Oryzomys Gorgasi

''Oryzomys gorgasi'', also known as Gorgas's oryzomysMusser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1148 or Gorgas's rice rat, is a rodent in the genus ''Oryzomys'' of family Cricetidae. First recorded in 1967, it is known from only a few localities, including a freshwater swamp in the lowlands of northwestern Colombia and a mangrove islet in northwestern Venezuela. It reportedly formerly occurred on the island of Curaçao off northwestern Venezuela; this extinct population has been described as a separate species, ''Oryzomys curasoae'', but does not differ morphologically from mainland populations.

''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is a medium-sized, brownish species with large, semiaquatically specialized feet. It differs from other ''Oryzomys'' species in several features of its skull. Its diet includes crustaceans, insects, and plant material. The species is listed as "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a result of destruction of its habitat and competition with the introduced black rat (''Rattus rattus'').

Taxonomy

''Oryzomys gorgasi'' was first found in Antioquia Department of northwestern Colombia in 1967 during an expedition by the U.S. Army Medical Department and the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory. In 1971, Field Museum zoologist Philip Hershkovitz described a new species, ''Oryzomys gorgasi'', on the basis of the single known specimen, an old male. He named the animal after physician William Crawford Gorgas, the namesake of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory.Hershkovitz, 1971, p. 700 Hershkovitz considered the new species most closely related to ''Oryzomys palustris'', which at the time included North and Central American populations now divided into several species, including the marsh rice rat (''O. palustris'') and '' O. couesi''. The species was not recorded again until 2001, when Venezuelan zoologist J. Sánchez H. and coworkers reported on 11 specimens collected in coastal northwestern Venezuela in 1992, from the Colombian locality.Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 206 They confirmed that ''O. gorgasi'' is a distinct species related to the ''O. palustris'' group.Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 210

In 2001, Donald McFarlane and Adolphe Debrot described a new ''Oryzomys'' species from the Dutch island of Curaçao off northwestern Venezuela. For their description, they used subfossil material from owl pellets, including two partial skulls and several hemimandibles. They referred the species to ''Oecomys'',McFarlane and Debrot, 2001, p. 184 a group of arboreal (tree-living), mainly South American rodents related to ''Oryzomys''. ''O. curasoae'' has also been known as the "Curaçao Rice Rat"Lamoreux, 2008 and the "Curaçao Oryzomys".

Marcelo Weksler and colleagues removed most of the species then placed in ''Oryzomys'' from the genus in 2006, retaining only the marsh rice rat and related species, including ''O. gorgasi''. They also kept ''O. curasoae'' in the genus and suggested that it may not be distinct from ''O. gorgasi''.Weksler et al., 2006, table 1, footnote e In a 2009 paper, R.S. Voss and Weksler examined the two and concluded that they represented the same species on the basis of direct comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis.Voss and Weksler, 2009, p. 78 The resultant tree placed ''O. curasoae'' and ''O. gorgasi'' sister to each other and closer to ''O. couesi'' than to the marsh rice rat.Voss and Weksler, 2009, fig. 1 Accordingly, they placed ''O. curasoae'' as a junior synonym of the earlier described ''O. gorgasi''.Voss and Weksler, 2009, p. 73

''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is the southeasternmost representative of the genus ''Oryzomys'', which extends north into the eastern United States (marsh rice rat, ''O. palustris'').Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 106 ''O. gorgasi'' is further part of the ''O. couesi'' section, which is centered on the widespread Central American ''O. couesi'' and also includes six other species with more limited and peripheral distributions.Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 117 Many aspects of the systematics of the ''O. couesi'' section remain unclear and it is likely that the current classification underestimates the true diversity of the group.Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 107 ''Oryzomys'' is classified in the tribe Oryzomyini, a diverse assemblage of American rodents of over a hundred species,Weksler, 2006, p. 3 and on higher taxonomic levels in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of family Cricetidae, along with hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents.Musser and Carleton, 2005

Description

''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is a medium-sized oryzomyineHershkovitz, 1971, p. 701 with small ears and large feet,Hershkovitz, 1971, p. 702 and is similar to the marsh rice rat in general appearance. The long and coarse fur is brownish above and ochraceous below. At the base of the tail, the upper and lower sides differ in color and at the end is a short tuft of hairs. The scales on the tail are well-developed. As in other ''Oryzomys'', the hindfeet exhibit specializations for life in the water. The plantar (lower) surface of the metatarsus is naked. Two of the pads are very small. Ungual tufts, tufts of hair at the bases of the claws, are poorly developed. Interdigital webbing is present, but extends along less than half of the first phalanges.

In specimens from El Caimito, total length is , averaging (measured in 6 specimens); tail length is , averaging (measured in 8 specimens); hindfoot length is , averaging (measured in 10 specimens); ear length is , averaging (measured in 7 specimens); and condylo-incisive length (a measure of total skull size) is , averaging (measured in 5 specimens). In the holotype from Colombia, an old male, total length is ; tail length is ; ear length is ; and condylo-incisive length is .Sánchez et al., 2001, table 1 The collector recorded the holotype's hindfoot as being long, but Sánchez and colleagues remeasured it as .Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 207

The rostrum (front part of the skull) is short. The broad zygomatic plate develops a prominent notch, but not a spine, on its front end, and its back margin is in front of the first molars. The interorbital region, located between the eyes, is narrowest towards the front and is flanked by beadings along its margins. The interparietal bone is relatively long. The incisive foramina, perforations of the palate between the incisors and the molars, are narrow and long and taper towards the end. The palate itself is also long, extending beyond the molars, and includes prominent posterolateral palatal pits near the third molars, which are excavated into deep fossae. The roof of the mesopterygoid fossa, the opening behind the palate, is not perforated by sphenopalatine vacuities. ''O. gorgasi'' lacks an alisphenoid strut; in some other oryzomyines, this extension of the alisphenoid bone separates two openings in the skull, the masticatory–buccinator foramen and the foramen ovale accessorium. The squamosal bone lacks a suspensory process that contacts the tegmen tympani, the roof of the tympanic cavity, a defining character of oryzomyines. The subsquamosal fenestra, an opening at the back of the skull determined by the shape of the squamosal, is almost absent.Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 209

In the mandible (lower jaw), the upper and lower masseteric ridges come close together below the first molars, but do not fuse. The back end of the lower incisor root is in a capsular process, a raising of the mandibular bone behind the molars. The upper incisors have yellowish enamel and are opisthodont, with the cutting edge inclined backwards. The molars are relatively small and are brachydont (low-crowned) and bunodont (with the cusps higher than the connecting crests). They are similar to those of the marsh rice rat in structural details. The upper and lower first molars have small accessory roots, as in many other oryzomyines, and the second and third lower molar each have two roots only.

''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is distinguished from other ''Oryzomys'' species by its short rostrum, the form of its incisive foramina, the absence of sphenopalatine vacuities, and the near absence of a subsquamosal fenestra. Within the species, the Colombian specimen differs from the Venezuelan animals in being larger in some measurements, but having smaller teeth, and in having oddly shaped wear facets of the incisors. The Colombian animal was probably kept in captivity for some time after it was caught, which would explain its large size and odd wear facets. There are no substantial differences between mainland ''O. gorgasi'' and material from Curaçao.Voss and Weksler, 2009, p. 77

Distribution and ecology

As far as known, ''Oryzomys gorgasi'' has a disjunct distribution in northwestern South America, including Colombia, Venezuela, and Curaçao. In a 2009 paper, Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales speculated that its distribution may extend into Central America. The Colombian population is known from the holotype only, caught at Loma Teguerre (7°54'N, 77°W) in Antioquia Department, northwestern Colombia, near the Río Atrato, at about 1 m above sea level. The location is apparently a freshwater swamp, and Hershkovitz suggested that ''O. gorgasi'' probably occurred throughout the swamp forests in the Río Atrato basin. On Curaçao, it is known from cave faunas at Tafelberg Santa Barbara, Noordkant, Ser'i Kura, and Hermanus. At Tafelberg Santa Barbara, it was found in association with introduced black rats (''Rattus rattus''), indicating that the population persisted at least until the first European contact in 1499.McFarlane and Debrot, 2001, p. 182

In Venezuela, it was found on El Caimito, a small () islet just east of the outlet of Lake Maracaibo in the state of Zulia, where the only other native non-flying mammal is the opossum ''Marmosa robinsoni''.Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 211 El Caimito is separated from the mainland by a narrow, brackish channel and contains sand banks with xerophytic vegetation surrounded by marshy lagoons with '' Rhizospora mangle'' mangroves. ''Oryzomys gorgasi'' was caught in all habitats on the islet, but has not been found in other similar sites in northwestern Venezuela, where the introduced black rat is the only rodent collected. Analysis of stomach contents of El Caimito specimens indicates that the species is an omnivore, with a diet including crustaceans, insects, plant seeds, and other plant material. The crustaceans may include fiddler crabs (''Uca'') and a mangrove tree crab of the genus ''Aratus''; the insects include flies (Diptera); and the plants include grass seeds. Two parasitic nematodes, '' Litomosoides sigmodontis'' (family Onchocercidae) and an undetermined species of ''Pterygodermatites'' (family Rictulariidae), are known to infect ''O. gorgasi''. The 2009 IUCN Red List tersely indicates that the species has been found in a second Venezuelan locality.

Conservation status

On the 2017 IUCN Red List, ''O. gorgasi'' is listed as "endangered" and ''O. curasoae'' as "data deficient". The species may be threatened by competition with introduced black ratsSánchez et al., 2001, p. 211; Weksler and Timm, 2018 and destruction of its habitat,Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 205 but does occur in at least one protected area. Displacement by the black rat has caused the species to become locally extinct in parts of its Venezuelan range. Suitable habitats for ''O. gorgasi'' exist in inland Venezuela, and further study is needed to determine whether it is present there. The extinction of the Curaçao population may also have been caused by competition with the black rat, which has been found together with ''Oryzomys'' in subfossil deposits.

References

Literature cited

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Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Venezuela
Oryzomys
Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Mammals described in 1971