''Orbivirus'' is a genus of
double-stranded RNA viruses
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The double-stranded genome is used to transcribe a positive-strand RNA by the viral RNA-dependent RNA pol ...
in the family ''
Reoviridae
''Reoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered ...
'' and subfamily ''
Sedoreovirinae
''Sedoreovirinae'' (''sedo'' = smooth) is a subfamily of the ''Reoviridae'' family of viruses. Viruses in this subfamily are distinguished by the absence of a turreted protein on the inner capsid to produce a smooth surface.
Characteristics
Like ...
''. Unlike other
reoviruses
''Reoviridae'' is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, protists and fungi. They lack lipid envelopes and package their segmented genome within multi-layered ...
, orbiviruses are
arbovirus
Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The term ''arbovirus'' is a portmanteau word (''ar''thropod-''bo''rne ''virus''). ''Tibovirus'' (''ti''ck-''bo''rne ''virus'') is sometimes used to more spe ...
es. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of
arthropod
Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...
and
vertebrate
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () ( chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, ...
hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut-shaped
capsomers (''orbis'' in
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
means ring).
Many orbiviruses are transmitted by
tick
Ticks (order Ixodida) are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by ...
s or
haematophagus insect vectors (''
Culicoides
''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFA ...
'',
mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...
es and
sand flies
Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, ''sandfly'' may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenhea ...
) and have a wide host range that includes
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult mal ...
,
goat
The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...
s and
sheep
Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus ''Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated s ...
, wild
ruminant
Ruminants (suborder Ruminantia) are ungulate, hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by Enteric fermentation, fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally ...
s,
equid
Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, asses, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus '' Equus'', w ...
s,
camelid
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The seven extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, ...
s,
marsupial
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia, Wallacea and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to most of these species is that the young are carried in a po ...
s,
sloth
Sloths are a group of Neotropical xenarthran mammals constituting the suborder Folivora, including the extant arboreal tree sloths and extinct terrestrial ground sloths. Noted for their slowness of movement, tree sloths spend most of their li ...
s,
bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most bi ...
s,
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
s, large canine and feline
carnivore
A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other sof ...
s, and
human
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
s.
The three economically most important orbiviruses are ''Bluetongue virus'', ''
African horse sickness virus
African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by ''African horse sickness virus''. It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by a virus of the genus ''Orbivirus'' belonging to the family ''Reovi ...
'', and ''
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
''Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus'', often abbreviated to EHDV, is a species of the genus ''Orbivirus'', a member of the family ''Reoviridae''. It is the causative agent of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, an acute, infectious, and often fatal ...
'', all of which are transmitted by ''Culicoides'' species. The genus contains 22 species and at least 130 different
serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their surface antigens, allowing the epi ...
s.
History
In 1719, African horse sickness virus (AHSV) caused the first major recorded orbivirus
epidemic
An epidemic (from Ancient Greek, Greek ἐπί ''epi'' "upon or above" and δῆμος ''demos'' "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of patients among a given population within an area in a short period of time.
Epidemics ...
, killing 1,500 animals. The most historically significant outbreak of orbivirus occurred in 1854–1855, when AHSV infected 70,000 horses. AHSV was discovered to be a virus in 1900 and bluetongue disease followed shortly thereafter in 1905. Outbreaks have occurred sporadically in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Virology
Structure
![41541_2020_218_Fig1_HTML_A](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/41541_2020_218_Fig1_HTML_A.png)
The virons are nonenveloped particles that are 70–80 nm in diameter. The
virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...
particles are spherical in appearance and have
icosahedral
In geometry, an icosahedron ( or ) is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes and . The plural can be either "icosahedra" () or "icosahedrons".
There are infinitely many non- similar shapes of icosahedra, some of them being more symmetrica ...
symmetry.
An outer and an inner
capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may ...
layer surround the
genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...
, and have T=13 and T=2 symmetry, respectively.
The viron is constructed of two concentric protein shells, the subcore layer which contain 120 copies/particle of the VP3 and the core-surface layer composed of 780 copies/particle of the VP7. VP1, VP4, and VP6 are minor enzymatic proteins that are packaged along with the 10 genome segments within the central space of the virus core. The orbivirus outer-capsid layer is composed of two additional structural proteins (VP2 and VP5) which mediate cell-attachment and penetration during initiation of infection. The outer-capsid proteins are more variable than the core proteins and most of the non-structural proteins and the specificity of their reactions with neutralising antibodies determines the virus serotype.
Genome
![Orbivirus genome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Orbivirus_genome.png)
These viruses have double-stranded
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...
genomes, so are classified as Class III viruses. Their genome is linear and is segmented into 10 segments of various lengths. One copy of each gene segment is packaged per virion. In most cases, each gene segment encodes a single
open reading frame
In molecular biology, open reading frames (ORFs) are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic DNA sequence, where only one of the six possible readin ...
(ORF). The genome encodes seven major structural proteins (VP1–VP7) and three major nonstructural proteins (NS1–NS3). Exceptions to the one gene–one protein rule are segment 9 (Seg-9) and segment 10 (Seg-10), both of which encode two nearly identical proteins initiated from in-phase AUG
codons
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links ...
close together near the upstream termini (VP6 and VP6a encoded by Seg-9: NS3 and NS3a encoded by Seg-10).
An ORF spans almost the entire length of genome segment 9 and encodes VP6 (the viral helicase). A second ORF (OrfX) is also present on this segment and encodes a fourth nonstructural protein (NS4), which was predicted from sequence analysis of various orbiviruses including segment 9 of Great Island virus which contained a long NS4 ORF (around 21kDa). The existence of NS4 was experimentally confirmed in both insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses in 2011.
[Belhouchet M, Mohd Jaafar F, Firth AE, Grimes JM, Mertens PP, Attoui H (2011) Detection of a fourth orbivirus non-structural protein. PLoS One 6(10):e25697.]
NS1 is the most abundant protein in
bluetongue virus
Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by ''Bluetongue virus'' (''BTV''). The virus is ...
infected cells. It forms
tubule
In biology, a tubule is a general term referring to small tube or similar type of structure. Specifically, tubule can refer to:
* a small tube or fistular structure
* a minute tube lined with glandular epithelium
* any hollow cylindrical body stru ...
s that may be involved in translocation of progeny virus particles to the cell membrane. NS2 is
phosphorylated
In chemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology and could be driven by natural selection. Text was copied from this source, whi ...
by cellular
kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the high-energy ATP molecule don ...
s and is an important matrix protein of the granular viral
inclusion bodies
Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells ...
that form within the
cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The ...
of infected cells. These viral inclusion bodies act as the centres of
viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome an ...
. The
membrane
A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. B ...
glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycos ...
s NS3 and NS3a are expressed in large numbers in insect cells, but not in mammalian cells. They are involved in the release of progeny virus particles from infected cells and may be involved in determination of both vector competence and
virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host.
In most, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to ca ...
.
Life cycle
Many orbiviruses preferentially infect
vascular
The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away f ...
endothelial cells
The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel ...
. Orbiviruses
enter
Enter or ENTER may refer to:
* Enter key, on computer keyboards
* Enter, Netherlands, a village
* ''Enter'' (magazine), an American technology magazine for children 1983–1985
* ''Enter'' (Finnish magazine), a Finnish computer magazine
* Enter ...
the host cell by
endocytosis
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. E ...
and the outer capsid is subsequently removed. The whole cycle of
viral replication
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome an ...
takes place within the cytoplasm of the
host cell
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...
.
Transcription
Transcription refers to the process of converting sounds (voice, music etc.) into letters or musical notes, or producing a copy of something in another medium, including:
Genetics
* Transcription (biology), the copying of DNA into RNA, the fir ...
of the viral genome into
mRNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of Protein biosynthesis, synthesizing a protein.
mRNA is ...
occurs within the core particle and mRNA is translated into
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
s using the host cell
ribosome
Ribosomes ( ) are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to ...
s. Viral proteins are synthesized 2–14 days after initial infection. New virons self-assemble within the cytoplasm and are then released from the host cell by
budding
Budding or blastogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. For example, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is know ...
. During the budding process, they transiently acquire a lipid envelope which can be detected for a short period of time following their release, but this is subsequently lost.
Pathogenesis
Orbiviruses primarily cause diseases in animals. The different'' Orbivirus'' species have different host specificities. Orbiviruses are
vector-borne pathogens transmitted between vertebrate hosts by vectors such as
mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...
es,
midge
A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito Nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some mid ...
s,
gnat
A gnat () is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae and Sciaridae. They can be both biting and non-biting. Most often they fly in large num ...
s,
sandflies
Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, ''sandfly'' may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenhea ...
, and
tick
Ticks (order Ixodida) are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by ...
s. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an ''Orbivirus'' that causes
bluetongue disease
Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by ''Bluetongue virus'' (''BTV''). The virus is tr ...
in sheep, cattle, goats, and wild
ungulates. BTV has been in the forefront of molecular studies for last three decades and now represents one of the best understood viruses at the molecular and structural levels.
Other species of orbiviruses are responsible for other diseases of animals such as
African horse sickness
African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by ''African horse sickness virus''. It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by a virus of the genus ''Orbivirus'' belonging to the family ''Reovir ...
and
equine encephalosis virus
''Equine encephalosis virus'' (''EEV'') is a species of virus the ''Orbivirus'' genus, and a member of the ''Reoviridae'' family, related to '' African horse sickness virus'' (AHSV) and ''Bluetongue virus'' (BTV).
First described in South Afric ...
.
Taxonomy
Species
The genus ''Orbivirus'' contains the following species:
*''
African horse sickness virus
African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by ''African horse sickness virus''. It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. It is caused by a virus of the genus ''Orbivirus'' belonging to the family ''Reovi ...
''
*''
Bluetongue virus
Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by ''Bluetongue virus'' (''BTV''). The virus is ...
''
*''
Changuinola virus''
*''
Chenuda virus''
*''
Chobar Gorge virus''
*''
Corriparta virus''
*''
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
''Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus'', often abbreviated to EHDV, is a species of the genus ''Orbivirus'', a member of the family ''Reoviridae''. It is the causative agent of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, an acute, infectious, and often fatal ...
''
*''
Equine encephalosis virus
''Equine encephalosis virus'' (''EEV'') is a species of virus the ''Orbivirus'' genus, and a member of the ''Reoviridae'' family, related to '' African horse sickness virus'' (AHSV) and ''Bluetongue virus'' (BTV).
First described in South Afric ...
''
*''
Eubenangee virus
Eubenangee is a coastal locality split between the Cairns Region and the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the population of Eubenangee was 242 people.
Geography
The larger northern part of the locality () is in Cairns ...
''
*''
Great Island virus
Great may refer to: Descriptions or measurements
* Great, a relative measurement in physical space, see Size
* Greatness, being divine, majestic, superior, majestic, or transcendent
People
* List of people known as "the Great"
*Artel Great (born ...
''
*
Above Maiden virus
The Above Maiden virus (ABMV) is a serotype of ''Great Island virus'' in the genus ''Orbivirus''. It should not be confused with Maiden virus (MDNV) which is a different strain of ''Great Island virus''.
References
Orbiviruses
Infraspec ...
*''
Ieri virus''
*''
Lebombo virus
Lubombo virus (LUBV) is an orbivirus that infects vertebrates and culicine mosquitoes, thought to be its arthropod Vector (epidemiology), vector. It is classified in the genus ''Orbivirus'' and the family ''Reoviridae''. It is studied at Biosafet ...
''
*''
Orungo virus
Orungo virus (ORUV) is an arbovirus of the genus ''Orbivirus'', the subfamily ''Sedoreovirinae'' and the family ''Reoviridae''. There are four known subtypes of Orungo virus designated Orungo-1 (ORUV-1), Orungo-2 (ORUV-2), Orungo-3 (ORUV-3), and ...
''
*''
Palyam virus
Palyam ( he, פלי"ם, an abbreviation of ''Plugat HaYam'' (), lit. ''Sea Company'') was the sea force of the Palmach.
History
Palyam was set up in April 1945 as the Palmach's tenth company (Pluga Yud) which originated from the Palmach's Naval ...
''
*''
Peruvian horse sickness virus
The Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) is a cause of the neurological disorder Peruvian horse sickness resulting in encephalitis in horses and other livestock. The disease has significantly affected livestock in areas of Peru and has also been ...
''
*''
St Croix River virus''
*''
Umatilla virus''
*''
Wad Medani virus
Wad is an old mining term for any black manganese oxide or hydroxide mineral-rich rock in the oxidized zone of various ore deposits. Typically closely associated with various iron oxides. Specific mineral varieties include pyrolusite, lithiophorite ...
''
*''
Wallal virus
Wallal is the location of a Artesian well, bore in the Kimberley (Western Australia), Kimberley region of Western Australia.
The bore is located from the Great Northern Highway between Port Hedland, Western Australia, Port Hedland and Broome, ...
''
*''
Warrego virus Warrego may refer to:
* the Warrego River, which flows from south-west Queensland through north-west New South Wales, until it merges with the Darling River
* the Electoral district of Warrego
Warrego is an electoral district of the Legisl ...
''
*''
Wongorr virus''
*''
Yunnan orbivirus''
Serogroups
The genus is divided into several (at least 14)
serogroups.
[Dilcher M, Hasib L, Lechner M, Wieseke N, Middendorf M, Marz M, Koch A, Spiegel M, Dobler G, Hufert FT, Weidmann M (2000) Genetic characterization of Tribeč virus and Kemerovo virus, two tick-transmitted human-pathogenic Orbiviruses. Virology][Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD (2003) Oxford textbook of Medicine. Oxford] The serogroups are divided in some cases into subgroups. A number of member viruses have yet to be assigned to a serogroup. The serogroups are differentiated on the basis of a fourfold or greater difference in
antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the ...
based tests. These tests include
ELISA
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (, ) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971. The assay uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence ...
s and
complement fixation test
The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum, based on whether complement fixation occurs. It was widely used to diagnos ...
s.
Vector groups
Member viruses are transmitted by midges (''
Culicoides
''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFA ...
''),
mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...
es, and
tick
Ticks (order Ixodida) are parasitic arachnids that are part of the mite superorder Parasitiformes. Adult ticks are approximately 3 to 5 mm in length depending on age, sex, species, and "fullness". Ticks are external parasites, living by ...
s. The viruses transmitted by a particular type of vector are generally related both genetically and serologically.
See also
*
Animal viruses
Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine.
Rhabdoviruses
Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of ho ...
References
External links
* M''e''dscape
Orbivirus on: emedicine.com
* Peter Mertens ''et al.''
via Web Archive
* Mertens, (2001) Orbiviruses and Bluetongue virus. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. www.els.net
ICTV
{{Authority control
Orbiviruses
Animal viral diseases
Virus genera
Mammal diseases
Bird diseases