Oxyaeninae ("sharp
hyena
Hyenas, or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek , ), are feliform carnivoran mammals of the family Hyaenidae . With only four extant species (each in its own genus), it is the fifth-smallest family in the Carnivora and one of the smallest in the clas ...
s") is a extinct
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of
oxyaenids from the late
Paleocene
The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...
to late
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...
of
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
,
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
.
[Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'' in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. ]
Etymology
The name of the subfamily translates as "sharp hyaenas" (, name of hyena genus ''
Hyaena'' and taxonomic suffix "
-inae").
Classification and phylogeny
Taxonomy
* Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae
(Cope, 1877)
** Genus: †''
Argillotherium''
(Davies, 1884)
*** †''Argillotherium toliapicum''
(Davies, 1884)
** Genus: †''
Dipsalidictis''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915) <−−−
'paraphyletic_genus''.html" ;"title="paraphyletic.html" ;"title="'paraphyletic">'paraphyletic genus''">paraphyletic.html" ;"title="'paraphyletic">'paraphyletic genus''*** †''Dipsalidictis aequidens''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
*** †''Dipsalidictis krausei''
(Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)
*** †''Dipsalidictis platypus''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
*** †''Dipsalidictis transiens''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
** Genus: †''Malfelis''
(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
*** †''Malfelis badwaterensis''
(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
** Genus: †''Oxyaena''
(Cope, 1874)
*** †''Oxyaena forcipata''
(Cope, 1874)
*** †''Oxyaena gulo''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
*** †''Oxyaena intermedia''
(Denison, 1938)
*** †''Oxyaena lupina''
(Cope, 1874)
*** †''Oxyaena pardalis''
(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
*** †''Oxyaena simpsoni''
(Van Valen, 1966)
*** †''Oxyaena woutersi''
(Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982)
** Genus: †''
Patriofelis
''Patriofelis'' ("father of cats") was a large, cat-like oxyaenid of middle Eocene in North America. It was around long, not including the tail, and weighed about 40–90 kg, making it around the same size as a modern cougar. It had sh ...
''
(Leidy, 1870)
*** †''Patriofelis ferox''
(Marsh, 1872)
*** †''Patriofelis ulta''
(Leidy, 1870)
** Genus: †''
Protopsalis''
(Cope, 1880)
*** †''Protopsalis tigrinus''
(Cope, 1880)
** Genus: †''
Sarkastodon
''Sarkastodon'' ("meaty tooth") is an extinct genus of mammal within the creodont family Oxyaenidae that lived during the early to late Eocene, 48.6 to 37.2 million years ago. It was a large, carnivorous animal that lived in what is today Ch ...
''
(Granger, 1938)
*** †''Sarkastodon henanensis''
(Tong & Lei, 1986)
*** †''Sarkastodon mongoliensis''
(Granger, 1938)
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Oxyaeninae are shown in the following cladogram:
[F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.]
"New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications."
Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41[Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.]
"Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
See also
*
Mammal classification
Mammalia is a class of animal within the phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is universally accepted; McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson ...
*
Oxyaenidae
Oxyaenidae ("sharp hyenas") is a family of extinct carnivorous placental mammals. Traditionally classified in order Creodonta, this group is now classified in its own order Oxyaenodonta ("sharp tooth hyenas") within clade Pan-Carnivora in mirorde ...
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q21363170
Mammal subfamilies