Papirius Carbo. Strabo (7.5, 3) identifies the Pannonian peoples as Breuci, Andizetes, Ditiones, Pirustae, Maezaei and Daesitiates." They greatly resisted the Romans and some were sold as slaves after their defeat. They received Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule. It is likely that the name of the northern Bosnian city Brčko is derived from the name of this tribe.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 256, "... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci." A number of Breuci settled in Dacia.

Bato the Breucian of the Breuci tribe and Pinnes from Pannonia were among the leaders of the Great Illyrian Revolt, together with Bato the Daesitiate of the Daesitiates from Dalmatia.The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 176, "Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato."

Colapiani

Colapiani was the name of an Illyrian tribe. The Colapiani were created from the Pannonian Breuci along with the Osseriates and the Celtic Varciani. They lived in the central and southern White Carniola, along the Kupa river, and were mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy. The archeologists Jaro Šašel and Dragan Božič have attributed the Vinica material culture to Colapiani, but opinions are divided.

Daesitiates

The ''Daesitiates'' were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is today central Bosnia and Herzegovina during the time of the Roman Republic. Along with the Maezaei, the Daesitiates were part of the western group of Pannonians in Roman Dalmatia. They were prominent from the end of the 4th century BC up until the beginning of the 3rd century AD. Evidence of their daily activities can be found in literary sources, as well as in the rich material finds that belong to the Central Bosnian cultural group. After nearly three centuries of political independence, the Daesitiates (and their polity) were conquered by Roman Emperor Augustus. Afterwards, the Daesitiates were incorporated into the province of Illyricum with a low total of 103 .

Pirustae

The Pirustae or Pyrissaei ( grc, link=no, Πειροῦσται or ) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe that lived in modern Montenegro. According to some sources, they had also lived in territories outside of modern-day Montenegro, but the majority of archaeologists, including the famous British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, say that the Pirustae had lived in northern Montenegro, around present-day Pljevlja and that they were prominent miners. Their prominence in mining has been seen in epigraphic monuments from Dacia's mining regions. Pirustae along with other Pannonians and Illyrians like the Sardeates were later settled in Dacia (modern-day Romania).

Scirtari

The Scirtari or Scirtones were an Illyrian tribe. The Scirtari were part of the Pirustae. The Scirtari had 72 .

Glintidiones

The Glintidiones ( grc, link=no, Γλιντιδίωνες) were an Illyrian tribe. The Glintidiones may have been part of the Pirustae. The Glintidiones had 44 .

Ceraunii

Ceraunii ( grc, link=no, Κεραύνιοι, Keraunioi) was the name of an Illyrian tribe that lived close to the Pirustae in modern Montenegro. The Ceraunii were part of the Pirustae. They had 24 . Their name seems to derive from the Greek word for 'thunderbolt'.

Segestani

The Segestani ( grc, link=no, Σεγεστανοί, Segestanoi) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe who inhabited the area around Segestica, later known as ''Siscia'' (modern-day Sisak in Croatia).

In the 2nd century BC, the Segestani were attacked without lasting success by consuls Lucius Aurelius Cotta and an unidentified Cornelius.

In 35 BC, the Segestani were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia.

Maezaei

''Maezaei'' or ''Maizaioi'' or ''Mazaioi'' ( grc, link=no, Μαζαῖοι) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe. The Maezaei had 269 .

Andizetes

The Andizetes, also referred to as Andisetes ( grc, link=no, Ἀνδιζήτιοι), were a small Pannonian tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Not much is known about this tribe except that it is found on the list of Illyrian tribes that rose against the Roman Empire during the Great Illyrian Revolt. The personal name of 'Andes', a variant of the name ' Andis' popular among the Illyrians of southern Pannonia and much of northern Dalmatia (corresponding roughly with modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), may be derived from the name of this tribe. They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule.

Azali

The Azali ( grc, link=no, Ἄζαλοι) were a tribe that inhabited Brigetio (now Szőny) in Noricum, transported there during the Roman conquest from southern Pannonia. They had been deported after the 6–9 AD rebellion. They, along with the Eravisci, inhabited the Fejér County during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180). The ''civitas azaliorum'' included the Brigetio legionary fortress and surrounding settlements.

Ditiones

The Ditiones ( grc, link=no, Διτίωνες) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe. The Ditiones had 239 .

Jasi

Jasi was the name of a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.

Osseriates

The ''Osseriates'' (also ''Oseriates''), along with the Celtic Varciani and the Colapiani, were created from the Pannonian Breuci.

Illyrii proprie dicti

Illyrii proprie dicti were the Illyrians proper, so called by Pliny (23–79 AD) in his Natural History. They later formed the Docleatae. They were the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, the Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae. Illyrians proper were also some of the native communities of Roman Dalmatia.

Atintani

''Atintani'' were a tribe in Illyria, north of Via Egnatia. Appian (95 – 165 AD) mentions them close to Epidamnus. During the Illyrian Wars, the Atintani went over to the Romans and, according to Appian, Demetrius of Pharos tried to detach them from Roman authority. The Atintani seem to have originated from the obscure, perhaps Thracian Tynteni, only attested in coins. The Atintani were ruled by the Thracian dynasty of the Peresadyes.

Greek

* See Greek colonies in Illyria

Liburnians

In the early historical sources from the 8th century BC, the ''Liburnians'' were recorded by name or as separate ethnic groups; and as early as the 6th century BC, Hecateus noted that the Liburnians were also composed of ''Caulici'', ''Mentores'', ''Syopii'' and ''Hythmitae'', probably narrow tribal communities. Later, in the 3rd century BC, Callimachus mentioned ''Mentores'', ''Hymanes'', ''Enchealae'' and ''Peucetias'' as those who once had been a part of them, ''Ismeni'' were also recorded as one of their communities.
* Lopsi

Iapygians/Messapians

''Iapygians'' and ''Messapians'' did not dwell in Illyria, but in the heel of southern Italy. They could have had Illyrian origins or some sort of link with Illyria.

* Messapii
* Dauni
* Peucetii linked to the Liburnian Peucetias
* Iapyges linked to the Iapodes, who were sometimes also called Iapyges

Adriatic Veneti

*HistriWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, , page 183, "We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians ..."
* Catari''
*SecussesThe classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography, sacred and profane by William Hazlitt, 1851, page 311, "SECUSSES, a people of Histria"

See also

* Illyrian Tribes
* List of ancient Cities in Illyria
* List of ancient Cities in Thrace
*List of ancient tribes in Thrace
* List of rulers of Illyria
* List of rulers of Thrace
* List of Celtic tribes

References

Sources

*

Further reading

* Falileyev, Alexander and Radman-Livaja, Ivan. "More Celtic names from Roman Pannonia". In: ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie'' 63, no. 1 (2016): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/zcph-2016-0004

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