{{Infobox military conflict , width = 380px , image = File:Sculpture showing Indo-Pak war.jpg , image_size = 300px , caption = Sculpture showing the Indo-Pakistani War {{clear {{OSM Location map , coord = {{coord, 32.3, N, 74.7, E , float = center , zoom = 8 , width = 290 , height = 300 , caption = {{center, Chawinda and surroundings , nolabels = 1 , minimap = , mini-file = , mini-width = , mini-height = , minipog-x = , minipog-y = , scalemark = , shape = , map-data-light = Q6754702 , mark-coord1 = {{Coord, 32, 40, 24, N, 74, 27, 50, E , mark1 = Blue pog.svg , mark-size1 = 7 , label1 = Marala Headworks , label-size1 = 10 , label-color1 = blue , label-pos1 = top , mark-title1 = Marala Headworks , mark-description1 = Beginning of the Marala Ravi Link Canal , mark-coord2 = {{coord, 32.3746, N, 74.4153, E , mark2 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg , mark-size2 = 10 , label2 = MRL , label-size2 = 10 , label-color2 = blue , label-pos2 = right , mark-title2 = Marala-Ravi Link Canal , mark-description2 = Stated objective of the Indian campaign , mark-coord3 = {{coord, 32.2308, N, 74.6031, E , mark3 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg , mark-size3 = 10 , label3 = MRL , label-size3 = 10 , label-color3 = blue , label-pos3 = right , mark-title3 = Marala-Ravi Link Canal , mark-description3 = Stated objective of the Indian campaign , mark-coord4 = {{coord, 31.89798, N, 74.62616, E , mark4 = Blue pog.svg , mark-size4 = 7 , label4 = Ravi river , label-size4 = 10 , label-color4 = blue , label-pos4 = right , mark-title4 = Ravi river , mark-description4 = Bottom of the Marala Ravi Link Canal , mark-coord5 = {{Coord, 32, 29, 33, N, 74, 31, 52, E , mark5 = Red pog.svg , mark-size5 = 8 , label5 = Sialkot , label-size5 = 10 , label-color5 = black , label-pos5 = bottom , mark-title5 = Sialkot , mark-description5 = Sialkot , mark-coord6 = {{Coord, 32.4417427, 74.1182117 , mark6 = Red pog.svg , mark-size6 = 8 , label6 = Wazirabad , label-size6 = 10 , label-color6 = black , label-pos6 = bottom , mark-title6 = Wazirabad , mark-description6 = Town in Pakistani Punjab on the Grand Trunk Road , mark-coord7 = {{Coord, 32, 9, 24, N, 74, 11, 24, E , mark7 = Red pog.svg , mark-size7 = 8 , label7 = Gujranwala , label-size7 = 10 , label-color7 = black , label-pos7 = bottom , mark-title7 =

Gujranwala Gujranwala ( ur, , label=none; ) is a city and capital of Gujranwala Division located in Pakistan. It is also known as "City of Wrestlers" and is quite famous for its food. It is the 5th most populous city proper after Karachi, Lahore, Faisala ...

, mark-description7 =

, mark-coord8 = {{coord, 32.3495, N, 74.7075, E , mark8 = Red pog.svg , mark-size8 = 7 , label8 = Chawinda , label-size8 = 10 , label-color8 = black , label-pos8 = bottom , mark-title8 = Chawinda , mark-description8 = Chawinda , mark-coord10 = {{coord, 32.9019451, 74.7347398 , mark10 = Red pog.svg , mark-size10 = 7 , label10 = Akhnur , label-size10 = 10 , label-color10 = black , label-pos10 = right , mark-title10 = Akhnur , mark-description10 = Town in Indian-administered Kashmir, the target of Pakistan's Operation Grand Slam , mark-coord11 = {{coord, 32.73, N, 74.87, E , mark11 = Red pog.svg , mark-size11 = 9 , label11 = Jammu , label-size11 = 10 , label-color11 = black , label-pos11 = right , mark-title11 = Jammu , mark-description11 = City in Indian-administered Kashmir , mark-coord12 = {{coord, 32.57, N, 75.12, E , mark12 = Red pog.svg , mark-size12 = 8 , label12 = Samba , label-size12 = 10 , label-color12 = black , label-pos12 = right , mark-title12 =

Samba Samba (), also known as samba urbano carioca (''urban Carioca samba'') or simply samba carioca (''Carioca samba''), is a Brazilian music genre that originated in the Afro-Brazilian communities of Rio de Janeiro in the early 20th century. Havin ...

, mark-description12 = Town in Indian-administered Kashir, the base for the 1st Armoured Division , mark-coord13 = {{coord, 32.3863, 74.8988 , mark13 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg , mark-size13 = 10 , label13 = Degh , label-size13 = 10 , label-color13 = blue , label-pos13 = right , mark-title13 = Degh river , mark-description13 = , conflict = Battle of Chawinda , partof = the

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 or the Second Kashmir War was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was d ...

, map_type = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan , coordinates = {{coord, 32, 23, 03, N, 74, 43, 30, E, type:event, display=inline , map_caption = Location of Chawinda in

Pakistani Punjab Punjab (; , ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in central-eastern region of the country, Punjab is the second-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the largest province by population. It shares land borders with the ...

##Location of Chawinda in Pakistan , map_label = Chawinda , date = 14 September 1965,
18–19 September 1965
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=9, day1=18, year1=1965, month2=9, day2=19, year2=1965) {{cite book , author1=Jogindar Singh , title=Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947-1971 , year=1993 , publisher=Lancer Publishers , isbn=1-897829-20-5 , pages=217–219 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toheLRVgjLsC&pg=PA217 , access-date=12 January 2015 {{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a {{cite book , author1=Abrar Hussain , title=Men of Steel: 6 Armored Division in the 1965 War , date=2005 , publisher=Army Education Publishing House , isbn=969-8125-19-1 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvttAAAAMAAJ , pages=36–52 {{sfn, Nawaz, 2008, pp=227–230{{sfn, Krishna Rao, 1991 , place = Chawinda, Punjab, Pakistan , result = Inconclusive , combatant1 = {{flag, Pakistan , combatant2 = {{flag, India , commander1 = {{plainlist, * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army

Lt. Gen. Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star rank, three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in ...

Bakhtiar Rana Lieutenant-General Bakhtiar Rana ( ur, ; b. 3 November 1910–1999) was a senior officer of the Pakistan Army who was notable for commanding the 1 Corps, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Biography Rana was born in Hoshiarpur, Punja ...

* {{flagicon, Pakistan, army Maj. Gen. Abrar Hussain{{efn, "

brar Hussain Brar () is a Jat clan from the Punjab region. Notable people with the surname, who may or may not be affiliated with the tribe, include: *Sham Singh Attariwala (1790-1846), a Sikh general in the Sikh army of Lahore Darbar. *Sher Singh Attariwa ...

had fought in the World War II and won the MBE due to his bravery as a young army lieutenant. Later in the 1965 War, he was awarded the gallantry award, Hilal-i-Jurat, for leading an infantry brigade as part of the 6th Armoured Division that fought the famous tank battle with the Indian Army at Chawinda in Sialkot and halted the advance of the invading Indian troops in Pakistan’s territory."{{citation needed, date=April 2021 * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army

Brig. Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In some countries, it is a senior rank above colonel, equivalent to a brigadier general or commodore (rank), commodore, typically commanding a brigade of several thou ...

Sardar M. Ismail * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army Brig. Amjad Chaudhry * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army Brig. S. M. Hussain * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army Brig. Abdul Ali Malik * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army Brig. Muzzafaruddin * {{flagicon, Pakistan, army

Lt. Col. Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colonel. ...

Nisar Ahmed Khan , commander2 = {{plainlist, *{{flagicon, India, army

Harbakhsh Singh *{{flagicon, India, army

Pat Dunn *{{flagicon, India, army Maj. Gen. Rajinder Singh *{{flagicon, India, army Maj. Gen. S. K. Kolra *{{flagicon, India, army Maj. Gen. M. L. Thapan *{{flagicon, India, army Lt. Col. Ardeshir Tarapore{{KIA , units1 = Pakistan's I Corps
''Cavalry units'': {{plainlist, * 10th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) * 11th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) * 22nd Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) * 25th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons) * 33rd TDU Sqdn. (15x Shermans) *

19th Lancers The 19th Lancers is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. Before 1956, it was known as 19th King George V's Own Lancers, which was a regular cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1922, by the amalgamation of 18th K ...

(44x M48 Pattons) , units2 = India's I Corps
''Cavalry units'':{{sfn, Zaloga, 1980, p=19{{harvnb, Barua, 2005,
191
} {{plainlist, * 4th Horse (45x Centurions) * 17th Poona (45x Centurions) *

16th Cavalry The 6th Lancers is an armoured regiment of the Pakistan Army. Previously, it was known as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse), and was a regular cavalry regiment in the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1921 by amalgamati ...

(45x Centurions) * 2nd Lancers (45x Shermans) * 62nd Cavalry (45x Shermans) , strength1 = {{plainlist, * 30,000–50,000 infantry * 132 tanks {{small, (plus reinforcements) , strength2 = {{plainlist, * 80,000–150,000 infantry * 260 tanks {{cite web , last=Amin , first=Major A.H. , title=Battle of Chawinda Comedy of Higher Command Errors , url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm , work=Military historian , publisher=Defence journal(pakistan) , access-date=12 July 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144243/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm , archive-date=19 July 2011 , url-status=dead , casualties1 = {{plainlist, * Tank losses: ** ''Neutral claims:'' 60 {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA600 , title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. , first=Micheal , last=Clodfelter , date=2017 , publisher=McFarland , isbn=9781476625850 , page=600 ** ''Indian claims:'' 155{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a, p=221
(144 put out, 11 captured) ** ''Pakistani claims:'' 44{{sfn, Zaloga, 1980, p=35 , casualties2 = {{plainlist, * Tank losses: ** ''Neutral claims:'' 100 ** ''Indian claims:'' 70{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a, p=221
(29 destroyed, 41 damaged) ** ''Pakistani claims:'' 120{{sfn, Zaloga, 1980, p=35 , territory = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars The Battle of Chawinda was a major engagement between Pakistan and India in the Second Kashmir War{{efn, It is also called the

. as part of the Sialkot campaign. It is well-known as being one of the largest tank battles in history since the Battle of Kursk, which was fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in World War II. {{cite book , author=Michael E. Haskew , title=Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8JQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 , date=2 November 2015 , publisher=Voyageur Press , isbn=978-0-7603-4963-2 , pages=201– The initial clashes in Chawinda coincided with the

Battle of Phillora The Battle of Phillora was a large tank battle fought during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. It commenced on 10 September when the Indian 1st Armoured Division, with four armoured regiments and supporting forces under command, attacked positio ...

, and the fighting here intensified once the Pakistani forces at Phillora retreated. The battle came to an end shortly before the United Nations Security Council mandated an immediate ceasefire, which would formally end the hostilities of the 1965 war.{{sfn, Pradhan, 2007 {{cite web , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm , publisher=GlobalSecurity.org , title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 , access-date=2012-06-02

Sialkot campaign

The Sialkot campaign was part of the strategy of riposte that India had devised to counter Pakistan's advances into

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to: * Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent * Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory * Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...

(J&K). It called for relieving Jammu by advancing from either

(in J&K) or Dera Baba Nanak (in Indian Punjab) with a view to encircling the city of Sialkot along the Marala–Ravi Link Canal (MRL).{{harvnb, Barua, 2005, p=190{{sfn, Singh, 2013, loc=Part 1, paragraphs 32–33{{efn, Pakistani military has long held a theory that the Indian objective was to cut the Grand Trunk Road at Wazirabad. The Grand Trunk Road is a major north–south highway that links, for example, Islamabad and Lahore.{{sfn, Bajwa, 2013, pp=254–255{{sfn, Krishna Rao, 1991, p=129 Some western military analysts also reproduce this theory.{{sfn, Zaloga, 1980, pp=22–23 The canal starts from the Marala Headworks on the Chenab River close to Pakistan's border with J&K, and runs to the west and south of Sialkot, eventually draining into the Ravi River near the town of Narang Mandi. The GOC Western Command Gen. Harbakhsh Singh favoured launching the campaign from Dera Baba Nanak using the 1st Armoured Division. But he was overridden by the Chief of Army Staff Gen.

J. N. Chaudhuri General (India), General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri (Bengali Language, Bengali: জয়ন্তনাথ চৌধুরী; 10 June 1908 – 6 April 1983) was a General Officer in the Indian Army. He served as the 6th Chief of the Army Staff ( ...

, who created a new I Corps under the command of Lt. Gen. Pat Dunn for the purpose. It would operate from Samba.{{sfn, Pradhan, 2007, pp=49–50 Gen. Dunn was given an assortment of units. In addition to the 1st Armoured Division under Maj. Gen. Rajinder Singh, he had:{{sfn, Pradhan, 2007, p=50{{sfn, Bajwa, 2013, pp=252–253 * the 6th Mountain Division under Maj. Gen. S. K. Korla * the 14th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Ranjeet Singh and * the 26th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. M. L. Thapan. The new corps was still in the process of formation when the hostilities broke out in September 1965. Some of the units were also under-strength because of their forces being tied up elsewhere.{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a, p=194 According to the Indian official history, the force contained 11 infantry brigades and 6 tank regiments.{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a, p=223{{efn, However, the history lists only 5 tank regiments in the composition: 4 Horse, 16 Cav, 17 Horse, 2 Lancers and 62 Cav.{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a, p=194

Pakistani defence

The Pakistani forces opposing the Indian thrust were part of Pakistan's I Corps under Lt. Gen.

. Included in it were:{{sfn, Bajwa, 2013, pp=253–254 * the

6th Armoured Division The 6th Armoured Division was an armoured division of the British Army, created in September 1940 during the Second World War and re-formed in May 1951 in the UK. History The division was formed in the United Kingdom under Northern Command on ...

commanded by Maj. Gen. Abrar Hussain, * the 4th Artillery Corps under Brig. Amjad Ali Khan Chaudhury (affiliated to the 6th Armoured Division), and * the 15th Infantry Division under Brig. S. M. Ismail. The 15th Infantry Division was a mixed infantry and armour force, with four pairs of a brigade and an armoured regiment each. However, only one out of the four pairs (the 24th Brigade and 25th Cavalry) was in the conflict area when the Indian campaign started.{{sfn, Bajwa, 2013, pp=253–254 They were based in and around Chawinda. The 24th Brigade was commanded by Brig. Abdul Ali Malik and the 25th Cavalry was led by Lt. Col. Nisar Ahmed Khan.{{sfn, Nawaz, 2008, pp=224, 225 The 6th Armoured Division, normally based at

, was moved to Pasrur in preparation for the war. It had three cavalry regiments: 10th Cavalry (also called the Guides Cavalry), the 22nd Cavalry and the 11th Cavalry.{{sfn, Higgins, 2016, p=46{{harvnb, Bajwa, 2013, pp=253–254. Bajwa does not list 11th Cavalry as being part of the 6th Armoured Division. But it is said to have came under its command from 8 September. The 11th Cavalry, along with the 4th Artillery Corps, was in Chamb as part of Operation Grand Slam when the operations started. The units were recalled and deployed in the vicinity of Phillora by 8 September. Later reinforcements included the 8th Infantry Division and 1st Armoured Division.{{citation needed, date=April 2021

The battle

The main striking force of the Indian I Corps was the 1st Armoured Division, which was supported by the 14th Infantry and 6th Mountain divisions.

Indian forces The Indian Armed Forces are the armed forces, military forces of the India, Republic of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force.—— Additionally, the Indian Armed Force ...

seized the border area on 7 September 1965. This was followed by a short engagement at Jassoran in which the Pakistanis suffered losses in the form of about 10 tanks, consequently ensuring complete Indian dominance over the Sialkot-Pasrur railway.{{cite book , title=India-Pakistan war, 1965, Volume 1 , last=Gupta , first=Hari Ram , year=1946 , publisher=Haryana Prakashan, 1967 , pages=181–182 , url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111576/page/n209/mode/2up , via=archive.org{{failed verification, date=April 2021 Realizing the severe threat posed by the Indians in Sialkot, the Pakistanis rushed two regiments of the

from Chamb, Indian-administered

(located today in Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir) to the

Sialkot sector Sialkot ( ur, ) is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the capital of Sialkot District and the 13th most populous city in Pakistan. The boundaries of Sialkot are joined with Jammu (the winter capital of Indian administered Jammu and ...

to support the Pakistani 7th Infantry Division fighting there. These units, supported by an independent tank destroyer squadron, amounted to about 135 tanks; 24 M47 and M48 Pattons, about 15 M36B1s and the rest Shermans. The majority of the

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

Pattons belonged to the new 25th Cavalry under the command of

Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colone ...

Nisar Ahmed Khan, which was sent to Chawinda. Intense fighting around the village of

Gadgor Gadgor is a small Town in Pasrur Tehsil, Sialkot District, Pakistan. Towns near Gadgor include Behrampur, Jahar, Joshan, Chobara, chak meer da,Gillan Wala, Chawinda, Kotli Mughlan and Philoura. Its geographical coordinates are 32° 24' 0" North, 7 ...

between the Indian 1st Armoured Division and the Pakistani 25th Cavalry Regiment resulted in the Indian advance being stopped.{{Citation needed, date=April 2021 The Indian plan was to drive a wedge between Sialkot and the Pakistani 6th Armoured Division. At the time, only one Pakistani regiment was present in the area, and it was wiped out by the Indian 1st Armoured Division's thrust, spearheaded by the 43rd Lorried Infantry Brigade and a tank regiment attacking Gat. The bulk of the Indian 1st Armoured Brigade was hurled towards Phillora. Pakistani air attacks caused significant damage to the Indian tank columns and exacted a heavy toll on the truck columns and infantry. The terrain of the area was very different from that of the area surrounding Lahore, being quite dusty, and therefore the Indian offensive's advance was evident to the Pakistani 25th Cavalry by the rising dust columns on the Charwah-Phillora road.{{Citation needed, date=April 2021 Indian forces resumed their offensive on 10 September 1965 with multiple corps-sized assaults and succeeded in pushing the Pakistani forces back to their base at Chawinda, where the Indian advance was eventually stopped. A Pakistani counterattack at Phillora was repulsed with heavy losses, after which the Pakistanis took up defensive positions. The situation for the Pakistanis at this point was highly perilous; the Indians outnumbered them ten to one.{{Citation needed, date=April 2021 However, the Pakistani situation improved as reinforcements arrived, consisting of two independent

brigades A brigade is a major tactical military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute a division. Br ...

from

Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...

: the 8th Infantry Division, and more crucially, the 1st Armoured Division.{{Clarify, reason=two brigades or two divisions?, date=April 2021 For the next several days, Pakistani forces repulsed Indian attacks on Chawinda. A major Indian assault involving India's 1st Armoured and 6th Mountain divisions on 18 September was repelled, with the Indians suffering heavy losses. Following this, on 21 September, the Indians withdrew to a defensive position near their original bridgehead,{{Where, date=April 2021 with the retreat of India's advancing divisions, all the offensives were effectively halted on that front.{{sfn, Barua, 2005,
192
} Pakistani officers vetoed the proposed counterattack, dubbed "Operation Windup", in light of the Indians' retreat. According to the Pakistani commander-in-chief, the operation was cancelled due to the fact that "both sides had suffered heavy tank losses...... would have been of no strategic importance...." and, above all: "the decision... was politically motivated as by then the Government of Pakistan had made up their mind to accept heceasefire and foreign-sponsored proposals".

Outcome

The battle has widely been described as one of the largest tank battles since World War II. {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&q=the+biggest+tank+Battle+of+Chawinda&pg=PA490 , title=Nothing But! Book Three What Price Freedom , page=490 , date=19 December 2013 , isbn=9781482816259 , access-date=19 December 2014 , last1=Bhattacharya , first1=Brigadier Samir On 22 September 1965, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called for an immediate and unconditional ceasefire from both nations.{{sfn, Pradhan, 2007 {{cite book , last=Midlarsky , first=Manus I. , title=Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond , url=https://archive.org/details/originspolitical00midl , url-access=limited , year=2011 , publisher=Cambridge University Press , isbn=978-0521700719 , edition=1st , pag
256
} The war ended the following day. The international military and economic assistance to both countries had stopped when the war started. Pakistan had suffered attrition to its military might and serious reverses in the Battle of Asal Uttar and Chawinda, which made way for its acceptance of the United Nations ceasefire.{{sfn, Krishna Rao, 1991 Following the end of hostilities on 23 September 1965, India claimed to have held about {{Convert, 518, km2, sqmi, abbr=on of Pakistani territory in the

(although neutral analyses put the figure at around {{Convert, 460, km2, sqmi, abbr=on of territory), including the towns and villages of Phillora, Deoli, Bajragarhi, Suchetgarh, Pagowal, Chaprar, Muhadpur and Tilakpur. These were all returned to Pakistan after the signing of the Tashkent Declaration in January 1966.{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992b{{cite book , last=Singh , first=Lt. Gen.Harbaksh , title=War Despatches , year=1991 , publisher=Lancer International , location=New Delhi , isbn=81-7062-117-8 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p54cAAAAIAAJ , pages=159{{sfn, Chakravorty, 1992a

Published accounts

Documentaries

''Battle of Chawinda − Indo Pak War 1965 − Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Tarapore'' (2018) is an Indian TV documentary which premiered on Veer by Discovery India. {{cite web , title=Battle of Chawinda -Indo Pak War 1965 - Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Tarapore , url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZZjfbyswL0 , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wZZjfbyswL0 , archive-date=2021-12-21 , url-status=live, publisher=Veer by Discovery , access-date=6 May 2018{{cbignore {{cite news , title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops' , url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece , access-date=22 April 2018 , work=

The Hindu ''The Hindu'' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the secon ...

, date=25 January 2018

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{reflist

Bibliography

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External links

Battle of Chawinda – Comedy of Higher Command Errors
(first-hand account of the battle) {{Military of India {{Military of Pakistan {{Tank battles, style=wide {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Chawinda Chawinda Chawinda Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 History of Sialkot History of Punjab, Pakistan (1947–present) 1965 in India 1965 in Pakistan September 1965 events in Asia