Oost-Veluws (East Veluws) is one of the main dialects of Veluws and is therefore related to West-Veluws and

Sallaans Sallaans ( nl, Sallands; Low Saxon: ''Sallaands'') is a collective term for the Westphalian language, Westphalian dialects of the region Salland, in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Overijssel, as well as in minor parts of Gelderland ...

. It is spoken in the Dutch province

Gelderland Gelderland (), also known as Guelders () in English, is a province of the Netherlands, occupying the centre-east of the country. With a total area of of which is water, it is the largest province of the Netherlands by land area, and second by ...

. The dialect is

endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and in ...

as there are few native speakers left.

Delimitation of Oost-Veluws

Oost-Veluws is spoken in places such as the municipalities

Elburg Elburg () is a municipality and a city in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands. History There is evidence of a Neolithic settlement at Elburg consisting of stone tools and pottery shards. From Roman times there are names and shards of earthenw ...

Oldebroek Oldebroek () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland Gelderland (), also known as Guelders () in English, is a province of the Netherlands, occupying the centre-east of the country. With a total area of of which is water, i ...

, Epe,

Vaassen Vaassen (; Low German: ''Vaossen'') is one of four villages in the Dutch municipality of Epe. Vaassen is situated between Apeldoorn and Zwolle, on the eastern edge of the Veluwe in the province of Gelderland. Vaassen was an independent munici ...

Apeldoorn Apeldoorn (; Dutch Low Saxon: ) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland in the centre of the Netherlands. It is located about 60 km east of Utrecht, 60 km west of Enschede, 25 km north of Arnhem and 35 km south of Zwolle. Th ...

Dieren Dieren () is a town in the eastern Netherlands. It is located in Rheden, Gelderland, between Zutphen and Arnhem, on the bank of the IJssel. Dieren was a separate municipality until 1818, when it became a part of Rheden. The Gazelle bicycle facto ...

. The villages Elspeet, Uddel en Kootwijk in the middle of the Veluwe belong to West-Veluws. The

delimitation Boundary delimitation (or simply delimitation) is the drawing of boundaries, particularly of electoral precincts, states, counties or other municipalities.

to Sallaans is problematic to the point that some linguists prefer to make a division between Veluws (consisting of West-Veluws and some Oost-Veluws places as Elburg and Oldebroek) and Sallaans (consisting of Sallaans and the rest of the Oost-Veluws region).http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/weij005nede01/weij005nede01ill45.gif

Differences to other dialect groups

Differences to West-Veluws

Most villages of the area called

Veluwe The Veluwe () is a forest-rich ridge of hills (1100 km2) in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. The Veluwe features many different landscapes, including woodland, heath, some small lakes and Europe's largest sand drifts. The Ve ...

lie on its borders, that is, not in the middle of this sandy woodland. The actual Veluwe is a very sparsely populated area that was rather inaccessible in earlier days. Therefore, it is not surprising that two very important isoglosses have come to lie within the Veluwe. The first isogloss is the border between ''old'' and ''olt'' on the Eastern side and the vocalization of ''l'' as in ''oud'' or ''out'' in the West. The retaining of ''ol'' is typical for Low German, while its replacement by ''ou'' is characteristic for Low Frankish. The second isogloss pertains to the

plural The plural (sometimes abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This de ...

inflection In linguistic morphology, inflection (or inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and ...

verb A verb () is a word ( part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descr ...

s. In most West Low German dialects, the plural inflection for all person forms is ''t'': ''wiele warkt, ule warkt, zie warkt'' - 'we work, you work, they work'. West-Veluws has a unified plural inflection as well, but on ''-en'' as in

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

. But in the South and East of the Veluwe, ''-t'' is restricted to the second and third person plural, while the first person takes ''-en''. In the variety of Apeldoorn, for example, it is ''wiele warken, ule warkt, zie warkt''. There are also some lexical differences. For example, Oost-Veluws has ''ledder'' 'ladder', while in West-Veluws the form ''leer'' is used which is probably a loan from 17th century

Hollandic Hollandic or Hollandish ( ) is the most widely spoken dialect of the Dutch language. Hollandic is among the Central Dutch dialects. Other important language varieties of spoken Low Franconian languages are Brabantian, Flemish ( East Flemish, ...

. This process during which characteristics of Hollandic were adopted in places at the shore of the

Zuiderzee The Zuiderzee or Zuider Zee (; old spelling ''Zuyderzee'' or ''Zuyder Zee'') was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands, extending about 100 km (60 miles) inland and at most 50 km (30 miles) wide, with an o ...

, while the

IJssel The IJssel (; nds-nl, Iessel(t) ) is a Dutch distributary of the river Rhine that flows northward and ultimately discharges into the IJsselmeer (before the 1932 completion of the Afsluitdijk known as the Zuiderzee), a North Sea natural harbour. ...

region retained the Low German forms holds also for the two isoglosses cited above.

Differences to Achterhoeks

But the intensive influence of Hollandic can be observed in Oost-Veluws as well as can be seen when comparing it to Achterhoeks dialect which lies in the East of the Veluwe. E.g. Achterhoeks ''good'', ''beer'', while Dutch and Veluws ''goed'', ''bier''. Germanic long ''ô'' as in ''*grônaz'' 'green'' becomes ''uu'', thus ''gruun'', in comparison to Achterhoeks ''greun''. Here, Oost-Veluws patterns with Sallaans. Dutch ''ui'' usually corresponds to Oost-Veluws ''uu'', while (eastern) Achterhoeks has ''oe''. In all of Sallaans and western Achterhoeks (as in Zutphens),

lexical diffusion Lexical diffusion is the hypothesis that a sound change is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable. It contrasts with the Neogrammarian view that a sound change results from phonetically-cond ...

takes place, and words like ''huus''/''huis'' 'house' and ''moes''/''muis'' 'mouse' can both be heard.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oost-Veluws Dialect Languages of the Netherlands Dutch Low Saxon Culture of Gelderland