After 1780, the United States began relations with North African countries and with the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

History of relations

American tribute to the Ottoman Empire

On September 5, 1795, Ross, Frank E
The Mission of Joseph Donaldson, Jr., to Algiers, 1795-97
The Journal of Modern History. Volume 7, Number 4, pp. 422ff December 22, 1935. Joseph Donaldson, Junior, appointed by then 1st Minister of US to Portugal David Humphreys, signed a deal with Hassan Bashaw, Dey of Algiers, his Divan and subjects; for the United States to pay indefinitely a yearly tribute of 12,000 Algerine Sequins to the Dey. This amount was equal to USD 21,600 at the time, or, using the price of labor as a conversion metric, equivalent to some twenty million dollars today. The deal also included an upfront payment of $642,500 in silver coin for peace, the release of American captives, various expenses, and gifts for the Dey's royal court and family. The original deal was written in Turkish and constituted a treaty between the autonomous Ottoman vassals of North Africa the Barbary States and the United States of America.

US Barbary Wars

In the early 19th century, the US fought the

Barbary Wars The Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with ...

against the Barbary states, which were under Ottoman suzerainty. In 1825, during the

Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by ...

and Greek civil wars of 1823-1825, the

U.S. Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of ...

conducted anti-piracy operations in the Aegean Sea. Greece and the Aegean were controlled by the Ottomans until Greece achieved independence in 1829. The first draft of the

Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a United States foreign policy position that opposed European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere. It held that any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers was a potentially hostile ac ...

, written in 1823, included a passage praising the Greek revolutionaries, though the passage was ultimately removed. In 1831 the U.S. sent its first formally approved envoy to the Ottoman Empire, David Porter.Sinan Kuneralp, "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917." (2001) p. 10
online
The empire and the U.S. at that point had their representatives at the "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary" level. - Published online August 14, 2012 - Cited: p. 781. Sinan Kuneralp, author of "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867–1917," wrote that the empire initially apparently lacked "any sensible justification" to open a mission stateside due to the relative distance between the countries. Wasti wrote that "there was no real rush on the Ottoman side to send diplomatic envoys to Washington, DC". The first official Ottoman government visit to the U.S., lasting for six months in 1850, was that of Emin Bey, who toured shipyards there.Kuneralp, p
100101
Two Ottoman officials, one being Edouard Blak

Bey Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...

, who sensed the rise of the United States, unsuccessfully advocated for installing a mission in the U.S. during the early 1850s. The first Ottoman honorary consulate in the U.S. opened in May 1858.Kuneralp, p
105106
In 1866 Ottoman foreign minister

Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, also spelled as Mehmed Emin Aali (March 5, 1815 – September 7, 1871) was a prominent Ottoman statesman during the Tanzimat period, best known as the architect of the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856, and for his role in ...

declined to start a legation to the U.S. that year, after reviewing a proposal by Ambassador to France of the Ottoman Empire Safvet Pasha. However the ministry changed its mind after the leaders there perceived the reports of the

Cretan revolt (1866–1869) Cretan Revolt may refer to one of the following uprisings in Crete: Under Venetian rule * Cretan Revolt (1212) of the Hagiostephanites family * Cretan Revolt (1217) of the Skordiles and Melissenos families * Cretan Revolt (1222) of the Melissenos f ...

from the US consul W.J. Stillman and other American reports to be misleading and decided they needed to present a counter-view. The empire sent its first permanent envoy to the U.S. in 1867, creating the Ottoman Legation in Washington, DC. Since the empire itself began establishing its diplomatic missions in the 1830s and due to the about three decade gap between the respective legations being established, Kuneralp wrote that the Ottomans created their U.S. mission "comparatively late". Blak was the first envoy to Washington. Kuneralp wrote that the Washington posting was not considered important to the Ottoman government, which is why some officials refused the posting and those considered promising were turned away from it. He cited the cases of then-minister to

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...

Rüstem Bey and

Osman Nizami Pasha Osman is the Persian transliteration and derived from the Arabic masculine given name Uthman ( ar, عُثْمان, , link=no ''‘uthmān'') or an English surname. It may refer to: People * Osman (name), people with the name * Osman I (1258–132 ...

, who declined in 1867 and 1912, respectively.Kuneralp, p
101
"During the half-century that followed Blacque's appointment till 1917 ..2 heads of missions succeeded one another in Washington." Nine envoys headed the legation beginning in 1877 and prior to full embassy status, and there were a total of 13 envoys/ambassadors in the position. Mustafa Shekib Bey, in 1904, recommended that the Ottomans appoint

Levantine Levantine may refer to: * Anything pertaining to the Levant, the region centered around modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, including any person from the Levant ** Syria (region), corresponding to the modern countries of the Lev ...

Armand Guys as the first commercial attaché, arguing that commercial relations had increased. In 1906 the U.S. upgraded its representation in Constantinople to the embassy level. The most important aspect of American diplomacy in the late 19th century, down to 1914, involved protection of the hundreds of American Protestant missionaries to the Ottoman Empire.

Armenian issues

Abdul Hamid II Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to ...

disliked it when the Americans pleaded for help for Armenians. As a result, he terminated the credentials of envoy Mustafa Shekib, and chose not to upgrade the mission to embassy status. Shekib therefore was unable to present his credentials to the President. Shekib slept in the daytime, and so his staff dealt with U.S. officials. Kuneralp stated that therefore "Things were eased out".

Moro rebellion in the Philippines

In 1899,

John Hay John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century. Beginning as a private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln, Hay's highest office was Un ...

, the American Secretary of State, asked the

Jewish American American Jews or Jewish Americans are American citizens who are Jewish, whether by religion, ethnicity, culture, or nationality. Today the Jewish community in the United States consists primarily of Ashkenazi Jews, who descend from diaspora Je ...

ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Oscar Straus to request Sultan

to write a letter to the Moro Sulu Muslims of the

Sulu Sultanate The Sultanate of Sulu ( Tausūg: ''Kasultanan sin Sūg'', كاسولتانن سين سوڬ; Malay: ''Kesultanan Sulu''; fil, Sultanato ng Sulu; Chavacano: ''Sultanato de Sulu/Joló''; ar, سلطنة سولك) was a Muslim state that ruled t ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

telling them to submit to American suzerainty and American military rule (see

Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War or Filipino–American War ( es, Guerra filipina-estadounidense, tl, Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano), previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an arm ...

). The Sultan obliged and wrote the letter, which was sent to Sulu via

Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red ...

; two Sulu chiefs delivered it to Sulu and it was successful since the "Sulu Mohammedans... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty." Abdul Hamid used his position as

caliph A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...

to order the Sulu Sultan not to resist and not fight the invading Americans. President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the 56th Congress in December 1899 since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until December 18. Despite Sulu's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he readily acceded to Straus' request to avoid hostilities between the West and Muslims. The Sulu sultan was persuaded by the Ottoman Sultan. John P. Finley wrote that,

"After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule. As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field. If the reader will pause to consider what this means in men and also the millions in money, he will appreciate this wonderful piece of diplomacy, in averting a holy war."

The Muslim peoples obeyed the order. In 1904, the

Moro Rebellion The Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine–American War. The word "Moro" – the Spanish word for "Moor" – is a term for Muslim people who li ...

then broke out between the Americans and Moro Muslims.

Young Turk Revolution

The

Young Turk Revolution The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Ottoman Constit ...

removed Abdul Hamid II from power in 1908, and officials more favorable to the U.S. replaced him. The Ottoman Legation in Washington was designated as an embassy in 1909, and given the second class ranking; the Ottoman Empire at the time ranked its embassies by importance.İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. ''History of the Ottoman State, society & civilisation: Vol. 1''. IRCICA, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2001. , 9789290630531. p
343
"Changes which were initiated in 1886 divided Ottoman embassies into four categories."
View #2
"second class embassies in Washington and Montenegro .. During the

Presidency of William Howard Taft The presidency of William Howard Taft began on March 4, 1909, when William Howard Taft was inaugurated as 27th president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1913. Taft, was a Republican from Ohio. The protégé and chosen successor of Pr ...

, an American strategy was to become involved in business transactions rather than military confrontations, a policy known as

Dollar Diplomacy Dollar diplomacy of the United States, particularly during the presidency of William Howard Taft (1909–1913) was a form of American foreign policy to minimize the use or threat of military force and instead further its aims in Latin America and ...

. It failed with respect to the Ottoman Empire because of opposition from US ambassador Oscar Straus and to Turkish vacillation under pressure from the entrenched European powers who did not wish to see American competition. American trade remained a minor factor.

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and the
Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was ...

Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Henry Morgenthau (; April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was a German-born American lawyer and businessman, best known for his role as the United States Ambassador to Turkey, ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Morgenthau was on ...

was the U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

until 1916. Morgenthau criticized the ruling

Three Pashas The Three Pashas also known as the Young Turk triumvirate or CUP triumvirate consisted of Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; ...

for the

Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was ...

and sought to get help for the Armenians.

Jesse B. Jackson Jesse Benjamin Jackson (November 19, 1871 – December 4, 1947) was a United States consul and an important eyewitness to the Armenian genocide. He served as consul in Aleppo when the city was the junction of many important deportation routes. Jack ...

, consul in Aleppo, also assisted Armenians. Morgenthau's replacement

Abram Isaac Elkus Abram Isaac Elkus (August 6, 1867 – October 15, 1947), an American ambassador, judge, and public official, was one of the most prominent Jews in American government. Biography Elkus was born in New York City on August 6, 1867, the son of Isaac ...

, served in 1916–1917. The Ottomans severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 20, 1917, after the United States had declared war against Germany on April 4, 1917. The United States never declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Normal diplomatic relations were re-established with the Ottoman Empire's successor state, Turkey, in 1927.

Diplomatic missions

U.S. diplomatic missions in the empire included: * Constantinople (Istanbul) – Legation/Embassy ** It was located in Pera, now known as

Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (, ota, بك‌اوغلی, script=Arab) is a district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera (Πέρα, meani ...

. *

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

Hurewitz, J. C. (editor). "Ottoman-American Severance of Relations." ''The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record - British-French Supremacy, 1914-1945''.

Yale University Press Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous. , Yale Universi ...

, 1979. , 9780300022032. p
99
** Consul:

Beirut Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint o ...

* Brusa (

Bursa ( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the ...

) *

Harput Harpoot ( tr, Harput) or Kharberd ( hy, Խարբերդ, translit=Kharberd) is an ancient town located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey. It now forms a small district of the city of Elazığ. p. 1. In the late Ottoman period, it fell under the M ...

/Kharpert (now in

Elazığ Elazığ () is a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, and the administrative centre of Elazığ Province and Elazığ District. It is located in the uppermost Euphrates valley. The plain on which the city extends has an altitude of . El ...

) ** Started from January 1, 1901 with Dr. Thomas H. Norton as the consul;''Armenian Perspectives: 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale Des Études Arméniennes, School of Oriental and African Studies, London''.

Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals. Its parts include Taylor & Francis, Routledge, F1000 (publisher), F1000 Research or Dovepress. It is a division of Informa ...

, 1997. , 9780700706105. p
293
he had no previous experience in international relations, as the U.S. was just recently establishing its diplomatic network.''Armenian Perspectives: 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale Des Études Arméniennes, School of Oriental and African Studies, London''.

, 1997. , 9780700706105. p
2937
The consulate was established to assist missionaries. The Ottoman Ministry of Internal Security gave him a '' teskireh'' travel permit, but the

Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Turkish: ''Hariciye Nezâreti''; french: Ministère des Affaires Étrangères) was the department of the Imperial Government responsible for the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire, from its establishm ...

initially refused to recognize the consulate. The building had three stories, a wall, and a garden with mulberry trees. Leslie A. Davis became consul of Harpoot in 1914; Davis stated that this mission was "one of the most remote and inaccessible in the world". Davis observed the

. Davis hid about 80 Armenians in the consulate grounds. His term ended with the cessation of Ottoman-U.S. relations in 1917. *

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

* Mersina (

Mersin Mersin (), also known as İçel, is a large city and a port on the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of Mersin Province, Mersin (İçel) Province. It is made up of four municipalities and dis ...

) *

Samsun Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta ( gr, Σαμψούντα) and Amisos (Ancient Greek: Αμισός), is a List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, city on the north coast of Turkey and is a major Black Sea port. In 2021, Samsun reco ...

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...

(now Izmir) Ottoman diplomatic missions to the U.S. included: *

Washington, DC ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan ...

(Embassy) – Classified as a "second class embassy". *

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

(Consulate-General) ** Established after the 1880s to monitor anti-Ottoman activity. New York City, previously served by an honorary consulate, had received increased immigration from the empire. Ottoman envoy

Alexandros Mavrogenis Alexandros Mavrogenis Bey was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos from 1902 to 1904. A member of the Mavrogheni family, his father was Spyridon Mavrogenis Pasha, the personal physician of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II.Kuneralp, Sinan. " ...

had advocated for a full consulate-general and afterwards, on the grounds of New York having more diplomatic importance to the empire than Washington, DC, asked the Ottoman government for a vice consul in New York. The consuls in New York began to squabble for power with the Washington consuls.Kuneralp, p
106
Kuneralp wrote that the conflict between New York City consul general Refet Bey and his respective Washington envoy, Yusuf Ziya Pasha, "took almost epical dimensions."Kuneralp, p
107
*

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

(Consulate-General) ** Established in 1910 so the Ottomans could surveil Armenians in the U.S. Honorary Ottoman consulates in the U.S.: * Baltimore ** William Grange served as honorary consul, selected by Blak. * Boston (later replaced with a consulate-general) ** Joseph Yazidiji, an Ottoman citizen, was an honorary consul. * Chicago * New Orleans ** J. O. Nixon was honorary consul, selected by Blak. * New York City (later replaced with a consulate-general) * Philadelphia * San Francisco * Washington DC/Baltimore (later replaced with a legation/embassy) ** George Porter became the honorary consul for Washington, DC and Baltimore in May 1858.

Ottoman ministers and ambassadors to the U.S.

* Edouard Blak Bey - 1867- *

Gregory Aristarchis Gregory "Ligor" Aristarchis ( el, Γρηγόριος Αριστάρχης ''Grigorios Aristarchis''; french: Grégoire Aristarchi; 1843info page on bookat Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 27 (PDF p. 29)–1914), also known as Aristarchi Bey, ...

Bey * Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha *

Bey * Mustafa Tahsin Bey – Died of

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

shortly after he began his position * Ali Ferruh Bey * Mustafa Shekib Bey *

Mohammed Ali Bey al-Abed Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid ( ar, محمد علي بك العابد, ; 1867 – 22 October 1939) or, as he spelled his own name in French, Mehmed Ali Abed, was appointed the president of the mandatory Syrian Republic (from 11 June 1932 until 21 De ...

a.k.a. Mehmed Ali Bey * Hüseyin Kazım Bey - Appointed as the first ambassador * Yusuf Ziya Pasha * Ahmet Rüstem Bey a.k.a. Alfred de Bilinsky – The final Ottoman Ambassador to the U.S. The Ottoman government chose to continue the mission with a charge,

Hüseyin Avni Bey Hüseyin Avni Bey (1875 - 13 August 1915) was the commander of the 57th Infantry Regiment of the Ottoman Army at the Battle of Gallipoli during which he led a counterattack that successfully stabilized the right flank of the Turkish defences o ...

, after

began, and this appointment ended with the cutoff of diplomatic relations on April 20, 1917.Kuneralp, p
103
Kuneralp stated that these officials were "interesting figures" but that there was not "a

Wellington Koo Koo Vi Kyuin (; January 29, 1888 – November 14, 1985), better known as V. K. Wellington Koo, was a statesman of the Republic of China. He was one of Republic of China's representatives at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Wellington Koo ...

" among them and "they did not shine in their diplomatic careers", as the Ottoman government did not view this post to be important. He also stated that Madame Bey, wife of first secretary Sıtkı Bey, due to her participation in American social life, was actually the most well-known person in the Ottoman diplomatic community within the US.

American ambassadors to the Ottoman Empire

Chargé d'Affaires: *

George W. Erving George William Erving (1769July 22, 1850) was an American diplomat from colonial Boston. He was U.S. Consul in London, from 1801 to 1804. He was ''Chargé d'Affaires'' of the United States in Madrid from 1804 to 1809, Special Negotiator to Copenh ...

(pre-1831) * David Porter (September 13, 1831 – May 23, 1840) Minister Resident: * David Porter (May 23, 1840 – March 3, 1843) * Dabney Smith Carr (February 29, 1844 – October 20, 1849) *

George Perkins Marsh George Perkins Marsh (March 15, 1801July 23, 1882), an American diplomat and philologist, is considered by some to be America's first environmentalist and by recognizing the irreversible impact of man's actions on the earth, a precursor to the ...

(March 11, 1850 – December 19, 1853) *

Carroll Spence Carroll may refer to: People * Carroll (given name) * Carroll (surname) * O'Carroll, also known as Carroll, a Gaelic Irish clan * Mac Cearbhaill, anglicised as Carroll, a Gaelic Irish clan * Charles Carroll Webster (1824-1893), American lawyer an ...

(February 9, 1854 – December 12, 1857) * James Williams (May 27, 1858 – May 25, 1861) *

Edward Joy Morris Edward Joy Morris (July 16, 1815December 31, 1881) was a Whig and Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Biography Morris was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and the Univer ...

(October 22, 1861 – October 25, 1870) *

Wayne MacVeagh Isaac Wayne MacVeagh (April 19, 1833January 11, 1917) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. He served as the 36th Attorney General of the United States under the administrations of Presidents James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. ...

(October 25, 1870 – June 10, 1871) * George H. Boker (March 25, 1872 – May 1, 1875) *

Horace Maynard Horace Maynard (August 30, 1814 – May 3, 1882) was an American educator, attorney, politician and diplomat active primarily in the second half of the 19th century. Initially elected to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 2nd Cong ...

(June 12, 1875 – July 15, 1880) *

James Longstreet James Longstreet (January 8, 1821January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his "Old War Horse". He served under Lee as a corps ...

(December 14, 1880 – April 29, 1881) *

Lewis Wallace Lewis Wallace (April 10, 1827February 15, 1905) was an American lawyer, Union general in the American Civil War, governor of the New Mexico Territory, politician, diplomat, and author from Indiana. Among his novels and biographies, Wallace is ...

(September 6, 1881 – September 4, 1882) Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary: *

(September 4, 1882 – May 15, 1885) *

Samuel S. Cox Samuel Sullivan "Sunset" Cox (September 30, 1824 – September 10, 1889) was an American Congressman and diplomat. He represented both Ohio and New York in the United States House of Representatives and served as United States Ambassador to the ...

(August 25, 1885 – September 14, 1886) *

Oscar S. Straus Oscar Solomon Straus (December 23, 1850 – May 3, 1926) was an American politician and diplomat. He served as United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1906 to 1909, making him the first Jewish United ...

(July 1, 1887 – June 16, 1889) *

Solomon Hirsch Solomon Hirsch (March 25, 1839 – December 15, 1902) was a businessman and United States politician from the state of Oregon. He was one of the leaders of Portland's early Jewish community. Biography With Jacob Mayer and , Hirsch was one of th ...

(December 28, 1889 – June 16, 1892) *

David P. Thompson David Preston Thompson (November 8, 1834 – December 14, 1901) was an American businessman and politician in the Pacific Northwest. He was governor of the Idaho Territory from 1875 to 1876. A native of Ohio, he immigrated to the Oregon Territor ...

(January 11, 1893 – May 1, 1893) *

Alexander W. Terrell Alexander Watkins Terrell (November 23, 1827 – September 9, 1912) was an American lawyer, judge, planter, Confederate officer, and diplomat. He served as the U. S. Envoy to the Ottoman Empire and a Confederate military officer. He helped pass ...

(July 7, 1893 – June 15, 1897) *

James Burrill Angell James Burrill Angell (January 7, 1829 – April 1, 1916) was an American educator and diplomat. He is best known for being the longest-serving president of the University of Michigan, from 1871 to 1909. He represented the transition from sma ...

(September 3, 1897 – August 13, 1898) *

(October 15, 1898 – December 20, 1899) *

John G. A. Leishman John George Alexander Leishman (March 28, 1857 – March 27, 1924) was an American businessman and diplomat. He worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company and later served as an ambassador for the United States. Early life ...

(March 29, 1901 – October 5, 1906) Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: *

(October 5, 1906 – June 10, 1909) *

(October 4, 1909 – September 3, 1910) *

William Woodville Rockhill William Woodville Rockhill (April 1, 1854 – December 8, 1914) was a United States diplomat, best known as the author of the U.S.'s Open Door Policy for China, the first American to learn to speak Tibetan, and one of the West's leading exper ...

(August 28, 1911 – November 20, 1913) *

(December 11, 1913 – February 1, 1916) * Abram I. Elkus (October 2, 1916 – April 20, 1917)