The ''Old History of the Five Dynasties'' (''Jiù Wǔdài Shǐ'') was an official history mainly focus on

Five Dynasties The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (), from 907 to 979, was an era of political upheaval and division in 10th-century History of China#Imperial China, Imperial China. Five Dynasties in Chinese history, dynastic states quickly succeeded ...

era (907–960), which controlled much of northern

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

. And it also includes some history of other south states during the era. It was compiled by the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

official-scholar

Xue Juzheng Xue Juzheng ( – 12 July 981; courtesy name Ziping) was a scholar-official who successively served the Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou and Song dynasties. He was one of the chief ministers of the Song dynasty from 973 until his death. Xu ...

in the first two decades of the Song dynasty, which was founded in 960. It is one of the

Twenty-Four Histories The ''Twenty-Four Histories'' (), also known as the ''Orthodox Histories'' (), are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century. The Han dynasty official Sima Qia ...

recognized through Chinese history. The book comprises 150 chapters, and was in effect divided into 7 books, they are: ''Book of Liang'' (24 volume), ''Book of Tang'' (50 volume), ''Book of Jin'' (24 volume), ''Book of Han'' (11 volume), ''Book of Zhou'' (22 volume), '' Liezhuan'' (7 volume) and ''Zhi'' (12 volume), respectively''.'' After the ''

New History of the Five Dynasties The ''Historical Records of the Five Dynasties'' (''Wudai Shiji'') is a Chinese history book on the Five Dynasties period (907–960), written by the Song dynasty official Ouyang Xiu in private. It was drafted during Ouyang's exile from 1036 to ...

'' by Ouyang Xiu was published, it was no longer popular. In the 12th century it was removed from the Imperial Library and was no longer published by order of the Jin dynasty. The book was lost during this period. During the 18th century,

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...

scholars found many complete quotes of the book in '' Yongle Da Dian''. They extracted them and together with other sources of the same period, they were able to largely reconstruct the book, although missing a few chapters. Despite rumours that copies of the original book exist, none have been found.

The Five Dynasties

The Five Dynasties comprised a string of dynasties in northern

that succeeded one another from 907 to 960. They bridge the time from which the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom ...

fell in 907 to the rise of the Song dynasty in 960, which eventually conquered all but the very northernmost reaches of

. The Five Dynasties are the Later Liang,

Later Tang Tang, known in historiography as the Later Tang, was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China and the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The first three of the Later Tang's four ...

Later Jin Later Jin may refer to two states in imperial China: * Later Jin (Five Dynasties) (後晉; 936–947), one of the Five Dynasties * Later Jin (1616–1636) (後金; 1616–1636), precursor to the Qing dynasty See also * Jin (disambiguation) Jin ...

, Later Han, and

Later Zhou Zhou, known as the Later Zhou (; ) in historiography, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty and the last of the Five Dynasties that controlled most of northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Founded by Guo Wei ( ...

Xue Juzheng

Xue Juzheng (912–981) lived through all five of the Five Dynasties and received his ''

jinshi ''Jinshi'' () was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in Imperial China. The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace, and was also called the Metropolitan Exam. Recipients are sometimes referr ...

'' examination degree under the Later Tang. He then continued to hold office through the three subsequent dynasties. He took service with the Song dynasty when it established itself in northern China in 960.

Purpose

The primary purpose of ''The Five Dynasties History'' was to establish the claim of the Song dynasty to the Mandate of Heaven, essentially the divine right to rule the Chinese realm. The Song dynasty took over control of northern

from the last of the Five Dynasties, the Later Zhou. From there, they conquered southern China to eventually rule all but the northern fringe of

known as the Sixteen Prefectures, which was under the control of the Khitan

Liao dynasty The Liao dynasty (; Khitan language, Khitan: ''Mos Jælud''; ), also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: ''Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur''), officially the Great Liao (), was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that exi ...

. Xue sought to establish the claim of the

to the Mandate of Heaven through the succession of the Five Dynasties. Xue argued that as each of these five dynasties controlled the traditional heart of China and held territory vastly larger than any of the kingdoms to the south, the Mandate naturally flowed through these dynasties.

Issues

In establishing the path of the Mandate through from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty through the Five Dynasties, there are several issues that Xue Zhucheng had to address. The first of these was the brutality exercised by the Later Liang, the first of the five dynasties.

Zhu Wen Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (), personal name Zhu Quanzhong () (December 5, 852 – July 18, 912), né Zhu Wen (), name later changed to Zhu Huang (), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"), was a Chinese military general, mona ...

's brutality led many to want to exclude that dynasty from the Mandate of Heaven due to the requirement that the leader work with benevolence. Another issue had to do with the middle three, the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han respectively. None of these were

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctiv ...

ruled dynasties, but were led by Shatuo. The final major hurdle was related to the ability to rule all of China. While each of these five dynasties held more territory than any of the other Chinese polities of the era, none of them had a realistic chance of conquering the southern kingdoms and uniting the entire realm.

Legacy

Xue's work provides valuable historical information regarding the Five Dynasties that ruled most of northern China from 907 to 960, relied on by historians today for much of what is known about this period of Chinese history. However, another legacy of the book is the use of official histories to strengthen claims to the Mandate of Heaven, including the bending of historical fact to suit the needs of the patron dynasty. Although this was not the first instance of distorting history to legitimize ruling claims (both within and outside China), the work strengthened this trend in Chinese history. In addition, the book was used to legitimize foreign dynasties, which set up the justification for later

conquest dynasties A conquest dynasty () in the history of China refers to a Chinese dynasty established by non- Han ethnicities that ruled parts or all of China proper, the traditional heartland of the Han people, and whose rulers may or may not fully assimilate ...

that would control much of China's destiny for most of the next millennium.

Catalogue

''Book of Liang''

*Volume 001 ''Book of Liang'' 1 Taizu ''Benji'' 1 -

*Volume 002 ''Book of Liang'' 2 Taizu ''Benji'' 2 - Zhu Wen *Volume 003 ''Book of Liang'' 3 Taizu ''Benji'' 3 - Zhu Wen *Volume 004 ''Book of Liang'' 4 Taizu ''Benji'' 4 - Zhu Wen *Volume 005 ''Book of Liang'' 5 Taizu ''Benji'' 5 - Zhu Wen *Volume 006 ''Book of Liang'' 6 Taizu ''Benji'' 6 - Zhu Wen *Volume 007 ''Book of Liang'' 7 Taizu ''Benji'' 7 - Zhu Wen *Volume 008 ''Book of Liang'' 8 Modi (last emperor) ''Benji'' first volume -

Zhu Youzhen Zhu Zhen (朱瑱) (20 October 888 – 18 November 923), often referred to in traditional histories as Emperor Mo of Later Liang (後梁末帝, "last emperor") and sometimes by his princely title Prince of Jun (均王), né Zhu Youzhen (朱友貞), ...

*volume009 ''Book of Liang'' 9 Modi (last emperor) ''Benji'' second volume - Zhu Youzhen *Volume 010 ''Book of Liang'' 10 Modi (last emperor) ''Benji'' second volume - Zhu Youzhen *Volume 011 ''Book of Liang'' 11 Consort ''Liezhuan'' 1 - Empress Wenhui dowager, of Wang clan (文惠王太后)． Empress YuanzhenZhang clan．Consort De, of Zhang clan (张德妃) *Volume 012 Book of Liang 12 Imperial family ''Liezhuan'' 2 - Zhu Quanyu (朱全昱), the Prince of Guang．Zhu Youliang．Zhu Youneng (朱友能), the Prince of Hui．Zhu Youhui (朱友诲), the Prince of Shao．Zhu Youning (朱友宁)．the Prince of An．Zhu Younlun (朱友伦), the Prince of Mi．Zhu Younyu (朱友裕), the Prince of Chen．Zhu Younwen (朱友文), the Prince of Bo．Zhu Yougui, Shuren (common people)．Zhu Younwen (朱友璋), the Prince of Fu．Zhu Younyong (朱友雍), the Prince of He．Zhu Younhui (朱友徽), the Prince of Jian．Zhu Younzi (朱友徽), the Prince of Kang *Volume 013 Book of Liang 13 ''Liezhuan'' 3 -

Zhu Xuan Zhu Xuan (朱瑄''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 182.'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 13.''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 255. or 朱宣''New Book of Tang'', vol. 188.''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 42.) (d. 897) was a warlord late in t ...

．

Zhu Jin Zhu Jin () (867-918) was a warlord late in the Chinese Tang Dynasty who would later be a major general of the Wu (also known as Hongnong) state during the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In the late Tang years, Zhu Jin, as t ...

．

Shi Pu Shi Pu (時溥) (d. May 9, 893Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 259.), formally the Prince of Julu (鉅鹿王), was a warlord of the late Tang dynasty, who controlled Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered ...

． Wang Shifan．

Liu Zhijun / ( or ) is an East Asian surname. pinyin: in Mandarin Chinese, in Cantonese. It is the family name of the Han dynasty emperors. The character originally meant 'kill', but is now used only as a surname. It is listed 252nd in the classic text ...

． Yang Chongben．Jiang Yin (Jiang Yin)・Zhang Wanjin (张万进) *Volume 014 ''Book of Liang'' 14 ''Liezhuan'' 4 - Luo Shaowei, Zhao Xun, Wang Ke *Volume 015 ''Book of Liang'' 15 ''Liezhuan'' 5 - Han Jian,

Li Hanzhi Li Hanzhi (; 842''New Book of Tang'', vol. 187.'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 15.''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 42. – July 26, 899Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 261.), formal ...

, Feng Xingjian (冯行袭), Sun Dezhao (孙德昭), Zhao Keyu (赵克遇), Zhang Shensi (张慎思) *Volume 016 ''Book of Liang'' 16 ''Liezhuan'' 6 -

Ge Congzhou Ge Congzhou () (died 916Glen Dudbridge (2013). ''A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880-956)''. Oxford University Press. p. 98.), courtesy name Tongmei (), formally the Prince of Chenliu (), was a general serving und ...

．Xie Yanzhang (谢彦章), Hu Zhen (胡真), Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou, Zhang Guibian *Volume 017 ''Book of Liang'' 17 ''Liezhuan'' 7 - Cheng-bend, Du Hong, Zhong Chuan, Tian Jun, Zhu Yanshou, Zhao Kuangning, Zhang Ji, Lei Man *Volume 018 ''Book of Liang'' 18 ''Liezhuan'' 8 - Zhang Wenwei, Xue Yiru, Zhang Ce, Du Xiao, Jing Xiang, Li Zhen *Volume 019 ''Book of Liang'' 19 ''Liezhuan'' 9 - Shi Shu Cong, Zhu You Gong, Wang Chong Shi, Zhu Zhen, Li Si An, Deng Ji Yun, Huang Wen Jing, Hu Ji, Li honestly, Li Chongyin, Fan Jushi *Volume 020 ''Book of Liang'' 20 ''Liezhuan'' 10 - Xie Xie, Sima Ye, Liu Han, Wang Jingmai, Gao Shao, Ma Jixun, Zhang Cunjing, Kou Yanqing *Volume 021 ''Book of Liang'' 21 ''Liezhuan'' 11 - Pang Shigu, Huo Cun, Fu Daozhao, Xu Huaiyu, Guo Yan, Li Tangbin, Wang Qianyu, Liu Kangzhang, Wang Yanzhang, He Delun *Volume 022 ''Book of Liang'' 22 ''Liezhuan'' 12 - Yang Shihou, Niu Cunjie, Wang Tan *Volume 023 ''Book of Liang'' 23 ''Liezhuan'' 13 - Liu Xun, He Gai, Kang Huaiying, Wang Jingren *Volume 024 ''Book of Liang'' 24 ''Liezhuan'' 14 - Li Scepter, Lu Zeng, Sun Lian, Zhang Jun, Zhang Yan, Du Xunhe, Luo Yin, Qiu Yin, Duan Shen

''Book of Tang''

*Volume 025 ''Book of Tang'' 1 Wuhuang ''Benji'' 1 -

Li Keyong Li Keyong () (October 24, 856 – February 24, 908) was a Chinese military general and politician of Shatuo ethnicity, and from January 896 a Prince of Jin (, ''Jin Wang''), which would become an independent state after the fall of the Tang dyn ...

*Volume 026 ''Book of Tang'' 2 Wuhuang ''Benji'' 2 - Li Keyong *Volume 027 ''Book of Tang'' 3 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 1 -

Li Cunxu Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang (), personal name Li Cunxu (), nickname Yazi (), stage name Li Tianxia (), was the ruling prince of the Former Jin dynasty (r. 908–923) and later became the founding emperor of the Later Tang dynasty (r. 923 ...

*Volume 028 ''Book of Tang'' 4 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 2 - Li Cunxu *Volume 029 ''Book of Tang'' 5 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 3 - Li Cunxu *Volume 030 ''Book of Tang'' 6 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 4 - Li Cunxu *Volume 031 ''Book of Tang'' 7 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 5 - Li Cunxu *Volume 032 ''Book of Tang'' 8 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 6 - Li Cunxu *Volume 033 ''Book of Tang'' 9 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 7 - Li Cunxu *Volume 034 ''Book of Tang'' 10 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 8 - Li Cunxu *Volume 035 ''Book of Tang'' 11 Mingzong ''Benji'' 1 -

Li Siyuan Li Siyuan (李嗣源, later changed to Li Dan (李亶)) (10 October 867 – 15 December 933), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang (後唐明宗), was the second emperor of the Later Tang dynasty of China, reigni ...

*Volume 036 ''Book of Tang'' 12 Mingzong ''Benji'' 2 - Li Siyuan *Volume 037 ''Book of Tang'' 13 Mingzong ''Benji'' 3 - Li Siyuan *Volume 038 ''Book of Tang'' 14 Mingzong ''Benji'' 4 - Li Siyuan *Volume 039 ''Book of Tang'' 15 Mingzong ''Benji'' 5 - Li Siyuan *Volume 040 ''Book of Tang'' 16 Mingzong ''Benji'' 6 - Li Siyuan *Volume 041 ''Book of Tang'' 17 Mingzong ''Benji'' 7 - Li Siyuan *Volume 042 ''Book of Tang'' 18 Mingzong ''Benji'' 8 - Li Siyuan *Volume 043 ''Book of Tang'' 19 Mingzong ''Benji'' 9 - Li Siyuan *Volume 044 ''Book of Tang'' 20 Mingzong ''Benji'' 10 - Li Siyuan *Volume 045 ''Book of Tang'' 21 Mindi ''Benji'' 1 -

Li Conghou Li Conghou () (914–934), posthumous name Emperor Min of Later Tang (), childhood name Pusanu (菩薩奴, "slave of a Bodhisattva"), was an emperor of the Later Tang dynasty of China, ruling between 933 and 934. He was overthrown by his adopt ...

*Volume 046 ''Book of Tang'' 22 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 1 -

Li Congke Li Congke () (11 February 885 – 11 January 937), also known in historiography as the Last Emperor of Later Tang (), Deposed Emperor of Later Tang (), Wang Congke () (particularly during the succeeding Later Jin dynasty, which did not recogni ...

*Volume 047 ''Book of Tang'' 23 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 2 - Li Congke *Volume 048 ''Book of Tang'' 24 Zhuangzong ''Benji'' 3 - Li Congke *Volume 049 ''Book of Tang'' 25 Consort ''Liezhuan'' 1 - Empress Zhenjian, of Cao clan ．Consort Liu．Lady Wei, of Chen clan．Empress Shenmin, of Liu clan．Consort Shu, of Han clan．Consort Yide, Empress Zhaoyi, of Xia clan．Empress Hewu, of Cao clan．Empress Xuanxian, of Wei clan．Empress Kong．Empress Liu *Volume 050 ''Book of Tang'' 26 ''Liezhuan'' 2 - Imperial family 1 *Volume 050 ''Book of Tang'' 27 ''Liezhuan'' 3 - Imperial family 2 *Volume 052 ''Book of Tang'' 28 ''Liezhuan'' 4 - Li Sizhao, Peiyue, Li Siben, Li Sien *Volume 053 ''Book of Tang'' 29 ''Liezhuan'' 5 - Li Cunxin, Li Cunxiao, Li Cunjin, Li Cunzhang, Li Cunxian *Volume 054 ''Book of Tang'' 30 ''Liezhuan'' 6 - Wang Rong, Wang Zhaohui, Wang Chuzhi *Volume 055 ''Book of Tang'' 31 ''Liezhuan'' 7 - Kang Junli, Xue Zhiqin, Shi Jianjian, Li Chengsi, Shi Yan, Gaiyu, Yi Guang, Li Chengxun, Shi Jingrong *Volume 056 ''Book of Tang'' 32 ''Liezhuan'' 8 - Zhou Dewei, Fu Cunshen *Volume 057 ''Book of Tang'' 33 ''Liezhuan'' 9 - Guo Chongtao *Volume 058 ''Book of Tang'' 34 ''Liezhuan'' 10 - Zhao Guangfeng, Zheng Jue, Cui Xie, Li Qi, Xiao Qin *Volume 059 ''Book of Tang'' 35 ''Liezhuan'' 11 - Ding Hui, Yan Bao, Fu Xi, Wu Zhen, Wang Zan, Yuan Xianxian, Zhang Wen, Li Shaowen *Volume 060 ''Book of Tang'' 36 ''Liezhuan'' 12 - Li Rengji, Wang Gum, Li Jingyi, Lu Rupil, Li Dehuo, Su Zhuan *Volume 061 ''Book of Tang'' 37 ''Liezhuan'' 13 - An Jinquan, An Yuanxin, An Chongba, Liu Xun, Zhang Jingxun, Liu Yanzong, Yuan Jianfeng, Xifang Ye, Zhang Zunhui, Sun Zhang *Volume 062 ''Book of Tang'' 38 ''Liezhuan'' 14 - Meng Fangli, Zhang Wenli, Dong Zhang *Volume 063 ''Book of Tang'' 39 ''Liezhuan'' 15 - Zhang Quanyi, Zhu Youqian *Volume 064 ''Book of Tang'' 40 ''Liezhuan'' 16 - Huo Yanwei, Wang Yanqiu, Dai Siyuan, Zhu Hanbin, Kong Qian, Liu Jang, and Zhou Zhiyu *Volume 065 ''Book of Tang'' 41 ''Liezhuan'' 17 - Li Jianhe, Shi Junli, Gao Xinggui, Zhang Tingyu, Wang Sitong, Suo Zitong *Volume 066 ''Book of Tang'' 42 ''Liezhuan'' 18 - An Chongzhi, Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu Hongsi, Kang Yicheng, Yayanchou, Song Lingxun *Volume 067 ''Book of Tang'' 43 ''Liezhuan'' 19 - Dou Lu Ge, Wei Shao, Lu Cheng, Zhao Feng, Li Yu, Ren Huon *Volume 068 ''Book of Tang'' 44 ''Liezhuan'' 20 - Xue Tinggui, Cui Yi, Liu Yue, Feng Shunqing, Dou Mengbi, Li Boyin, Gui Ai, Kong Miao, Zhang Wenbao, Chen Miao, Liu Zan *Volume 069 ''Book of Tang'' 45 ''Liezhuan'' 21 - Zhang Xian, Wang Zhengyan, Hu Zhan, Cui Yisun, Meng Gong, Sun Yue, Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, Liu Yanlang *Volume 070 ''Book of Tang'' 46 ''Liezhuan'' 22 - Yuan Xingqin, Xia Luqi, Yao Hong, Li Yan, Li Renru, Kang Sili, Zhang Jingda *Volume 071 ''Book of Tang'' 47 ''Liezhuan'' 23 - Ma Yu, Sikong Forehead, Cao Tingyin, Xiao Xifu, Yao Zhongzhi, Jia Fu, Ma Yai, Luo Guan, Chunyu Yan, Zhang Ge, Xu Sil, Zhou Xuanbao *Volume 072,''Book of Tang'' 48 ''Liezhuan'' 24 - Zhang Chengye, Zhang Juhan, Ma Shaohong, Meng Hanqiong *Volume 073 ''Book of Tang'' 49 ''Liezhuan'' 25 - Mao Zhang, Nie Yu, Wen Tao, Duan Ning, Kong Qian, Li Ye *Volume 074 ''Book of Tang'' 50 ''Liezhuan'' 26 - Kang Yanxiao, Zhu Shuyin, Yang Li, Dou Tingwan, Zhang Qizhao, Yang Yanwen

''Book of Jin''

*Volume 075 ''Book of Jin'' 1 Gaozu ''Benji'' 1 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 076 ''Book of Jin'' 2 Gaozu ''Benji'' 2 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 077 ''Book of Jin'' 3 Gaozu ''Benji'' 3 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 078 ''Book of Jin'' 4 Gaozu ''Benji'' 4 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 079 ''Book of Jin'' 5 Gaozu ''Benji'' 5 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 080 ''Book of Jin'' 6 Gaozu ''Benji'' 6 - Shi Jingtang *Volume 081 ''Book of Jin'' 7 Shaodi ''Benji'' 1 - Shi Chonggui *Volume 082 ''Book of Jin'' 8 Shaodi ''Benji'' 2 - Shi Chonggui *Volume 083 ''Book of Jin'' 9 Shaodi ''Benji'' 3 - Shi Chonggui *Volume 084 ''Book of Jin'' 10 Shaodi ''Benji'' 4 - Shi Chonggui *Volume 085 ''Book of Jin'' 11 Shaodi ''Benji'' 5 - Shi Chonggui *Volume 086 ''Book of Jin'' 12 Consort ''Liezhuan'' 1 - Empress Li, Taifei (Imperial consort, similar to dowager) An, Empress Zhang, Empress Feng *Volume 087 ''Book of Jin'' 13 ''Liezhuan'' 2 - Imperial family *Volume 088 ''Book of Jin'' 14 ''Liezhuan'' 3 - Jing Yanguang, Li Yantao, Zhang Xichong, Wang Tingyin, Shi Kuanghan, Liang Hanyong, Yang Siquan, Yin Hui, Li Congzhang, Li Congwen, Zhang Wanjin *Volume 089 ''Book of Jin'' 15 ''Liezhuan'' 4 - Sang Weihan, Zhao Ying, Liu Zhu, Feng Yu, Yin Peng *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 16 ''Liezhuan'' 5 -Zhao Zaili, Ma Quanjie, Zhang Yun, Hua Wenqi, An Chongruan, Yang Yanxun, Li Chengyue, Lu Siduo, An Yuanxin, Zhang Lang, Lee Deliu, Tian Wu, Li Chengfu Chengfu Sangrijin *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 17 ''Liezhuan'' 6 - Fang Zhiwen, Wang Jianli, Kangfu, An Yanwei, Li Zhou, Zhang Congxun, Li Jizhong, Li Qing, Zhou Guangfu, Fu Yan, Luo Zhoujing, Zheng Cong *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 18 ''Liezhuan'' 7 - Yao Yi, Lu Qi, Liang Wenju, Shi Gui, Pei Zuo, Wu Chengfan, Lu Dao, Zheng Taoguang, Wang Quan, Han Yun, Li Yi *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 19 ''Liezhuan'' 8 - Lu Zhi, Li Zhuanmei, Lu Zhan, Cui Chan, Xue Rong, Cao Guozhen, Zhang Renyuan, Zhao Xi, Li Xie, Yin Yuyu, Zheng Yunshou *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 20 ''Liezhuan'' 9 - Chang Congjian, Pan Huan, Fangtai, He Jian Zhang Tingyun, Guo Yanlu, Guo Jinhai, Liu Churang, Li Qiong, Gao Hanyun, Sun Yantao, Wang Bao, Miqiong, Li Yanxun *Volume 090 ''Book of Jin'' 21 ''Liezhuan'' 10 - Book Ten-Huangfuyu, Wang Qing, Liang Hanzhang, Bai Fengjin, Lu Shunmi, Zhou Huan, Shen Yun, Wu Yan, Zhai Zhang, Cheng Fuyun,Guo Lin *Volume 096 ''Book of Jin'' 22 ''Liezhuan'' 11 - Kong Chongbi, Chen Baoji, Wang Yu, Zhang Jizuo, Zheng Ruan, Hu Rao, Liu Suiqing, Fang Hao, Meng Chengxun, Liu Jixun, Zheng Yiyi, Cheng Xun, Li Yu, Zheng Xuansu, Ma Chongji, Chen Xuan *Volume 097 ''Book of Jin'' 23 ''Liezhuan'' 12 - Fan Yanguang, Zhang Congbin, Zhang Yanbo, Yang Guangyuan, Lu Wenjin, Li Jinquan *Volume 098 ''Book of Jin'' 24 ''Liezhuan'' 13 - An Chongrong, An Congjin, Zhang Yanze, Zhao Dejun, Zhang Li, Xiao Han, Liu Xi, Cui Tingxun

''Book of Han''

*Volume 099 ''Book of Han'' 1 Gaozu ''Benji'' 1 -

Liu Zhiyuan Liu Zhiyuan () (March 4, 895 – March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han (), was the founding emperor of the Shatuo-led Later Han dynasty, the fourth of the Five Dynasties du ...

*Volume 100 ''Book of Han'' 2 Gaozu ''Benji'' 2 -

*Volume 101 ''Book of Han'' 3 Yindi ''Benji'' 1 - Liu Chenyou *Volume 102 ''Book of Han'' 4 Yindi ''Benji'' 2 - Liu Chenyou *Volume 103 ''Book of Han'' 5 Yindi ''Benji'' 3 - Liu Chenyou *Volume 104 ''Book of Han'' 6 Consort ''Liezhuan'' 1 *Volume 105 ''Book of Han'' 7 Imperial family ''Liezhuan'' 2 *Volume 106 ''Book of Han'' 8 ''Liezhuan'' 3 - Wang Zhou, Liu Interview, Wuhan Ball, Zhang Rong, Li Yin, Liu Zaiming, Ma Wan, Li Yancong, Guo Jin, Huangfuli, Bai Zairong, Zhang Peng *Volume 107 ''Book of Han'' 9 ''Liezhuan'' 4 - Shi Hongzhao, Yang Fei, Wang Zhang, Li Hongjian, Yan Jinqing, Nie Wenjin, Houzan, Guo Yunming, Liu Zhu *Volume 108 ''Book of Han'' 10 ''Liezhuan'' 5 - Li Song, Su Fengji, Li lin, Long Min, Liu Ding, Zhang Yun, Ren Yanhao *Volume 109 ''Book of Han'' 11 ''Liezhuan'' 6 - Du Chongwei, Li Shouzhe, Zhao Siwan

''Book of Zhou''

*Volume 110 ''Book of Zhou'' 1 Taizu ''Benji'' 1 -

Guo Wei Guo Wei () (10 September 904 – 22 February 954According to Guo Wei's biography in "Old Histories of the Five Dynasties", he died between 9am and 11 am on the ''renchen'' day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the ''Xiande'' era of his reign ...

*Volume 111 ''Book of Zhou'' 2 Taizu ''Benji'' 2 - Guo Wei *Volume 112 ''Book of Zhou'' 3 Taizu ''Benji'' 3 - Guo Wei *Volume 113 ''Book of Zhou'' 4 Taizu ''Benji'' 4 - Guo Wei *Volume 114 ''Book of Zhou'' 5 Shizong ''Benji'' 1 - Chai Rong *Volume 115 ''Book of Zhou'' 6 Shizong ''Benji'' 3 - Chai Rong *Volume 116 ''Book of Zhou'' 7 Shizong ''Benji'' 3 - Chai Rong *Volume 117 ''Book of Zhou'' 8 Shizong ''Benji'' 4 - Chai Rong *Volume 118 ''Book of Zhou'' 9 Shizong ''Benji'' 5 - Chai Rong *Volume 119 ''Book of Zhou'' 10 Shizong ''Benji'' 6 - Chai Rong *Volume 120 ''Book of Zhou'' 11 Gongdi ''Benji'' 1 -

Chai Zongxun Guo Zongxun () (14 September 953 – 973) or Chai Zongxun (), also known by his posthumous name as the Emperor Gong of Later Zhou (), was the third and last emperor the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. ...

*Volume 121 ''Book of Zhou'' 12 Consort ''Liezhuan'' 1 *Volume 122 ''Book of Zhou'' 13 Imperial Liezhuan 2 *Volume 123 ''Book of Zhou'' 14 ''Liezhuan'' 3 - Gao Xingzhou, An Shenqi, An Shenhui, An Shenxin, Li Congmin, Lesson of Zheng Ren, Zhang Yancheng, An Shuqian, Song Yanyun *Volume 124 ''Book of Zhou'' 15 ''Liezhuan'' 4 - Wang Yin, He Fujin, Liu Ci, Wang Jin, Shi Yanchao, Shi Yi, Wang Lingwen, Zhou Mi, Li Huaizhong, Bai Wenke, Bai Yanyu, Tang Jingsi *Volume 125 ''Book of Zhou'' 16 ''Liezhuan'' 5 - Zhao Hui, Wang Shouen, Kong Zhijun, Wang Jihong, Feng Hui, Gao Yunquan, Zhecong Ruan, Wang Rao, Sun Fangjian *Volume 126 ''Book of Zhou'' 17 ''Liezhuan'' 6 -

Feng Dao Feng Dao () (882'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 126.-May 21, 954Chinese-Western Calendar Converter ...

*Volume 127 ''Book of Zhou'' 18 ''Liezhuan'' 7 - Lu Wenji, Ma Yisun, He Ning, Su Yugui, Jing Fan *Volume 128 ''Book of Zhou'' 19 ''Liezhuan'' 8 - Wang Pu, Yang Ningshi, Xue Renqian, Xiao Yuan, Lu Xie, Wang Renyu, Pei Yu, Duan Xiyao, Situ Xu, Bian Wei, Wang Min *Volume 129 ''Book of Zhou'' 20 ''Liezhuan'' 9 - Chang Si, Zhai Guangye, Cao Ying, Li Yan, Li Hui, Li Jianchong, Wang Chongyi, Sun Hanying, Xu Qian, Zhao Feng, Qi Zangzhen, Wang Huan, Zhang Yanchao, Zhang Ying, Liu Rengan *Volume 130 ''Book of Zhou'' 21 ''Liezhuan'' 10 - Wang Jun, Murong Yanchao, Yan Honglu, Cui Zhoudu *Volume 131 ''Book of Zhou'' 22 ''Liezhuan'' 11 - Liu Zuo, Zhang Gan, Zhang Kefu, Yu Dechen, Wang Yan, Shen Wenbing, Hu Zai, Liu Gang, Jia Wei, Zhao Yanyi, Shen Yan, Li Zhiyu, Sun Sheng

''Liezhuan''

*Volume 132 Hereditary successors ''Liezhuan'' 1 -

Li Maozhen Li Maozhen (; 856 – May 17, 924), born Song Wentong (), courtesy name Zhengchen (), formally Prince Zhongjing of Qin (), was the only ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Qi (901–924). He had become a powerful w ...

, Gao Wanxing, Han Xun ,

Li Renfu Li Renfu (李仁福) (died March 10, 933''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 278. Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), possibly né Tuoba Renfu (拓拔仁福), formally the Prince of Guo (虢王), was an ethnic Dangxiang (Tangut) warlord duri ...

*Volume 133 Hereditary successors ''Liezhuan'' 2 -

Gao Jixing Gao Jixing (高季興) (858 – January 28, 929), né Gao Jichang (高季昌), known for some time as Zhu Jichang (朱季昌), courtesy name Yisun (貽孫), formally Prince Wuxin of Chu (楚武信王), was the founder of Jingnan, also known as Nan ...

Ma Yin Ma Yin (; c. 853 – December 2, 930), courtesy name Batu (霸圖), formally King Wumu of Chu (楚武穆王), was Chinese military general and politician who became the first ruler of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Chu and the o ...

, Liu Yan,

Qian Liu Qian Liu (10 March 852Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter

*Volume 134 Jiewei (literally 'illegal independent Kingdom') ''Liezhuan'' 1 -

Yang Xingmi Yang Xingmi (; 852''Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms''vol. 1 – December 24, 905Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 265.), né Yang Xingmin (楊行愍, name changed 886), courtesy name Huayuan ...

Li Bian Li Bian (7 January 889 – 30 March 943, courtesy name Zhenglun), known as Xu Gao between 937 and 939 and Xu Zhigao before 937, and possibly Li Pengnu during his childhood, also known posthumously by his temple name Liezu, was the founder and fi ...

Wang Shenzhi Wang Shenzhi (; 862 – December 30, 925), courtesy name Xintong () or Xiangqing (), formally Prince Zhongyi of Min () and later further posthumously honored as Emperor Taizu of Min (), was the founder of Min Kingdom on the southeast coastal pro ...

*Volume 135 Jiewei ''Liezhuan'' 2 -

Liu Shouguang Liu Shouguang () (died February 16, 914) was a warlord early in the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period who controlled Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Yichang (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) Circui ...

, Liu Zhi,

Liu Chong Liu Min (劉旻) ( 895 – 954), named Liu Chong (劉崇) before 951,, also known Emperor Shizu of Northern Han by his temple name '' Shizu'' (世祖), was the founding emperor of the Northern Han state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ...

*Volume 136 Jiewei ''Liezhuan'' 3 - Wang Jian,

Meng Zhixiang Meng Zhixiang (; 10 May 874–7 September 934, courtesy name Baoyin, ;''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 64. formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Shu ) was a general of the Later Tang who went on to found the independent state of Later ...

*Volume 137 Foreign ''Liezhuan'' 1 - Khitan *Volume 138 Foreign ''Liezhuan'' 2 -

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Taman ...

, Uighur,

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificat ...

, Bohai Mohe,

Heishui Mohe The Heishui Mohe (; mnc, Sahaliyan i Aiman or ), also known as the , rendered in English as Blackriver Mohe or Blackwater Mohe, were a tribe of Mohe people in Outer Manchuria along the Amur River () in what is now Russia's Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Ob ...

Silla Silla or Shilla (57 BCE – 935 CE) ( , Old Korean: Syera, Old Japanese: Siraki2) was a Korean kingdom located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla, along with Baekje and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms ...

Dangxiang The Tangut people ( Tangut: , ''mjɨ nja̱'' or , ''mji dzjwo''; ; ; mn, Тангуд) were a Tibeto-Burman tribal union that founded and inhabited the Western Xia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later submitted ...

, Kunming Tribe,

Khotan Hotan (also known as Gosthana, Gaustana, Godana, Godaniya, Khotan, Hetian, Hotien) is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become ...

Kingdom of Khotan The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China). The ancient capital was originally sited to ...

, Zangke Tribe (牂柯蛮)

''Zhi (Document)''

*Volume 139 Astronomy ''Zhi'' *Volume 140 Calendar ''Zhi'' *Volume 141 Wuxing ''Zhi'' *Volume 142 Etiquette ''Zhi'' 1 *Volume 143 Etiquette ''Zhi'' 2 *Volume 144

Music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspe ...

''Zhi'' *Volume 145 Music ''Zhi'' *Volume 146 Food and freight ''Zhi'' *Volume 147 Criminal law ''Zhi'' *Volume 148 ''Xuanju'' (Selecting Juren) ''Zhi'' *Volume 149 ''Zhiguan'' (official) ''Zhi'' *Volume 150

Commandery In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...

and county ''Zhi''

References

Citations

Sources

; Works cited * ; Other references * *

External links

''Old History of the Five Dynasties'' 《舊五代史》
Chinese text with matching English vocabulary {{Authority control Twenty-Four Histories 10th-century history books Song dynasty literature History books about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 10th-century Chinese books