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Onyx is a two-player
abstract strategy Abstract strategy games admit a number of definitions which distinguish these from strategy games in general, mostly involving no or minimal narrative theme, outcomes determined only by player choice (with no randomness), and perfect information. ...
board game Board games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a comp ...
invented by Larry Back in 1995. The game features a rule for performing captures, making Onyx unique among
connection game A connection game is a type of abstract strategy game in which players attempt to complete a specific type of connection with their pieces. This could involve forming a path between two or more endpoints, completing a closed loop, or connecting all ...
s. The Onyx board is a grid of interlocking squares and triangles, with pieces played on the points of intersection (as in Go). Each side of the board comprises twelve points.
Black Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have o ...
tries to connect the two vertical (black) sides with an unbroken chain of black pieces, while White tries to connect the two horizontal (white) sides with an unbroken chain of white pieces. The first to do so wins the game. Onyx was featured in several issues of ''Abstract Games'' magazine edited by Kerry Handscomb.


Game rules

The initial setup has four black pieces and four white pieces pre-placed (see illustration). * Players alternate placing stones on the board, starting with Black. ** Black moves first by placing a black piece on any empty point of the board. ** White follows suit. Since moving first conveys an advantage, the
pie rule The pie rule, sometimes referred to as the swap rule, is a rule used to balance abstract strategy games where a first-move advantage has been demonstrated. After the first move is made in a game that uses the pie rule, the second player must sel ...
can be invoked. This gives White the one-time option to switch sides after Black's first move. * A piece can be placed on the midpoint of a square only if all four corners of that square are currently unoccupied. * Once placed, pieces do not move unless captured. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game.


Capture rule

The rule for capturing allows a player to capture up to two enemy pieces in a single turn. All of the following conditions must be met: * the two enemy pieces occupy opposite corners of a square; * a third corner of the square is already occupied by a piece owned by the capturing player; * the square's midpoint is unoccupied. The capture is executed by placing a piece on the remaining unoccupied corner of the square. If the capturing move also simultaneously completes a square on the board where the same conditions prevail, then the move results in the capture of enemy pieces instead of two. This possibility arises since each corner of a square on the Onyx board, with exception of corners at the board's edge, is also a corner of a second, adjoining square. For example, if Black places a stone on 5as shown on the 6×6 mini-board, that completes the square and the White stones at 5and 4are captured. The illustration also shows a double-capture: if White places a stone on 3 that completes two squares ( and ) and the Black stones at 3 2 4 and 3are all captured and removed from the board. If Black moves first and captures the two White stones, the double-capture cannot occur as the 4corner would no longer be occupied after the capture and removal.


Observations: non-repeating positions

Onyx has the interesting property that, despite having a capture rule, it seems positions never repeat in a normally played game. That is, if at least one player is trying to win then it does not appear to be possible to have an Onyx position where, after a number of moves have been made, some of which are captures resulting in the removal of pieces from the board, the game returns to the same position. It seems the only way a position can be repeated in Onyx is if both players conspire to bring this about. However, while experience indicates that positions do not repeat, it's not obvious why this is so. In fact, it may be possible to construct an Onyx position where, with correct play, the position will repeat after a number of moves. But such a position has never been discovered and it may be the case that it's impossible to create one. Therefore, one interesting challenge with Onyx is to construct a position that repeats with correct play or to prove that it is impossible to do so.


Notation conventions

Each point on the Onyx board, except for midpoints of squares, is notated by a letter followed by a number in a zig-zagging coordinate system. The of a square is described by two letters followed by two numbers that uniquely identify the square's corners. An asterisk (*) following a notated move indicates that one pair of pieces was captured; two asterisks (**) indicates that two pairs were captured.


Variations

* Open Variation. Instead of the initial setup shown, players can begin the game with the Onyx board empty.The standard setup with pre-placed pieces, however, "tends to sharpen the play and results in more interesting positions". . * The Onyx board can be varied in size, with more or less than twelve points per side. The next highest board size that still allows the starting pieces to be placed centrally is 16×16."A larger board results in more strategic depth but also a longer game. It seems a board ..with twelve points along each side is ideal for this game." . Some puzzles have been composed for ''Mini-Onyx'' boards having six points per side .


See also

*
Connection game A connection game is a type of abstract strategy game in which players attempt to complete a specific type of connection with their pieces. This could involve forming a path between two or more endpoints, completing a closed loop, or connecting all ...
s *
Diamond Diamond is a Allotropes of carbon, solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the Chemical stability, chemically stable form of car ...
– also by Larry Back, using a similar gameboard tessellation


Notes


References

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Further reading

* *


External links


Onyx: An Original Connection Game
by Larry Back, ''Abstract Games'' (Winter 2000).

An introduction to the game by Dariusz Stachowski.
Connection Games VII: Onyx
Onyx rules, strategies and a sample 16×16 game.
Gorrion
Play Onyx in turn base mode at the Gorrion gaming site. Games can be played in the standard or open variations, and on the 12×12 or larger 16×16 board sizes.

Play Onyx on Richard's PBeM Server. *{{bgg, 11375, Onyx Board games introduced in 1995 Abstract strategy games Connection games