The Occupy movement was an international
populist
Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against " the elite". It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed ...
socio-political movement that expressed opposition to
social
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not.
Etymology
The word "social" derives from ...
and
economic inequality
There are wide varieties of economic inequality, most notably income inequality measured using the distribution of income (the amount of money people are paid) and wealth inequality measured using the distribution of wealth (the amount of we ...
and to the perceived lack of "real
democracy
Democracy (From grc, δημοκρατία, dēmokratía, ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation (" direct democracy"), or to choose gov ...
" around the world. It aimed primarily to advance
social
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not.
Etymology
The word "social" derives from ...
and
economic justice
Justice in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics. It is a "set of moral and ethical principles for building economic institutions". Economic justice aims to create opportunities for every person to have a dignified, productive and creativ ...
and different forms of democracy. The movement has had many different scopes, since local groups often had different focuses, but its prime concerns included how
large corporations (and the
global financial system
The global financial system is the worldwide framework of legal agreements, institutions, and both formal and informal economic actors that together facilitate international flows of financial capital for purposes of investment and trade financ ...
) control the world in a way that disproportionately benefits a minority, undermines democracy and causes instability.
The first Occupy protest to receive widespread attention,
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
in
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park (formerly Liberty Plaza Park) is a publicly accessible park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located in a privately owned public space (POPS) controlled by Brookfield Properties and Goldman Sachs. ...
,
Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan (also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York) is the southernmost part of Manhattan, the central borough for business, culture, and government in New York City, which is the most populated city in the United States with ...
, began on 17 September 2011. By 9 October, Occupy protests had taken place or were ongoing in
over 951 cities across 82 countries, and in over 600 communities in the United States.
Although the movement became most active in the United States, by October 2011 Occupy protests and occupations had started in dozens of other countries across every widely inhabited continent. For the first month, overt police repression remained minimal, but this began to change by 25 October 2011, when police first attempted to forcibly remove
Occupy Oakland
Occupy Oakland refers to a collaboration and series of demonstrations in Oakland, California that started in October 2011. As part of the Occupy movement, protestors have staged occupations, most notably at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in front of Oakla ...
. By the end of 2011 authorities had cleared most of the major camps, with the last remaining high-profile sites – in
Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
and in London – evicted by February 2012.
The Occupy movement took inspiration in part from the
Arab Spring
The Arab Spring ( ar, الربيع العربي) was a series of Nonviolent resistance, anti-government protests, Rebellion, uprisings and Insurgency, armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in T ...
,
from the
2009 Iranian Green Movement, and from the Spanish
Indignados
The anti-austerity movement in Spain, also referred to as the 15-M Movement (Spanish: ''Movimiento 15-M''), and the Indignados Movement, was a series of protests, demonstrations, and occupations against austerity policies in Spain that began aro ...
Movement, as well as from the overall global wave of
anti-austerity protests
The anti-austerity movement refers to the mobilisation of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across various countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession.
Anti-austerity actions are var ...
of 2010 and following. The movement commonly used the slogan "
We are the 99%" and the #Occupy
hashtag
A hashtag is a metadata tag that is prefaced by the hash (also known as pound or octothorpe) sign, ''#''. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services such as Twitter or Instagram as a form of user-generated ...
format; it organized through websites such as the now defunct Occupy Together.
According to ''
The Washington Post
''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large nati ...
'', the movement, which
Cornel West described as a "democratic awakening", is difficult to distill to a few demands.
On 12 October 2011, the
Los Angeles City Council
The Los Angeles City Council is the legislative body of the Los Angeles, City of Los Angeles in California.
The council is composed of 15 members elected from single-member districts for four-year terms. The President of the Los Angeles City Counc ...
became one of the first governmental bodies in the United States to adopt a resolution stating its informal support of the Occupy movement.
In October 2012, the Executive Director of Financial Stability at the
Bank of England
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of ...
stated that the protesters were right to criticise and had persuaded bankers and politicians "to behave in a more moral way".
Background
In 2009 and 2010, students across the University of California
occupied campus buildings in protest against budget cuts, tuition hikes, and staff cutbacks that had resulted from the Great Recession of 2008. According to
Dissent Magazine, "It was in the context of the California student movement that the slogan 'Occupy Everything, Demand Nothing' first emerged." ''The Huffington Post'' noted that "During one incident in March of 2010, 150 protesters were arrested for trying to occupy part of Interstate 80 in protest of the budget cuts and tuition hikes, displaying a banner that read 'Occupy everything,' while shutting down the roadway for an hour, and were crushed by the same kind of overwhelming police force that was later mobilized against Occupy encampments across the country." ''
Adbusters'' editor
Micah White
Micah (; ) is a given name.
Micah is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament), and means "Who is like God?" The name is sometimes found with theophoric extensions. Suffix theophory in '' Yah'' and in ''Yahweh'' results in ...
, who designed the original
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
concept, traveled to California for the protests and took part in the occupation of
Wheeler Hall
Wheeler Hall is a building on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California in the Classical Revival style. Home to the English department, it was named for the philologist and university president Benjamin Ide Whee ...
. He wrote enthusiastically for ''Adbusters'' about the "revolutionary potential of
he students
He or HE may refer to:
Language
* He (pronoun), an English pronoun
* He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ
* He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets
* He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' ...
struggle".
The
Spanish Indignados movement began in mid-May 2011, with camps at
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
and elsewhere. According to sociologist
Manuel Castells, by the end of the month there were already hundreds of camps around Spain and across the world.
For some journalists and commentators the camping in Spain marked the start of the global occupy movement, though it is much more commonly said to have begun in New York during September.
On 30 May 2011, a leader of the ''Indignados'', inspired by the
Arab Spring
The Arab Spring ( ar, الربيع العربي) was a series of Nonviolent resistance, anti-government protests, Rebellion, uprisings and Insurgency, armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in T ...
,
5.18 Movement of 1980, and
June Democracy Movement of 1987
called for
a worldwide protest on 15 October.
In mid-2011, the Canadian-based group
Adbusters Media Foundation
The Adbusters Media Foundation is a Canadian-based not-for-profit, pro-environment organization founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz in Vancouver, British Columbia. Adbusters describes itself as "a global network of artists, activist ...
, best known for its advertisement-free
anti-consumerist magazine ''
Adbusters'', proposed a peaceful occupation of
Wall Street
Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It runs between Broadway in the west to South Street and the East River in the east. The term "Wall Street" has become a metonym for t ...
to protest
corporate influence on democracy, address a growing disparity in wealth, and the absence of legal repercussions behind the recent
global financial crisis.
Adbusters co-founder
Kalle Lasn registered the ''OccupyWallStreet.org'' web address on 9 June.
According to
Micah White
Micah (; ) is a given name.
Micah is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament), and means "Who is like God?" The name is sometimes found with theophoric extensions. Suffix theophory in '' Yah'' and in ''Yahweh'' results in ...
, the senior editor of the magazine, "
ebasically floated the idea in mid-July into our
mail list
The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letters, and parcels. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century, national postal syst ...
and it was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world, it just kind of snowballed from there."
One of the inspirations for the movement was the
Democracy Village
Parliament Square is a square at the northwest end of the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster in central London. Laid out in the 19th century, it features a large open green area in the centre with trees to its west, and it contai ...
set up in 2010, outside the
British Parliament in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
. The protest received additional attention when the internet hacker group
Anonymous
Anonymous may refer to:
* Anonymity, the state of an individual's identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown
** Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author
* Anonym ...
encouraged its followers to take part in the protests, calling protesters to "flood
lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan (also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York) is the southernmost part of Manhattan, the central borough for business, culture, and government in New York City, which is the most populated city in the United States with ...
, set up tents, kitchens, peaceful barricades and Occupy Wall Street".
They promoted the protest with a poster featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic
Charging Bull.
The first protest was held at
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park (formerly Liberty Plaza Park) is a publicly accessible park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located in a privately owned public space (POPS) controlled by Brookfield Properties and Goldman Sachs. ...
in New York City on 17 September 2011,
the tenth anniversary of the re-opening of Wall Street trading after the 11 September 2001 attacks. The protests were preceded by a similar
Occupy Dataran
Occupy Dataran was an autonomous grassroots movement based in Kuala Lumpur, that aims to create a platform to experiment participatory democracy based on the popular assembly model. ''The Malaysian Insider'' reported that Occupy Dataran was an o ...
movement in
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, su ...
in July, seven weeks before Occupy Wall Street.
"We are the 99%" slogan
![Occupy protesters, Bennington, VT](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Occupy_protesters%2C_Bennington%2C_VT.jpg)
The phrase "The 99%" is a
political slogan used by participants in the Occupy movement.
It was originally launched as a
Tumblr
Tumblr (stylized as tumblr; pronounced "tumbler") is an American microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007 and currently owned by Automattic. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a sho ...
blog page in late August 2011.
It refers to the concentration of wealth among the top 1% of income earners compared to the other 99 percent;
the top 1 percent of income earners nearly tripled their after-tax income over the last thirty years, according to a
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report.
The report was released just as concerns of the Occupy Wall Street movement were beginning to enter the national political debate.
According to the CBO, between 1979 and 2007 the incomes of the top 1% of Americans grew by an average of 275%. During the same time period, the 60% of Americans in the middle of the income scale saw their income rise by 40%. Since 1979 the average pre-tax income for the bottom 90% of households has decreased by $900, while that of the top 1% increased by over $700,000, as federal taxation became less
progressive
Progressive may refer to:
Politics
* Progressivism, a political philosophy in support of social reform
** Progressivism in the United States, the political philosophy in the American context
* Progressive realism, an American foreign policy par ...
. From 1992 to 2007 the top 400 income earners in the U.S. saw their income increase 392% and their average tax rate reduced by 37%.
In 2009, the average income of the top 1% was $960,000 with a minimum income of $343,927.
![We are the 99% t-shirts at Occupy Wall Street](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/We_are_the_99%25_t-shirts_at_Occupy_Wall_Street.JPG)
In 2007, the richest 1% of the American population owned 34.6% of the country's total wealth, and the next 19% owned 50.5%. Thus, the top 20% of Americans owned 85% of the country's wealth and the bottom 80% of the population owned 15% —an example of the
Pareto principle
The Pareto principle states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few"). Other names for this principle are the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity.
Manage ...
. Financial inequality (total net worth minus the value of one's home)
was greater than inequality in total wealth, with the top 1% of the population owning 42.7%, the next 19% of Americans owning 50.3%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%.
However, after the
Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of marked general decline, i.e. a recession, observed in national economies globally that occurred from late 2007 into 2009. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). At ...
which started in 2007, the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 34.6% to 37.1%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 85% to 87.7%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36.1% in median household wealth but a drop of only 11.1% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the 1% and the 99%.
During the economic expansion between 2002 and 2007, the income of the top 1% grew 10 times faster than the income of the bottom 90%. In this period 66% of total income gains went to the 1%, who in 2007 had a larger share of total income than at any time since 1928.
This is in stark contrast with surveys of U.S. populations that indicate an "ideal" distribution that is much more equal, and a widespread ignorance of the true
income inequality and
wealth inequality
The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society. It shows one aspect of economic inequality or economic heterogeneity.
The distribution of wealth differs from the income distribution in that ...
.
Goals
During the early weeks, the movement was frequently criticized by the news media for having no clearly defined goals. Speaking on 7 October 2011, Kalle Lasn of Adbusters said that, in the early stages, the lack of demands was the "mysterious part" that allowed the movement to grow.
By late October, Adbusters had been trying to "rally it around a single, clear demand" for a
Robin Hood tax
The Robin Hood tax is a package of financial transaction taxes (FTT) proposed by a campaigning group of civil society non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Campaigners have suggested the tax could be implemented globally, regionally, or uni ...
, with a global march in support of the Robin Hood tax planned for 29 October.
[ ] Naomi Wolf argued that the impression created by much of the media that the protestors did not have clear demands was false. Wolf argued that they did have clear demands including a desire to end what they saw as the
corrupting effect of money on politics.
''
The New Yorker
''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...
'' magazine stated that the claims of
Kalle Lasn and
Micah M. White
Micah M. White is credited with being the co-creator of the original call for the Occupy Wall Street protests. His book '' The End Of Protest: A New Playbook For Revolution'' was published by Knopf Canada in 2016.
Biography
White "was born to ...
were specific: tighten banking-industry regulations, ban
high-frequency trading
High-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic financial trading characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios that leverages high-frequency financial data and electronic trading tools. While there is no ...
, arrest all 'financial fraudsters' responsible for the 2008 crash, and form a Presidential commission to investigate and prosecute corruption in politics.
According to ''
Bloomberg Businessweek
''Bloomberg Businessweek'', previously known as ''BusinessWeek'', is an American weekly business magazine published fifty times a year. Since 2009, the magazine is owned by New York City-based Bloomberg L.P. The magazine debuted in New York City ...
'', protesters wanted more and better jobs, more equal distribution of income, bank reform, and a reduction of the influence of corporations on politics.
The movement has also been described as broadly
anticapitalist
Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. In this sense, anti-capitalists are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type of economic system, such as ...
.
Some commentators such as
David Graeber
David Rolfe Graeber (; February 12, 1961September 2, 2020) was an American anthropologist and anarchist activist. His influential work in economic anthropology, particularly his books '' Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011) and ''Bullshit Jobs ...
and
Judith Butler
Judith Pamela Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics, and the fields of third-wave feminism, queer theory, and literary theory. In 1993, Butler ...
criticized the idea that the movement must have clearly defined demands; they argued that issuing demands is counterproductive for the Occupy movement, because doing so would legitimize the very power structures the movement seeks to challenge.
In late November, the London contingent of the Occupy movement released their first statement on corporations, in which they called for measures to end
tax evasion
Tax evasion is an illegal attempt to defeat the imposition of taxes by individuals, corporations, trusts, and others. Tax evasion often entails the deliberate misrepresentation of the taxpayer's affairs to the tax authorities to reduce the taxp ...
by wealthy firms. The reason for the delay in articulating a clear demand was given as the time it takes to reach a consensus with the sometimes slow processes of ''
participatory democracy''.
In November "Occupy London Stock Exchange", an offshoot of Occupy London, said that they were working on a global collaboration of various occupations that reflected the voices of diverse movements worldwide.
The global movement has been called the reinvention of politics, revolution, and utopia in the twenty-first century.
Methods
Activists have used web technologies and social media like
IRC,
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin M ...
,
Twitter
Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with 280-character-long messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and ...
, and
Meetup to coordinate events.
The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund released a model community bill of rights, promoting laws that strip corporations of their personhood rights and elevating the rights of citizens, for occupy organizers to adopt locally.
In December 2011,
Occupy Homes
Occupy Homes or Occupy Our Homes is part of the Occupy movement which attempts to prevent the foreclosure of people's homes. Protesters delay foreclosures by camping out on the foreclosed property. They also stage protests at the banks responsibl ...
embarked on a movement to assist home owners who had lost or were scheduled to lose their homes due to
foreclosure
Foreclosure is a legal process in which a lender attempts to recover the balance of a loan from a borrower who has stopped making payments to the lender by forcing the sale of the asset used as the collateral for the loan.
Formally, a mortg ...
as a result of what they called the illegal practices used by banks that took advantage of consumers. The group planned to occupy foreclosed homes, disrupt bank auctions, and block evictions.
Structure
![Hands signals-Occupy-A4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Hands_signals-Occupy-A4.svg)
The movement has been described as having an "overriding commitment" to
participatory democracy.
Much of the movement's democratic process occurs in "working groups," where any protester is able to have their say. Important decisions are often made at
General assemblies
A general assembly or general meeting is a meeting of all the members of an organization or shareholders of a company.
Specific examples of general assembly include:
Churches
* General Assembly (presbyterian church), the highest court of presby ...
,
which can themselves be informed by the findings of multiple working groups. Decisions are made using the
consensus model of participatory democracy. This often features the use of
hand signals
Hand signals are given by cyclists and some motorists to indicate their intentions to other traffic. Under the Vienna Convention on Traffic, bicycles are considered 'vehicles' and cyclists are considered 'drivers', a naming convention reflec ...
to increase participation and operating with discussion facilitators rather than leaders – a system that can be traced in part to the
Quaker
Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belie ...
movement several centuries ago, to
participatory democracy in ancient Athens, and to the
spokescouncil
Consensus decision-making or consensus process (often abbreviated to ''consensus'') are group decision-making processes in which participants develop and decide on proposals with the aim, or requirement, of acceptance by all. The focus on es ...
s of the 1999
anti-globalization movement
The anti-globalization movement or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalis ...
.
At the assemblies, working group proposals are made to meeting participants, who comment upon them using a process called a ''stack''; a queue of speakers that anyone can join. In New York City, Occupy Wall Street uses what is called a
progressive stack
The progressive stack is a technique used to give marginalized groups a greater chance to speak. It is sometimes an introduction to, or stepping stone to, consensus decision-making in which simple majorities have less power. The technique works b ...
, in which people from
marginalized groups
Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. It is used across discipline ...
are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, with
facilitator
A facilitator is a person who helps a group of people to work together better, understand their common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions. In doing so, the facilitator remains "neutral", meaning t ...
s, or stack-keepers, urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities get to go to the front of the line, while white males must often wait for a turn to speak.
The progressive stack concept has been criticized by some outside the movement as "forced equality" and "unfair".
Nonviolence
The occupy movement began with a commitment to nonviolence. Frequent references were made to the writings of nonviolent theorist Dr.
Gene Sharp
Gene Sharp (January 21, 1928 – January 28, 2018) was an American political scientist. He was the founder of the Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the study of nonviolent action, and professor of pol ...
whose work was reported to have influenced nonviolent struggle movements in Serbia and the Arab Spring. Study groups were organised across the US Occupy camps discussing Sharp's 198 methods of nonviolent action and his book
From Dictatorship to Democracy
''From Dictatorship to Democracy, A Conceptual Framework for Liberation'' is a book-length essay on the generic problem of how to destroy a dictatorship and to prevent the rise of a new one. The book was written in 1993 by Gene Sharp (1928-2018), a ...
. A subsequent film about his work
How to Start a Revolution
''How to Start a Revolution'' is a British Academy Scotland Awards, BAFTA Scotland Award-winning British documentary film about Nobel Peace Prize nominee and political theorist Gene Sharp, described as the world's foremost scholar on nonviolent ...
by Ruaridh Arrow which premiered in Boston on 18 September was screened in Occupy camps across the US and Europe.
Sharp himself warned that many of the tactics the movement were employing were not effective. In an Al Jazeera interview, he said, "The
ccupyprotesters don't have a clear objective, something they can actually achieve. If they think they will change the economic system by simply staying in a particular location, then they are likely to be very disappointed. Protest alone accomplishes very little."
In late May 2011, sociologist
Manuel Castells congratulated Spanish occupiers for the fact that not a single violent incident had been reported after 11 days of camping all over Spain.
Castells said that nonviolence was of fundamental importance, and was echoed by various other sociologists and social historians including Lester Kurtz, Prof.
Maurice Isserman and Prof.
Tom Juravich
Tom Juravich is a professor of Labor Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Juravich is also a musician and labor movement activist.
Education and career
Juravich, a former mechanic, received a Ph.D. in sociology in 1983 from the Uni ...
.
Juravich and others have, however, said that conflict can be important in attracting attention, with much to be gained if occupiers are seen as victims of the violence, providing occupiers keep their own aggression strictly within limits.
In the words of one occupier, it can help them gain media coverage if they "make things a little sexy and badass" . The Direct Action Working Group of Occupy Wall Street endorsed
diversity of tactics
Diversity of tactics is a phenomenon wherein a social movement makes periodic use of force for disruptive or Self-defense, defensive purposes, stepping beyond the limits of nonviolent resistance, but also stopping short of total militarization. I ...
from the earliest days of the encampment. Not all occupiers have upheld the commitment to nonviolence, with aggressive tactics being used in Spain from as early as 15 June, and with some journalists saying the New York branch of the movement did initially accept protestors who had not signed up to nonviolence.
In September, sympathetic coverage given to the movement by the media was substantially increased after the circulation of a video of pepper spray being used by a police commander against peaceful female protestors.
In early October,
Naomi Klein congratulated New York occupiers for their commitment to nonviolence.
By November 2011, media sources began to report an increase in violence, with allegations of sexual assault and incidents of violence from occupiers against the police, including one officer allegedly stabbed with scissors.
Some occupy camps responded by requiring that all occupiers sign a resolution to be nonviolent if they wished to stay.
Rick Hampton for
USA Today
''USA Today'' (stylized in all uppercase) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15, 1982, the newspaper operates from Gannett's corporate headquarters in Tysons, Virgini ...
said the vast majority of occupy members have been nonviolent.
Reviewing the global movement in December 2011,
Anthony Barnett said its nonviolence remained an immense strength.
In late January 2012, the movement's commitment to nonviolence was questioned after clashes with the police that saw about 400 arrests in the U.S. city of
Oakland
Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the Bay A ...
. Some protestors and witnesses said the police initiated the violence; others said there was violence against the police; however, they blamed
agents provocateurs. One protester who did not take part stated, "It was organized by a very militant anarchist segment of the movement; I support the idea of taking a building, especially for housing those who don't have housing. But I don't support it with the kind of triumphal attitude I saw expressed."
Social media
From the beginning the Occupy movement relied heavily on social media to disperse information and gather support. Occupy accounts were very successful in achieving these goals. The social media accounts eventually became hierarchical and failed their purpose. Some believe, in order to have been more successful, the social media accounts should have been more heavily regulated and kept to a standard. In addition, a study was published that followed how Occupy user interests changed in time from 1 June 2011 to 31 August 2012. It showed 40% of users produced Occupy related content during peak activity of the movement. But, it was not sustained over the following year, with the user ratio dropping to less than 5% in the last three months of the study period.
Responses to the movement from celebrities were both in-person and online. Some find it controversial that rich celebrities made appearances at the Occupy Wall Street Movement, but
Kanye West
Ye ( ; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer.
Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West gained recognition as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the ea ...
justified his appearance as helping give power back to the people. Other celebrities such as
Yoko Ono
Yoko Ono ( ; ja, 小野 洋子, Ono Yōko, usually spelled in katakana ; born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist. Her work also encompasses performance art and filmmaking.
Ono grew up i ...
,
Mark Ruffalo, and
Michael Moore
Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American filmmaker, author and left-wing activist. His works frequently address the topics of globalization and capitalism.
Moore won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for ' ...
tweeted and showed their support.
Many hold that the success of OWS has led to the success of
Bernie Sanders
Bernard Sanders (born September8, 1941) is an American politician who has served as the junior United States senator from Vermont since 2007. He was the U.S. representative for the state's at-large congressional district from 1991 to 2007 ...
and his political platform, disrupting the political conversation about environmental impact and economic equality. Some believe that there was social media blockage of Sanders' presidential campaign, in favor of more airtime for
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...
and
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States sen ...
. During the 2016 Presidential Election, people used the #BernieBlackout hashtag to boost awareness around the unfair usage of popular media to favor some presidential candidates over others.
Chronology of events
The
WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks () is an international Nonprofit organization, non-profit organisation that published news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous Source (journalism), sources. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activism, Internet acti ...
endorsed news site WikiLeaks Central began promoting the idea of a "US Day of Rage,"
on 10 March 2011. The Canadian editor-in-chief
Heather Marsh
Heather Marsh is a philosopher, programmer and human rights activist. She is the author of the Binding Chaos series, a study of methods of mass collaboration.
Internet and journalism
In 2015 Marsh began working on a data project with a goal of ...
modeled the concept after the Days of Rage being held at that time in the Middle East and
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
.
Early promotion by the WikiLeaks Twitter and blog was reported
as being instrumental in the group's success.
It was renamed Occupy Wall Street after the idea publicized on an email list
and online blog on 13 July 2011 by Vancouver-based non-profit Canadian group
Adbusters.
The Occupy Wall Street protests began on 17 September 2011 in downtown Manhattan.
On 9 October 2011, activists in cities in over 25 countries repeated calls for
a global protest on 15 October.
A list of events for 15 October included 951 cities in 82 countries.
On 15 October events were held in many cities worldwide.
17 September to 14 October 2011
On 17 September 2011, 1,000 protesters gathered in lower Manhattan walking up and down Wall Street. About 100 to 200 people stayed overnight in Zucotti Park, two blocks north of Wall Street. By 19 September, seven people had been arrested.
At least 80 arrests were made on 24 September after protesters started marching uptown and forcing the closure of several streets. Most of the 80 arrests were for blocking traffic, though some were also charged with
disorderly conduct and resisting arrest. Police officers also used a technique called
kettling which involves using orange nets to isolate protesters into smaller groups.
Videos which showed several penned-in female demonstrators being hit with
pepper spray by a police official were widely disseminated, sparking controversy. That police official, later identified as
Deputy Inspector Anthony Bologna, was shown in other videos hitting a photographer with a burst of spray.
![Wallst14occupy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Wallst14occupy.jpg)
Public attention to the pepper-sprayings resulted in a spike of news media coverage, a pattern that was to be repeated in the coming weeks following confrontations with police.
Clyde Haberman
Clyde Haberman (born May 18, 1945) is an American journalist who has contributed to ''The New York Times'' in various capacities since 1977.
Early life and education
Haberman was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family and attended yeshiva through 8t ...
, writing in ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', said that "If the Occupy Wall Street protesters ever choose to recognize a person who gave their cause its biggest boost, they may want to pay tribute to Anthony Bologna," calling the event "vital" for the still nascent movement.
On 1 October 2011, protesters set out to march across the
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/ suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River ...
. ''The New York Times'' reported that more than 700 arrests were made. Some said the police had tricked protesters, allowing them onto the bridge, and even escorting them partway across. Jesse A. Myerson, a media coordinator for Occupy Wall Street said, "The cops watched and did nothing, indeed, seemed to guide us onto the roadway." A spokesman for the
New York Police Department
The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, established on May 23, 1845, is the primary municipal law enforcement agency within the City of New York, the largest and one of the oldest in ...
, Paul Browne, said that protesters were given multiple warnings to stay on the sidewalk and not block the street, and were arrested when they refused.
On 4 October, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them.
In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning of arrest pending entrance onto the Brooklyn Bridge. Although video evidence showed the police warning protesters by bullhorn, after reviewing it, Judge Jed S. Rakoff sided with plaintiffs, saying, "a reasonable officer in the noisy environment defendants occupied would have known that a single bull horn could not reasonably communicate a message to 700 demonstrators".
On 5 October 2011, joined by union members, students, and the unemployed, the demonstration swelled to the largest yet with an estimated 15,000 marchers joining the protest. Smaller protests continued in cities and on college campuses across the country. Thousands of union workers joined protesters marching through the Financial District. The march was mostly peaceful—until after nightfall, when scuffles erupted. About 200 protesters tried to storm barricades blocking them from Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. Police responded with pepper spray and penned the protesters in with orange netting. Inspired by Occupy Wall Street, British protesters organized an
occupation of the London Stock Exchange to bring attention to what they saw as unethical behavior on the part of banks. One of the organizers of the protest said the protests were to be focused against "increasing social and economic injustice in this country". In his opinion, "the Government has made sure to maintain the status quo and let the people who caused this crisis get off scot-free, whilst conversely ensuring that the people of this country pay the price, in particular those most vulnerable."
15 October to 4 November
![Occupy Ljubljana crowd 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Occupy_Ljubljana_crowd_1.jpg)
On
15 October 2011 global protests
The 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese "Geração à Rasca", the Spanish "Indignants", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement. The protes ...
were staged around the world, with thousands of protesters staging demonstrations in 900 cities including Auckland, Sydney, Hong Kong, Taipei, Tokyo, São Paulo, Paris, Madrid, Berlin, Hamburg, Leipzig,
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
and many other cities. In Frankfurt, 5,000 people protested at the European Central Bank and in Zurich, Switzerland's financial hub, protesters carried banners reading "We won't bail you out yet again" and "We are the 99 percent." Protests were largely peaceful; however, a protest in Rome that drew thousands turned violent.
Thousands of Occupy Wall Street protesters gathered in
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment hub, and neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is formed by the junction of Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 42nd Street. Together with adjacent ...
in New York City and rallied for several hours.
Several hundred protesters were arrested across the U.S., mostly for refusing to obey police orders to leave public areas. In Chicago there were 175 arrests, about 100 arrests in Arizona (53 in
Tucson, 46 in Phoenix), and more than 70 in New York City, including at least 40 in Times Square.
Multiple arrests were reported in Chicago, and about 150 people camped out by city hall in Minneapolis.
In the early morning hours of 25 October, police cleared and closed an Occupy Oakland encampment in
Frank Ogawa Plaza
Frank H. Ogawa Plaza is a public square located in Downtown Oakland.
Location and elements
Occupy Oakland Nov 12 2011 PM 29.jpg
Frank H. Ogawa Plaza is located where San Pablo Avenue converges with Broadway and 14th Street. The west side of t ...
in Oakland, California.
The raid was chaotic and violent, but Oakland Police Chief Howard Jordan expressed his pleasure concerning the operation because neither the police nor the public suffered any injuries.
A street march that afternoon protesting the closure culminated in a confrontation between police and protesters, who sought to re-establish the Ogawa Plaza encampment. During this confrontation, protester Scott Olsen, a former Marine and Iraq War veteran, suffered a skull fracture caused by a tear-gas projectile or smoke canister fired by police.
By 29 October 2011, there were around 2,300 Occupy protest camps across around 2,000 cities worldwide.
On 2 November, protesters in
Oakland, California
Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast of the United States, West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third ...
, shut down the
Port of Oakland, the fifth busiest port in the nation. Police estimated that about 3,000 demonstrators were gathered at the port and 4,500 had marched across the city; however, a member of the Occupy movement was quoted by the BBC as estimating as many as 30,000 may have taken part.
On 4 November 2011, "Occupy the Roads" (OTR) started traveling throughout the U.S. to bring the message of Occupy, in order to educate the people on various issues facing the general public and shine a light on the inequities and political injustice. OTR has been to every major Occupy Event in support of all occupied cities, traveling over 31,000 miles and visiting 42 States and 160 cities since inception. One side of the RV (named the "V"- from the chant "Whose V? RV") has been decorated with stickers, posters, and event notices from around the country representing a billboard for the Occupy movement. On the other side is 31 ft of graphics in support for Chelsea Manning and WikiLeaks.
5 to 25 November
On 5 November, protesters held "Bank Transfer Day", marching on banks and other financial institutions to urge Americans to move their money from big corporate banks to smaller community credit unions. It was reported that an estimated 600,000 people took their money out of major banks.
On 11 November,
Remembrance Day
Remembrance Day (also known as Poppy Day owing to the tradition of wearing a remembrance poppy) is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War to honour armed forces members who have died in t ...
in Canada, police forcibly removed tents from Victoria Park in Halifax, Nova Scotia and arrested 15 protestors.
On the night of 14 November, a coordinated crackdown was undertaken by authorities around the world, with several camps being forcibly cleared including Zuccotti Park in New York, Oakland,
Oregon,
Denver and Zurich. For some of the other camps such as the one at St Pauls in London, no physical action was taken, but on 15 November authorities stepped up legal action to gain authorization for a forcible eviction. ''Financial Times'' editor
Richard Lambert
Sir Richard Peter Lambert (born 23 September 1944) is a British journalist and business executive. He served as director-general of the CBI, chancellor of the University of Warwick, editor of the ''Financial Times'' newspaper and chairman of t ...
suggested that the shift to confrontational tactics by authorities would be more likely to spur on the movement rather than cause it to disband.
However, John Gapper, chief business commentator at the ''FT'', offered a different view. Gapper said that it may be advantageous that the camps were being closed down, as they were beginning to alienate even members of the public who were initially fully sympathetic with the movement.
During a demonstration at
UC Davis
The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a public land-grant research university near Davis, California. Named a Public Ivy, it is the northernmost of the ten campuses of the University of California system. The institut ...
on 18 November 2011, campus police Lieutenant
John Pike used
pepper spray on seated students.
The incident drew national attention and led to further demonstrations, petitions, and calls for Chancellor
Linda P.B. Katehi
Linda Pisti Basile Katehi-Tseregounis (born January 30, 1954) is a Greek-American engineering professor and former university administrator.
Katehi was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2006) for contributions to three-di ...
to resign. (See:
UC Davis pepper-spray incident
The UC Davis pepper-spray incident occurred on November 18, 2011, during an Occupy movement demonstration at the University of California, Davis. After asking the protesters to leave several times, university police pepper-sprayed a group of stu ...
)
On 22 November, occupiers
mic checked President Obama to draw his attention to the treatment they had received from the police, including thousands of arrests.
26 November to 31 December 2011
![CarolineLucasBOI06Dec11](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/CarolineLucasBOI06Dec11.jpg)
By December, occupiers had begun to divert their energies beyond
protest camps and a narrow focus on the banks, instead seeking to engage further with mainstream politics and joining forces with established activist groups to support causes broadly compatible with the interests of "the 99%". Interviewing one of the informal leaders of the movement, ''Financial Times'' journalist Shannon Bond found that issues of concern included: "the unemployment rate, household debt, student debt, the lack of prospects for people graduating from college and foreclosures".
[ ] In the U.S.,
Occupy Homes
Occupy Homes or Occupy Our Homes is part of the Occupy movement which attempts to prevent the foreclosure of people's homes. Protesters delay foreclosures by camping out on the foreclosed property. They also stage protests at the banks responsibl ...
joined with other existing human rights activists groups and began to occupy foreclosed homes, disrupt bank auctions, and block evictions.
On 1 December, two evicted activists in Portland, Oregon, planted a table on the plaza of Portland's City Hall and lit a candle, igniting a Prayer Vigil/Occupation of City Hall that lasted 18 months. On 22 December ''
The Washington Post
''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large nati ...
'' reported that some of the cities which had forcefully disbanded occupy camps were now facing legal challenges.
1 January 2012 to 2016
On 2 January 2012,
Occupy Nigeria
Occupy Nigeria was a socio-political protest movement that began in Nigeria on Monday, 2 January 2012 in response to the fuel subsidy removal by the Federal Government of President Goodluck Jonathan on Sunday, 1 January 2012. Protests took pla ...
began, sparked by Nigeria's President
Goodluck Jonathan
Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan (born 20 November 1957)Lawson Heyford, ''The Source'' (Lagos), 11 December 2006. is a Nigerian politician who served as the President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to fo ...
announcing the ending of fuel subsidies in the country. There was support from the global movement, but most of the activity took place in Nigeria itself, with a report from
CSM saying strikes were effectively shutting down whole cities. On 16 January Jonathan responded by announcing he would bring prices back down by partially restoring the fuel subsidy.
While students have been involved with Occupy since its inception, early 2012 has seen increasing formal interaction between the Occupy movement and academia. In the US, universities including
Columbia
Columbia may refer to:
* Columbia (personification), the historical female national personification of the United States, and a poetic name for America
Places North America Natural features
* Columbia Plateau, a geologic and geographic region in ...
and
Roosevelt have begun offering courses about the movement, in the case of Columbia the course includes field work where students join in with Occupy activities. In Great Britain, Occupy's outwork teams are planning school visits to give talks about the movement and related issues.
On 23 January, EGT LLC (Export Grain Terminal) and the
International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) reached a tentative agreement, mediated by
Washington
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered on ...
state governor
Christine Gregoire.
The agreement resolved a year-long dispute, paving the way for ILWU Local 21 workers to work inside the $200 million grain terminal at the
Port of Longview
The Port of Longview is a deep-water port authority located in Longview, on the Columbia River in southwest Washington, United States. It was established in 1921 by Washington state law, and operates as a unit of local government. The port is o ...
in south-west
Washington state
Washington (), officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first U.S. president—the state was formed from the western part of the Washington ...
. This came after "Occupy the Ports" protests which shut down multiple ports on the west coast of the United States on 12 December. The goals of those protests included support of longshoremen and truckers in disputes with EGT and terminal operator SSA Marine (partially owned by
Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs () is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company. Founded in 1869, Goldman Sachs is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan, with regional headquarters in London, Warsaw, Bangalore, H ...
).
A worldwide poll conducted in January 2012 found that only one third (37%) of respondents were familiar with the movement. Of the respondents who were aware of the movement, supporters of the movement outweighed those in opposition two to one.
In late January, Occupy protested at the
World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental and lobbying organisation based in Cologny, canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German engineer and economist Klaus Schwab. The foundation, ...
.
On 17 March,
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
attempted to mark six months of the movement, by reoccupying
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park (formerly Liberty Plaza Park) is a publicly accessible park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located in a privately owned public space (POPS) controlled by Brookfield Properties and Goldman Sachs. ...
, the location of the first Occupy camp. Protestors were soon cleared away by police, who made over 70 arrests.
On 1 May, the Occupy movement marked a resurgence with a
May Day general strike that took place in cities across the U.S., including New York; Washington, D.C.; Chicago; and Los Angeles.
This included a revival of the
Free University of New York
The Free University of New York (FUNY) was an educational social enterprise initiated by Allen Krebs, Sharon Krebs and James Mellen in July 1965.
as reproduced in
FUNY began as a home for professors dismissed from local universities for protest ...
.
On the weekend of 15 and 16 September, members of the Occupy movement gathered in Union Square, with direct action training on the 15th and a celebration of the movement on the 16th. On 17 September, the Occupy movement celebrated its first anniversary with several marches and general assemblies which were attended by thousands of protesters.
![Occupy Portland Prayer Vigil, Jan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Occupy_Portland_Prayer_Vigil%2C_Jan._2013.jpg)
The longest US "re-occupation" started on 1 December 2011, when evicted activists from the
Occupy Portland
Occupy Portland was a collaboration that began on October 6, 2011 in downtown Portland, Oregon as a protest and demonstration against economic inequality worldwide. It is inspired by the Occupy Wall Street movement that began in New York City on ...
camp set up a table on the plaza of Portland's City Hall and lit a candle, igniting the
24/7 Prayer Vigil to Lift the Camping Ban, referring to the city's anti-"camping" ordinances that were cited during the eviction. The activists claimed the laws, which prohibit the use of "bedding, sleeping bags, or other sleeping matter," are immoral and that they're obligated to challenge them. The occupiers claim that sleep is human right and is essential for mental, physical and emotional health, citing that human beings need to spend nearly a third of their lives sleeping. Prohibiting sleep by making it illegal for people to protect themselves and their belongings from the elements causes
sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation, also known as sleep insufficiency or sleeplessness, is the condition of not having adequate duration and/or quality of sleep to support decent alertness, performance, and health. It can be either chronic or acute and may vary ...
; it is inhumane, unconstitutional, and amounts to torture. The activists said the prayer vigil would continue until "bedding matter" was again legal. The vigil was staffed around the clock until 23 July 2013, when Mayor Charlie Hales ordered the removal of the vigil and associated encampments on the abutting sidewalks.
The Occupy movement has "already transformed beyond recognition from its original state" and "campaigns have emerged outside the constraint of the trademark Occupy tactics." These campaigns include
Occupy Sandy which has provided needed relief to the New York area since
Hurricane Sandy hit,
Occupy London
Occupy London was a political movement in London, England, and part of the international Occupy movement. While some media described it as an "anti-capitalist" movement, in the statement written and endorsed by consensus by the Occupy assembly i ...
's Occupy Economics group that hosted, and was praised by the
Bank of England
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of ...
's Executive Director for Financial Stability,
Occupy the SEC
Occupy the SEC (OSEC) is an activist group which aims to influence financial regulators to work for the public interest. The "SEC" in its name refers to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, but OSEC's scope covers all financial regulatory a ...
, which monitors US financial regulatory matters, The Rolling Jubilees program of
Strike Debt, which is raising money to retire "zombie debt," debt, such as medical bills, that the individual cannot re-pay, Occupy University, which has developed and made accessible free educational materials, and the
Debt Collective
Strike Debt is a decentralized debt resistance collective. Formed as an offshoot from Occupy Wall Street and the Occupy movement, it is similar to Occupy Sandy in practicing " mutual aid as direct action". In 2012, they published the Debt Resist ...
, a successor of Strike Debt, worked to get students of a fraudulent for-profit college absolved of their debt with some success.
On 3 April 2016, hundreds of supporters of
Bernie Sanders
Bernard Sanders (born September8, 1941) is an American politician who has served as the junior United States senator from Vermont since 2007. He was the U.S. representative for the state's at-large congressional district from 1991 to 2007 ...
protested outside of CNN's Headquarters in
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
. Sanders supporters were protesting
CNN
CNN (Cable News Network) is a multinational cable news channel headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the M ...
's coverage of the
2016 United States presidential election
The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket ...
s, specifically in regards to the amount of airtime Sanders has received. Known as Occupy CNN, protestors are claiming that
major media networks have intentionally blacked out Sanders'
presidential campaign
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
in favor of giving much more airtime to candidates such as
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States sen ...
and
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...
.
In Switzerland, the Occupy spirit lives on by annual online and offline celebrations each year on 17 September in the village of St. Imier where modern anarchism began with the
International Congress of 1872. The Occupy Cafe along with the Decentrale Co operative continues to assist those wishing to participate in the continuing "decentralisation of the power "of banks and corporate entities; and, to encourage global activism through developing trust and value networks.
Present day activities
After an approximate two-year hiatus in activism on location, the Occupy Movement organized the
Occupy ICE phase in order to protest the actions of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement office regarding the detention of undocumented immigrants presenting themselves at the southern US border points to seek asylum. While small groups of protesters emerged across the country in protest against the separation of families who were detained during immigration processing, a group swarmed the ICE facility in
SoHo
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster, part of the West End of London. Originally a fashionable district for the aristocracy, it has been one of the main entertainment districts in the capital since the 19th century.
The area was develop ...
, causing it to shut down temporarily. In Oregon, hundreds of Occupy ICE activists took over a portion of the grounds of the Portland ICE building. The blockade caused the building to shut down for several days, with ICE staff citing "safety concerns". On 25 June, Feds ordered the protesters to vacate government environs or face arrest. On 28 June 2018, Federal officers moved in the early morning to remove or arrest protesters blockading the building. Eight were arrested.
On 19 August 2018, Occupy Kalamazoo began an encampment in Bronson Park to address homelessness. The group's efforts notably received support from local Commissioner Shannon Sykes, who criticized her colleagues in government for "failing to create more affordable housing."
Protests
Armenia
On 20 February 2012
near Margaryan Maternity Clinic, where kiosks were being built by the city authorities. The place of protests was promptly dubbed "Mashtots park" – a name under which it is now widely known by the Armenian society.
The protesters faced police violence as with many other "Occupy" movements, a report was filed to the ombudsman of Armenia on account of the destruction of a tent with a sleeping protester inside.
"Occupy" demonstrations are still continuing in Mashtots Park, and the leader of the Greens party Armenak Dovlatyan has named it the most successful civic action in the history of Armenia.
Australia
![OccupySydneyFebruary28 2012](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/OccupySydneyFebruary28_2012.jpg)
"Occupy" demonstrations took place in
Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
,
Wollongong
Wollongong ( ), colloquially referred to as The Gong, is a city located in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The name is believed to originate from the Dharawal language, meaning either 'five islands/clouds', 'ground near wate ...
,
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
,
Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
,
Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
,
and
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
,
as well as smaller towns around the country. At the
Occupy Melbourne protest on 21 October 2011, approximately 150 protesters defied police orders to clear the area, and were subsequently removed with force. 95 arrests were made and 43 reports of police violence were filed.
Occupiers returned the following day in a walk against police violence, re-occupying multiple sites since.
Occupy Sydney
Occupy Sydney was a social movement and protest as part of the global Occupy movements, in Sydney, Australia. The occupation began on 15 October 2011 outside the Reserve Bank of Australia in Martin Place. The Martin Place occupation was first ev ...
had an ongoing occupation in
Martin Place since their initial police eviction, marking almost 21 months in July 2013. The Occupy Sydney camp was removed on 3 July 2013 but it returned on 4 July. It was again removed on 5 July.
Belgium
In
Brussels
Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
, a large Occupy demonstration took place on 15 October involving between 6,500 and 8,000 participants. The protest was largely peaceful, although seven people were arrested following vandalisation of the
Dexia bank headquarters and financial tower.
The Occupy
Antwerp
Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, (Antwerpen) movement had its first gathering on Saturday 22 October at the Groenplaats, next to the cathedral. About 150–200 people attended a speakers corner. The left-wing socialist party (PVDA) was present and served free soup as well as information about its proposed "millionaires' tax".
To date, there have been four Occupy protests in
Leuven
Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic ...
. Three took place on the Grand Market in the centre of the city and one took place at a building of the city's Catholic university. The number of protesters in these rallies varied from 100 to 250. These protests have not included prolonged camping, but the protesters say that it is a possibility in the future.
Occupy
Ghent
Ghent ( nl, Gent ; french: Gand ; traditional English: Gaunt) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, and the third largest in the country, exceeded in ...
(Gent) began on 29 October with 400 people in the South Park (Zuidpark). They received a visit by supporters attending the "second day of Socialism" (de Tweede Dag van het Socialisme), also held in Ghent on the same day.
Brazil
![ABr170613PZ 6227](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/ABr170613PZ_6227.JPG)
The 2013 protests in Brazil (also known as the Come to the street and Brazilian Spring) were a series of public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities, initiated mainly by the Movimento Passe Livre (Free Fare Movement), a local entity that advocates for free public transportation. During a 2015 movement "Ocupe Estelita", a police officer was suspended for shooting protesters with rubber bullets for knocking off his cap.
Canada
![Occupy Montreal - Global Day of Action - 2011-10-15 - Victoria Square - General assembly](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Occupy_Montreal_-_Global_Day_of_Action_-_2011-10-15_-_Victoria_Square_-_General_assembly.jpg)
Occupy protests have taken place in at least 20 Canadian cities since 15 October 2011. On that day, 5,000 people gathered in Vancouver to protest perceived social injustice, while 150 stayed the night in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery.
2,000 people marched in Toronto on 15 October and around 100 continued to occupy St James Park,
and 1,000 gathered in Montreal to march down Ste-Catherine Street; 85 tents were set up in Victoria square.
Beginning on 23 October 2011 approximately 40 people occupied Memorial Park on Minto Street in downtown Sudbury and still continue to do so.
On 20 October 2011, over 100 people occupied the front of City Hall in Prince George, British Columbia. Events have been concentrated in provincial urban areas, and there have yet to be any demonstrations in the territories of
Yukon
Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...
,
Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories (abbreviated ''NT'' or ''NWT''; french: Territoires du Nord-Ouest, formerly ''North-Western Territory'' and ''North-West Territories'' and namely shortened as ''Northwest Territory'') is a federal territory of Canada. ...
, or
Nunavut
Nunavut ( , ; iu, ᓄᓇᕗᑦ , ; ) is the largest and northernmost Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories, territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the ''Nunavut Act'' ...
.
A relatively small group of occupiers successfully occupied Harbourside Park in St John's Newfoundland for the entire 2012 Winter season. This site, known also as "King's Beach" is symbolically significant as the birthplace of the British Empire, and the encampment is seen by some protesters to represent an occupation of colonialism vis-a-vis its birth site. There are currently a number of court proceedings across Canada on whether or not the eviction of protestors and violence from police is an infringement of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Colombia
Around 800 student protestors began occupying universities across Colombia on 12 November 2011.
Czech Republic
On 28 April 2012, a week after demonstrations of unions and civic associations (more than one hundred thousand protesters)
the camp "Occupy Klárov" in Prague was started.
Pirate Party
Pirate Party is a label adopted by Political party, political parties around the world. Pirate parties support Civil and political rights, civil rights, direct democracy (including e-democracy) or alternatively Participatory democracy, partici ...
participated in the occupation.
Police dissolved the camp a month later.
Cyprus
On 19 November 2011, protesters started the "No Borders Camp" Or "Occupy Buffer Zone", a permanent occupation of the United Nations controlled buffer zone in the centre of the capital, Nicosia, demanding an end to the decades-long division of the Island.
The movement used the Twitter hashtag "OccupyBufferZ". By June 2012 the occupation of the buffer zone was essentially over.
Denmark
On 15 October 2011, 2,000 protesters showed up on the square in front of the city hall of Copenhagen, protesting in sympathy with OWS. Immediately after the demonstration an "Occupy Copenhagen" camp was established. The camp, internally nicknamed "Plaza One Love", lived through harsh climate conditions and a couple of eviction attempts for two months, until it was torn down by the Municipality of Copenhagen and Danish police, on 21 December. The movement has shifted to a mobile camp tactic, and still holds GA every Wednesday and other activities throughout the week.
France
Some 300 protesters started occupying
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
's financial district,
La Défense
La Défense () is a major business district in France, located west of the city limits of Paris. It is part of the Paris metropolitan area in the Île-de-France region, located in the department of Hauts-de-Seine in the communes of Courbevoie, ...
, on 4 November 2011.
Since then, their camp has been torn down by several police forces. According to French protestors, relations with the police have varied considerably. Some police joined them for coffee and friendly discussion, but otherwise were hostile and confiscated blankets and food, leaving protesters sleeping in the cold outdoors without protection. On 11 November, following a call made on social networks, some 400 additional people joined the occupation.
Occupy protests have also begun at Nantes, Lyon, Grenoble, Marseille,
Perpignan and more than 50 cities.
On 31 March 2016, students and young workers began occupying public spaces in France in opposition to the 2016 neoliberal labor reforms in a protest movement known as
Nuit debout. As of 8 April, it has spread to dozens of cities in France as well as to Belgium, Germany, and Spain.
Germany
![Occupy Berlin 2011 (04)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Occupy_Berlin_2011_%2804%29.jpg)
The Occupy movement began in Germany on 15 October 2011 with protests in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
, focused outside the
Reichstag, as well as
Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
,
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
and Düsseldorf. Occupy Frankfurt subsequently took residence in front of the
European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the prime component of the monetary Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#Intern ...
, and Occupy Berlin established a protest camp at
St. Mary's Church.
On 12 November major Occupy protests took place in Berlin and Frankfurt.
Police reported that around 9,000 people peacefully protested near the headquarters of the European Central Bank, and that "several thousand" people took to the streets of Berlin; organisers of the protests claimed that turnout was around 8,000 in Berlin and 10,000 in Frankfurt.
Hong Kong
An Occupy movement in Hong Kong, named 'Occupy Central', began on 15 October 2011 with protesters occupying the plaza beneath the
HSBC Main Building
HSBC Main Building is a headquarters building of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, which is today a wholly owned subsidiary of London-based HSBC Holdings. It is located on the southern side of Statue Square near the location of the ...
in
Central
Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object.
Central may also refer to:
Directions and generalised locations
* Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...
, an iconic landmark of the territory's central business district.
Despite the fact that the protesters were peaceful, HSBC filed a lawsuit for their eviction. On 13 August 2012, the
High Court ruled that the protesters must leave the occupied area. On 11 September 2012, the protesters were evicted from the plaza by court
bailiffs, ending one of the world's longest continuously occupied Occupy protest camps.
Israel
Italy
On 15 October 2011, about 200,000 people gathered in
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
to protest against
economic inequality
There are wide varieties of economic inequality, most notably income inequality measured using the distribution of income (the amount of money people are paid) and wealth inequality measured using the distribution of wealth (the amount of we ...
and the influence of the
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body o ...
, the
European Central Bank
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the prime component of the monetary Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#Intern ...
and the
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster globa ...
on government.
Many other protests occurred in other Italian cities the same day.
In Rome masked and hooded militants wearing makeshift body armor, in
black bloc fashion, participated in the protests centered in
St John Lateran square and committed numerous violent acts, throwing
Molotov cocktails
A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – ''see other names'') is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammab ...
and other homemade explosives, burning and blowing up cars, burning buildings, and smashing up property such as ATMs and shop windows.
The
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
church
Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano received extensive damage, including a statue of the
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother o ...
being thrown into the street and destroyed.
Several unexploded
petrol bombs
A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – ''see other names'') is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammab ...
were reportedly found on several streets by Italian police.
Over 1,000,000
euros
The euro (symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . T ...
of damage (equivalent to over 1.3 million dollars) was recorded.
At least 135 people were injured in the resulting clashes, including 105 police officers, several of whom were left in critical condition,
and two news crews from
Sky Italia
Sky Italia S.r.l. is an Italian satellite television platform owned by the American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Italia also broadcasts three national free-to-air television channels: TV8, Cielo and Sky TG24. As of 2018, following an agree ...
.
Two protesters had their fingers
amputate
Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on indi ...
d by exploding smoke bombs.
Almost 20 people have been arrested in connection with the violence.
After the 15 October demonstration, people occupied the
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem or Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, ( la, Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem) is a Catholic Minor basilica and titular church in rione Esquilino, Rome, Italy. It is one of the Seven Pilgrim ...
square and started camping as in other cities worldwide. The name of this Rome's group, related to international Occupy movement, is Accampata Roma.
Malaysia
The Occupy Dataran movement first held their assembly at
Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) seven weeks before
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
on 30 July 2011 to create an alternative to the current
representative democracy using the
popular assembly model based on principles of
participatory democracy.
As part of the
15 October 2011 global protests
The 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese "Geração à Rasca", the Spanish "Indignants", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement. The protes ...
, over 200 people
took part in 15 October's Occupy Dataran, the largest assembly to date.
In late October, the movement spread to
Penang
Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay ...
with Occupy Penang
and
Kelantan
Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode").
Kelantan is located in the ...
with Occupy Kota Bharu.
Mexico
Occupy began in Mexico City on 11 October 2011, with a hunger strike in front of the Mexican Stock Exchange highrise. Edur Velasco, a 56-year-old labor economist and university professor, was on a 42-day-long hunger strike sitting in a tent outside Mexico City's stock market, demanding that the government guarantee greater access to higher education among the youth.
Days after his initiative, it came as a surprise to see the multiplication of tents setting up outside the stock exchange building. Police remained discreetly around the corner sitting in their trucks.
Occupy Mexico did not achieve the level of popularity it gained in other areas. This is attributed to the fact that Mexico's Occupy protesters, which were focused on poverty and workers' rights, failed to resonate with a public enthralled by the violence of the Mexican Drug War.
In contrast, an anti-violence movement led by Javier Sicilia during the time that the Occupy protests occurred, drew thousands onto the streets of Mexico City.
The Occupy Movement was almost entirely ignored by Mexico's mainstream politicians.
By late January 2012, most of the tents were empty and only a few protesters remained outside the Stock Exchange.
Mongolia
S. Ganbaatar, the head of Mongolia's Confederation of Trade Unions (CTU), has announced that the association joins the worldwide occupy protests of Wall Street and other high streets on 20 October 2011.
He claimed that bankers are charging higher interest rates from customers and corporates. In the most recent data in September 2011, the weighted average annual Mongolian tögrög, MNT lending rate is 16% in Mongolia.
Nepal
Also known as Baluwatar Satyagraha, Occupy Baluwatar is a peaceful protest movement calling on the Nepali state to better address the widespread problem of impunity and gender-based violence. Since 28 December 2012, protesters have gathered outside the prime minister's official residence in Baluwatar from 9:00 to 11:00 am daily. The protesters created a coherent set of demands, divided into short- and long-term goals, which they presented to then prime minister Baburam Bhattarai. The short-term demands called on the state, including the police and the judiciary, to properly investigate and prosecute the guilty in five specific cases which took place immediately prior to the movement's start. The long-term demands focused on policy reform in the arenas of migration and rape laws, among others.
Netherlands
![Occupy Rotterdam 10 2011-10-22 16](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Occupy_Rotterdam_10_2011-10-22_16.18.01.jpg)
In the Netherlands, Occupy protests took place in many cities, most notably Amsterdam,
The Hague,
Rotterdam,
and Utrecht
New Zealand
![Aotea Square Occupied](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Aotea_Square_Occupied.jpg)
In October 2011, Occupy protests began in six New Zealand cities (Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Invercargill) with protests in Auckland drawing up to 3,000 supporters.
A seventh Occupy protest started on 19 November in the Lower Hutt suburb of Pomare, Lower Hutt, Pomare by a group called "Pomare Community Voice" to highlight what they call the "loss of community" caused by the demolition of state homes in the area.
On 23 January, police moved in on four sites in Auckland. Two arrests were made and police said campers were in breach of council bylaws regarding camping. The sites were at Aotea Square, 360 Queen Street, Auckland, Queen St, Victoria Park, Auckland, Victoria Park and Albert Park, Auckland, Albert Park.
Nigeria
Occupy Nigeria is an anti-fuel subsidy removal protest that started in Nigeria on 2 January 2012 in response to fuel subsidy removal by the Federal government of Nigeria on 1 January 2012. It is a movement against corruption in Government & public service, insensitive & inhuman treatment of Nigerians by Government & Security agents. The movement ended on 16 January 2012 following agreement between the government and the organized labour leaders which saw a partial restoration of the subsidy regime. Fuel pump price in Nigeria has since then been fixed at the official rate of 97 naira per litre while it practically sells for as high as 130 naira in some major cities including Port Harcourt, one of the cities in the oil-producing states in Nigeria.
Norway
The Occupy movement in Norway began on 15 October with protests in Oslo and Bergen as part of the Global Day of Action.
In Oslo, the movement has since then met every Saturday in the city centre, usually at Eidsvolls plass in front of the Parliament, but sometimes at other sites, like Spikersuppa and Youngstorget.
Philippines
The Pandi housing takeover is sometimes seen as part of the global Occupy movement and its opposition to social inequality.
In March 2017, thousands of urban poor from the Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (Kadamay) led the occupation of vacant government shelters in Pandi, Bulacan, Pandi, Bulacan, Philippines.
President Rodrigo Duterte announced in April that protesters may be allowed stay in the occupied homes, though members of Kadamay reported that they continued to be harassed and Red-tagging in the Philippines, red-tagged, and have been excluded in the process to legalize their ownership of the housing units.
Republic of Ireland
![Occupiers Camp on Dame Street, Dublin, 19th of December 2011](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Occupiers_Camp_on_Dame_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_19th_of_December_2011.JPG)
Protests were held in Dublin,
Cork (city), Cork, and Galway.
''The Irish Times'' described the movement in the following terms: ''"The group has no hierarchical structure, has set up a Facebook page and Twitter account – with the social media links attracting a very mixed, and sometimes critical, reaction."'' The protest in Dublin was organized by "Pots & Pans – Ireland", and #OccupyDameStreet protest group, who then invited Real Democracy Now! Shell to Sea, Tir na Saor and many other non-political groups to participate and all set up camp outside the Central Bank of Ireland in solidarity with the
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
movement in New York. On 22 October it was reported that over 2,000 people took part in a demonstration organized by Occupy Dame Street.
This camp survived through the winter, but was removed by an Garda Síochána (Irish police) on 13 March 2012, days before the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade. On the morning of 16 May 2012 at approximately 4:30 am, the Occupy camp in Eyre Square in Galway, the longest-lasting of the Occupy groups in Ireland, was removed by An Garda Síochána and Galway City Council. The camp was removed because the group was illegally occupying a public amenity. At the time the camp was dismantled, there were only 6 protesters at the camp. The camp had lasted for 215 days.
South Africa
In South Africa, a movement called ''Taking Back South Africa!'' sprung up as an initiative primarily aimed at protesting and inciting Protest, mass action against the economic and social inequality in the country. It consists of a loose informal affiliation of on-the-ground groups and individuals across South Africa as well as internet based groups. During the 2016 Fees Must Fall movement, protest groups also adopted the slogan #Occupy4FreeEducation in response to the government's perceived lack of interest in dealing with the issue.
South Korea
Hundreds of protesters held rallies in the South Korean capital of Seoul on 15 and 22 October in 2011 under the slogan of "Occupy Seoul". Protesters focused on issues such as a recent free trade agreement with the United States as well as costs of tuition and rent.
Although there were considerable support from public, there were also criticisms regarding the nature of the protest. Unlike the original Occupy movement which started out as the anti-capitalist protest, many of the catchphrases of Occupy Seoul contained anti-government or anti-American messages. One of the observers has argued that "South Korea overcame the 2008 financial crisis relatively well and there was no serious crisis in financial sector. It is hard to find the legitimate basis of the protest."
Spain
A series of protests demands a radical change in Politics of Spain, Spanish politics, as protesters do not consider themselves to be represented by any traditional party nor favoured by the measures approved by politicians.
Spanish media have related the protests to the 2008–2009 Spanish financial crisis, economic crisis, Stéphane Hessel's ''Time for Outrage!'',
the NEET troubled generation and current protests in the Middle East and North Africa,
2010–2011 Greek protests, Greece,
2011 Portuguese protests, Portugal
as well as the 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests, Icelandic protest and riots in 2009.
The 15-M Movement drew inspiration from 2011 revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and uprisings in 1968 France, South Korea in 1980 and 1987 and Greece in 2008.
Switzerland
On 15 October 2011, between 500 to 1,000 Occupy protesters demonstrated in front of the offices of UBS and Credit Suisse on the Paradeplatz in Zurich.
100 protesters later established an occupation on the nearby Lindenhof, which was evicted by the police on 15 November.
Taiwan
Turkey
![OccupyGezi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/OccupyGezi.jpg)
The initial protests in Istanbul on 28 May 2013 were led by about 50 Environmentalism, environmentalists against replacing Taksim Gezi Park with a reconstruction of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Era Taksim Military Barracks (the scene of pro Sultan riots in 1909). The current protests developed into riots after the heavy handed police intervention which featured significant use of tear gas and water cannons.
The oppressive reaction to the protests caused the protests to widen with many more people to become involved, people from many different walks of life including a wide range of political interest groups, secular and religious people, students, gays, feminists, football fans, women in head scarves, whole families, all finding reason to join the protests.
What started as an environmentalist protest against plans to replace Taksim Gezi Park developed into wider anti-government demonstrations. Demands issued on 4 June included
# the end of police brutality,
# the end of the sale of public facilities such as parks, forests and beaches to private investors,
# the right of public expression,
# media responsibility in informing the public of events, and other demands. The protests (up to 500.000 in İstanbul and 30.000 people in Ankara) also spread to other cities in Turkey, and protests were seen in other countries with significant Turkish communities.
United Kingdom
England
![Occupy London Tent](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Occupy_London_Tent.jpg)
As part of the
15 October 2011 global protests
The 15 October 2011 global protests were part of a series of protests inspired by the Arab Spring, the Icelandic protests, the Portuguese "Geração à Rasca", the Spanish "Indignants", the Greek protests, and the Occupy movement. The protes ...
, protesters gathered in London, Bristol, and Birmingham in England, together with Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland (See ''Scotland'' heading below).
The London Stock Exchange in Paternoster Square was the initial target for the protesters of Occupy London on 15 October 2011.
Attempts to occupy the square were thwarted by police.
Police sealed off the entrance to the square as it is private property, and a High Court injunction had been granted against public access to the square.
2,500–3,000 people gathered nearby outside St Paul's Cathedral, with 250 camping overnight.
A canon (priest), canon of St. Paul's, Reverend Giles Fraser, said he was happy for people to "exercise their right to protest peacefully" outside the cathedral and an indefinite encampment was established.
Additional smaller protests occurred in Birmingham
and Nottingham.
As of 17 October an indefinite tent city, encampment had also been established on College Green, Bristol, College Green in Bristol.
![Pro-anarchist tents (4588935075)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Pro-anarchist_tents_%284588935075%29.jpg)
On 29 October a camp was also established in Victoria Gardens, Brighton, and grew from six tents to around twenty within one week.
Further Occupy camps took place in Liverpool
Bath, Somerset, Bath, Bournemouth University, Bradford, Leeds, Sheffield, Thanet District, Thanet,
Newcastle upon Tyne, Plymouth, Exeter, Norwich,
The Occupy Thanet protests also focused on local issues,
including the closure of shops in the town and the Dreamland Margate amusement park, a lack of employment opportunities
and perceived disparities in the allocation of education resources.
City of Lancaster, Lancaster in England and Cardiff in Wales.
On 8 January 2012, Lancaster Police arrested four members of Occupy Lancaster who were occupying a disused hotel in the city centre.
On 11 November, police arrested 179 people believed to be English Defence League, EDL supporters on Armistice Day after apparent threats to the St Paul's camp were posted on Facebook. 176 were released without charge and 3 were bailed "pending further inquiries".
On 15 November, an Occupy camp was established in the centre of Leicester near the Highcross Leicester, Highcross shopping centre.
On 25 November an Occupy camp was established in Liverpool near the Walker Art Gallery.
Starting on 30 November 2011 following a national strike action, a body of students occupied the University of Sheffield Arts Tower in solidarity with, but not limited to, the Occupy movement.
On 17 October 2014 a new camp was established in Parliament Square, Westminster by a group called Occupy Democracy. The camp was part of a campaign for greater transparency in democracy as well as an end to lobbying. The camp lasted two days until police swept in, giving protestors 30 minutes to leave or face arrest. Any items that could be used for sleeping have been deemed illegal under the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, created after the original occupation. The eviction was live streamed, showing police dragging protesters away. Police said there was one arrest. Fifty to a hundred protesters remained in the park overnight. On their website, the group says their goal is "to direct the energy from current single issue struggles into a critical mass that can radically challenge the corrupt and unrepresentative system".
Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, Occupy Belfast initiated its protest outside the offices of Invest NI on 21 October 2011. Occupy Belfast took residence at Writer's Square, in the Cathedral Quarter, Belfast, Cathedral Quarter.
It also took control of a disused building owned by the Bank of Ireland, renaming it the People's Bank, with plans to open a library and homeless accommodation to be a community hub.
It was expected that an Occupy Derry would take place in the near future.
Occupy Coleraine took over the University of Ulster Common Room for three weeks in December 2013.
The group protested the demolition of the historic student-teacher shared space, due for refurbishment as a senior management corporate dining room.
Scotland
![OE6](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/OE6.jpg)
Occupy camps were established in the financial district of St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh on 15 October 2011. St. Andrews Square is the home of the Royal Bank of Scotland headquarters in the Dundas House mansion. Edinburgh City Council subsequently officially backed Occupy Edinburgh and the Occupy movement worldwide. Protesters from Occupy Glasgow set up in the civic George Square on 15 October but after the council obtained a court order moved to Kelvingrove Park, where the council agreed to provide running water, toilets and safety fences.
Wales
In Wales, Occupy Cardiff originally set its camp-site outside Cardiff Castle but it was disbanded by police, and some protesters were arrested. Charges were later dropped following calls from trade unionists, lawyers and politicians including Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood, Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician Tony Benn and demonstrations outside Cardiff magistrates court. Occupy Cardiff set up a new camp in the city, outside the offices of Welsh Labour and a number of Trade Union, trade unions at the Transport House, Cathedral Road.
United States
![Oakland General Strike 2011-11-02](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Oakland_General_Strike_2011-11-02.jpg)
The
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
protests began in New York City on 17 September 2011.
By 9 October, List of Occupy movement protest locations, similar demonstrations were either ongoing or had been held in 70 major cities and over 600 communities across the U.S.
The movement rejects existing political institutions and attempts to create alternative ones through direct action and direct democracy.
Occupy protesters' slogan, "We are the 99%", asserts that the "99%" pay for the mistakes of the "1%".
The original location of choice by the protesters was 1 Chase Plaza, the site of the "Charging Bull" statue, but when police discovered the planned site, it was fenced off and nearby Zuccotti Park was chosen. There was scant media coverage till 24 September when a large march forcing the closure of several streets resulted in 80 arrests. Police used a technique called "netting", the use of orange plastic nets to corral protesters, and the march received extensive media coverage when a video of several "netted" young women being pepper sprayed was widely circulated.
Media coverage was again sparked on 1 October, when New York City protesters attempted to march across the
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/ suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River ...
and more than 700 arrests were made. Some said the police had tricked protesters, allowing them onto the bridge and even escorting them partway across before they began to make mass arrests. On 25 October, police officers cleared two
Occupy Oakland
Occupy Oakland refers to a collaboration and series of demonstrations in Oakland, California that started in October 2011. As part of the Occupy movement, protestors have staged occupations, most notably at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in front of Oakla ...
protest camp sites. Police fired tear gas canisters at the protestors, allegedly in response to objects being thrown at them. Protest organizers said that many of the troublemakers were not part of the Occupy movement.
The raid was described as "violent and chaotic at times"
and resulted in over 102 arrests. Scott Olsen, a former United States Marine Corps, Marine and Iraq War veteran, suffered a bone fracture, skull fracture caused by a projectile that witnesses believed was a tear gas or smoke canister fired by the police.
On 2 November, protesters in
Oakland
Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the Bay A ...
, California, shut down the
Port of Oakland, the fifth busiest port in the nation. Police estimated that about 3,000 demonstrators were gathered at the port and 4,500 had marched across the city.
![Day 60 Occupy Wall Street November 15 2011 Shankbone 43](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Day_60_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_15_2011_Shankbone_43.JPG)
At about 1:00 am on 15 November, police cleared the Zuccotti Park encampment. Many journalists complained that the police had made a deliberate decision to keep journalists away from the park during the raid.
New York City journalists responded to what they perceived as "alarming suppression, abuse and arrests of reporters" by forming "The Coalition for the First Amendment" to "monitor police-press relations as a way of spotlighting police activities that threaten constitutional protections".
Executive Director Alison Bethel McKenzie of the International Press Institute commented: "It is completely unacceptable to hinder reporting on a subject that is undoubtedly of public interest. Such reporting is vital to democracy, and authorities at every level of government – federal, state and local – must honour their constitutional obligation not to infringe upon the freedom of the press."
On 6 December,
Occupy Homes
Occupy Homes or Occupy Our Homes is part of the Occupy movement which attempts to prevent the foreclosure of people's homes. Protesters delay foreclosures by camping out on the foreclosed property. They also stage protests at the banks responsibl ...
, an offshoot of Occupy Wall Street, embarked on a "national day of action" to protest the mistreatment of homeowners by big banks, who they say made billions of dollars off the housing bubble by offering predatory loans and indulging in practices that allegedly took advantage of consumers. In more than two dozen cities across the nation the movement took on the housing crisis by re-occupying foreclosed homes, disrupting bank auctions and blocking evictions.
On 17 September 2012, protesters returned to Zuccotti Park to mark the one-year anniversary of the beginning of the occupation.
Reactions
Political
* Brazil—President of Brazil, President Dilma Rousseff said, "We agree with some of the expressions that some movements have used around the world [in] demonstrations like the ones we see in the US and other countries."
* Canada—Finance Minister Jim Flaherty expressed sympathy with the protests, stating "There's growing worry about a lack of opportunities for the younger generation – particularly in the United States – and it's up to governments to ensure youth are able to capitalize on their education and find good jobs." He later commented, "I can understand some legitimate frustration arising out of that."
* India—Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh described the protests as "a warning for all those who are in charge of the processes of governance".
* Iran—Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei voiced his support for the Occupy Movement saying, "Ultimately, it will grow so that it will bring down the capitalist system and the West."
* United Kingdom—On 21 October 2011, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said the protests were about fairness. "There are voices in the middle who say, 'Look, we can build a better financial system that is more sustainable, that is based on a better and proportionate sense of what's just and fair and where people don't take reckless risks or, if they do, they're penalized for doing so.'"
On 6 November 2011, Opposition leader Ed Miliband: "The challenge is that they reflect a crisis of concern for millions of people about the biggest issue of our time: the gap between their values and the way our country is run." He mentioned that he is "determined that mainstream politics, and the Labour Party in particular, speaks to that crisis and rises to the challenge".
On Saturday 26 November 2011, Edinburgh City Council set a worldwide precedent by voting in favour of the motion to support the aims and sentiments of Occupy Edinburgh and the Occupy movement as a whole. This motion was presented by the Scottish Green Party, was seconded by the Scottish Labour Party and was slightly amended by the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Scottish Liberal Democrats. The only party not to back the motion was the Scottish Conservative Party. "We regard this as a fantastic step forward in the opening of dialogue with the Scottish government.", stated Occupy Edinburgh.
* United States—President of the United States, President Barack Obama spoke in support of the movement, but also asked protesters not to "demonize" finance workers.
Local authorities in the United States have collaborated to develop strategies to respond to the Occupy movement and its encampments, and political leaders in eighteen United States cities consulted on cracking down on the Occupy movement, according to Oakland Mayor Jean Quan, who participated in a conference call.
Within a span of less than 24 hours, municipal authorities in Denver, Occupy Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Occupy Portland, Portland, Occupy Oakland, Oakland, and Occupy Wall Street, New York City sent in police to crack down on the encampments of the Occupy movement.
In a markedly different approach, the city administration and police in New Haven, Connecticut, have worked with Occupy New Haven
to ensure the safety of protesters occupying the upper section of the New Haven Green.
Until 18 April 2012, Occupy New Haven,
has been running continuously on the Green for 186 days until they were removed by police.
* Venezuela—President of Venezuela, President Hugo Chávez condemned the "horrible repression" of the activists and expressed solidarity with the movement.
Media
''Foreign Affairs'' has had various articles covering the movement.
In the January/February 2012 issue, Francis Fukuyama argued that the Occupy movement was not as influential as the right-wing Tea Party movement. "One of the most puzzling features of the world in the aftermath of the financial crisis," he wrote, "is that so far, populism has taken primarily a right-wing form, not a left-wing one."
In contrast, a survey for the think tank Center for American Progress suggested that the Occupy movement has succeeded in substantially boosting the coverage of the job crisis in the American media.
Other
Egyptian protesters from Tahrir Square have lent their support of the movement. A message of solidarity issued by a collective of Cairo-based protesters declared: "As the interests of government increasingly cater to the interests and comforts of private, transnational capital, our cities and homes have become progressively more abstract and violent places, subject to the casual ravages of the next economic development or urban renewal scheme. An entire generation across the globe has grown up realizing, rationally and emotionally, that we have no future in the current order of things."
In early December 2011, business magnate Richard Branson said the movement is a "good start", that they have been protesting for valid reasons, and that if the business community takes some of their concerns on board they will have made a difference.
On 15 December 2011, Jesse Jackson said that Jesus Christ, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. were all occupiers, and that: "Occupy is a global spirit, which is now sweeping the nation and the world, fighting for justice for all of God's children".
A global survey of 23 countries published by Ipsos on 20 January 2012 found that around 40% of the world's citizens are familiar with the movement. Over twice as many reported a favourable response to the movement compared to those who dislike it. Support for the movement varied markedly among countries, with South Korea (67%), Indonesia (65%), and India (64%) reporting the highest sympathy – and Australia (41%), Japan (41%), and Poland (37%) reporting the lowest.
Impact
Some known impacts to date include the following:
Social impact
In the United States, the protests have helped shift the focus of national dialogue from the federal budget deficit to economic problems many ordinary Americans face, such as unemployment,
the large amount of student and other consumer debt, personal debt that burdens middle class and working class Americans,
and other major issues of social inequality, such as homelessness.
The movement appears to have generated a national conversation about income inequality, as evidenced by the fact that print and broadcast news mentioned the term "income inequality" more than five times more often during the last week of October 2011 than during the week before the occupation began.
Longer term effects are much less clear, as according to Google search trends, in the years since 2012 interest has waned. Occupy movement raised awareness regarding what organizers consider undeserved wealth and lack of fairness in American society.
Labor unions have become bolder in the tactics they employ and have been using digital social media more effectively thanks to the Occupy movement.
In New York City, the Occupy Wall Street protest has also provided hundreds of protesters to help in picket actions conducted by labor unions.
Offshoots of the Occupy movement, such as Rolling Jubilee, a project of Strike Debt, have bought millions in "zombie debt," money that individuals owe that they have no financial means to pay, including medical debt, to free the debtors from the obligation to pay it off. As of September 2014, Rolling Jubilee claims to have cancelled more than $15 million in medical debt and $4 million in private student loan debt. Noam Chomsky argues that the movement "spontaneously created something that doesn't really exist in the country: communities of mutual support, cooperation, open spaces for discussion . . . just people doing things and helping each other". As of April 2015, Rolling Jubilee reports it has cleared nearly $32 million in debt.
On 10 November 2011, ''The Daily Telegraph'' reported that the word "occupy" had been the "most commonly used English word on the internet and in print" over the past 12 months according to a top ten list published by media analysis company Global Language Monitor.
In January 2012, members of the American Dialect Society voted with an overwhelming majority for "Occupy" as the word of the year for 2011.
Numerous news shows and radio shows have been using the term "1%" and "99%" TV shows such as ''The Middle'', ''Revenge'' and, ''The Office'' have made references to Occupy, and, in July 2012, the City of Vancouver added the word to its list of reserve names for civic assets such as streets and buildings.
In December 2012, the Television show Conan launched a contest called "Occupy Conan".
Political impact
On 27 December 2011, the ''Financial Times'' argued that the movement had had a global impact, altering "the terms of the political debate".
However, some sympathetic commentators such as Anthony Barnett have suggested that in Spain, where the movement once had the support of well over 70% of the population with millions taking part, the popularity of ''Occupy'' is now past its peak and has achieved no consequences of any significance.
However, there were numerous successes at local levels,
and ''The Economist'' has reported that Spanish protesters caused their government to pass various laws including new limits on the amounts banks can "claw back" from defaulting borrowers.
In November 2011, U.S. Congressman Ted Deutch, member of the House Judiciary Committee, introduced the "Outlawing Corporate Cash Undermining the Public Interest in our Elections and Democracy (OCCUPIED) Constitutional Amendment," which would overturn the United States Supreme Court decision in ''Citizens United v. FEC'' recognizing corporate constitutionally protected free speech rights and would ban corporate money from the electoral process.
In March 2012, former U.S. Vice President of the United States, Vice President Al Gore called on activists to "occupy democracy", explaining that "Our democracy has been hacked. It no longer works to serve the best interests of the people of this country."
Also in November 2011, Paul Mason (journalist), Paul Mason said that the Occupy movement had started to dynamically shape the global policy response to the late-2000s financial crisis, being mentioned so often at 2011 G-20 Cannes summit, the 2011 G20 summit that if Occupy had been a brand "it would have a profile to die for among the super-elite".
Various journalists along with Jared Bernstein former chief economist and economic adviser to Vice President Joe Biden, have suggested that Occupy influenced the President's January 2012 State of the Union address, with the movement creating the political space for Obama to shift to the economic left and speak about the desirability of the rich paying a greater share of the tax burden. Inequality had remained a central theme of President Obama's reelection campaign, yet he no longer mentioned the Occupy movement by name, which analysts said reflected the fact that by early 2012 Occupy had become a divisive issue, unpopular with some of the public.
By 2015, income inequality had become a major part of the political discourse in the United States, which ''The Atlantic'' declared "The Triumph of Occupy Wall Street".
National monitoring and crackdown
Government documents released in December 2012 pursuant to Freedom of Information Act (United States), Freedom of Information Act requests by the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund reveal FBI monitoring of what became known as the Occupy movement since at least August 2011, a month before the protests began.
The FBI, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, local police, regional law enforcement "counterterrorism" fusion centers, and private security forces of major banks formed the Domestic Security Alliance Council (DSAC) to collect and share information about, and to share plans to target and to arrest Occupy protesters. Banks met with the FBI to pool information about participants of the Occupy movement collected by corporate security, and the FBI offered to bank officials its plans to prevent Occupy events that were scheduled for a month later.
[Grant, Drew (24 December 2012). "Just Because You Are Paranoid Doesn't Mean the FBI Wasn't Monitoring You: Occupy Wall Street Edition". ''The New York Observer''.]
FBI officials met with New York Stock Exchange representatives on 19 August 2011, notifying them of planned peaceful protests.
[Browdie, Brian (26 December 2012). "FBI Relayed Information About Occupy Movement to Financial Institutions". American Banker] FBI officials later met with representatives of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and Zions Bank about planned protests.
The FBI used informants to infiltrate and monitor protests; information from informants and military intelligence units was passed to DSAC, which then gave updates to financial companies.
[Grey, Barry (27 December 2012). "Occupy protests targeted by FBI counterterror units". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 27 December 2012.] Surveillance of protestors was also carried out by the Joint Terrorism Task Force.
[Grey, 2012][Wilkins, Brett (24 December 2012). "FBI investigated Occupy Wall Street as 'domestic terrorists'". Digital Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2012] DSAC also coordinated with security firms hired by banks to target OWS leaders.
["New Occupy Report Calls FBI, Homeland Security Tactics 'Orwellian' For Working With Security Firms Hired By Private Banks". International Business Times. 30 December 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.]
Lawsuits
Following actions by police and municipal officials to use force in closing various Occupy tent camps in public spaces, lawsuits have been filed, while others are being planned.
Civil liberties organizations filed separate law suits against the FBI for refusing to turn over documents requested pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (United States), Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) regarding the FBI's role in surveillance of the Occupy movement and the FBI's sharing of intelligence about Occupy events with private corporate security officials.
The FBI withheld documents requested under the FOIA citing the reason that the withholding was "in the interest of national defense or foreign policy".
In 2013, MIT doctoral student Ryan Shapiro, collecting research on the role of the FBI in the Occupy movement, sent the FBI three FOIA requests regarding "a potential plan to gather intelligence against the leaders of [Occupy Wall Street-related protests in Houston] and obtain photographs, then formulate a plan to kill the leadership [of the protests] via suppressed sniper rifles". When the FBI refused the request, Shapiro filed a federal complaint in Washington, D.C., and subsequently obtained 17 pages (most of the requested documentation was ruled withheld due to the possibility to "disclose the identity of a confidential source".) The redacted FBI document confirmed the Houston plot and contradicted an earlier claim by the FBI that it had never opened an investigation on the Occupy movement.
Criticism
Apart from the dismissals made by political conservatives, there have also been appreciative criticisms from more left-wing scholars. One such critique concerns itself with the way in which the Occupy movement has focused its demands around a narrowly modern understanding of freedom that differs little from the claims of mainstream liberal pluralism:
International activists involved in the Occupy Movement have seen it stall due a lack of synergy to work with other alternative movements calling for change. The biggest criticism is that the movement is without depth, without a lasting vision of an alternative future.
In her critique of the Occupy movement, American political philosopher Jodi Dean argues that the focus on autonomy, leaderlessness and horizontality paved the way for conflicts and disillusionment within the movement:
Remarks from Occupy Wall Street participant Justine Tunney, a Google software engineer, who called on President Obama to appoint Eric Schmidt "CEO of America", have also sparked criticism, including from the vast majority of other Occupy participants, many of whom have observed that her politics are inconsistent with horizontalism.
Many
Occupy Wall Street
Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest Social movement, movement against economic inequality and the Campaign finance, influence of money in politics that began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Financial District, Manhattan, Wall S ...
protests have included anti-zionist and anti-semitism, anti semitic slogans and signage such as "Jews control Wall Street" or "Zionist Jews who are running the big banks and the Federal Reserve". As a result, the Occupy Wall Street Movement has been consistently confronted with accusations of anti-Semitism.
However, Abraham Foxman, national director of the Anti-Defamation League stated that "it's not surprising that in a movement that deals with economic issues you're going to get bigots that believe in this stereotype...[however] they are not expressing or representing a larger view."
See also
* Anarchism and the Occupy movement
* Law enforcement and the Occupy movement
* List of Occupy movement topics
* Occupy movement in the United States
* Occupy the Hood
* Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Other U.S. protests
* 2011 United States public employee protests
* 2011 Wisconsin protests
* Tea Party protests
Other international protests
* 2011 Chilean protests
* 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
* 2011 Israeli social justice protests
* 2013 Bulgarian anti-monopoly protests, 2013 Bulgarian protests
* 2013 protests in Brazil, 2013 Brazilian protests
* Aam Aadmi party, Common Man's Party, India
* Anti-austerity movement
** Anti-austerity movement in Greece
** Anti-austerity movement in Ireland
** Anti-austerity movement in Portugal
** Anti-austerity movement in Spain, Anti-austerity movement in Spain (Indignados Movement)
** Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom and 2010 UK student protests
* Idle No More
* Yo Soy 132
Related articles
* Bioregionalism
* Bonus Army
* Cascadia movement
* Corruption Perceptions Index#Rankings, Corruption Perceptions Index
* Coxey's Army
* Empowered democracy
* GameStop short squeeze
* Grassroots movement
* Green Feather Movement
* Guy Fawkes mask
* Hooverville
* Income inequality in the United States
* List of countries by distribution of wealth
* List of countries by income equality
* List of protests in the 21st century
* March Against Monsanto
* Cecily McMillan
* Neoliberalism
* Occupy (book), ''Occupy'' (book)
* Peace Convoy
* Plutocracy
* Income tax in the United States#Historical income tax rates (1913–2010), Selected Historical income tax rates in the U.S. (1913–2010)
* Wealth inequality in the United States
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[{{cite news , url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Police-move-in-on-Occupy-Auckland-sites/tabid/423/articleID/240300/Default.aspx , title=Occupy protestors claim police wore same badge number , publisher=3news.co.nz , first=Angela , last=Beswick , date=23 January 2011 , access-date=23 January 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133548/http://www.3news.co.nz/Police-move-in-on-Occupy-Auckland-sites/tabid/423/articleID/240300/Default.aspx , archive-date=19 November 2012 , url-status=dead ]
[{{cite news , title=700 Arrested After Wall Street Protest on N.Y.'s Brooklyn Bridge , url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/10/01/500-arrested-after-wall-street-protest-on-nys-brooklyn-bridge/?test=latestnews , access-date=1 October 2011 , date=1 October 2011 , publisher=Fox News Channel]
[{{cite news , last=Moynihan, first=Colin, title=80 Arrested as Financial District Protest Moves North , url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/24/80-arrested-as-financial-district-protest-moves-north/ , access-date=24 September 2011 , newspaper=The New York Times , date=24 September 2011]
[{{cite news, url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3724b32a-1047-11e1-8211-00144feabdc0.html, title= A better way to occupy Wall Street, work= Financial Times, first= John, last= Gapper, date = 16 November 2011, access-date=16 November 2011 {{registration required]
[{{cite news, last=Fleming, first=Andrew, title=Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest, url=http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html, access-date=18 November 2011, newspaper=Vancouver Courier, date=27 September 2011, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160015/http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html, archive-date=11 October 2012]
[{{cite web, last= Adbusters , title=Anonymous Joins #OCCUPYWALLSTREET "Wall Street, Expect Us!" says video communique. , url=http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/anonymous-joins-occupywallstreet.html , publisher=Adbusters , date=23 August 2011 , access-date=9 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009004643/http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/anonymous-joins-occupywallstreet.html , archive-date=9 October 2011 ]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.alternet.org/newsandviews/article/731137/oakland_mayor_jean_quan_admits_18_cities_were_consulting_on#occupy_crackdowns/ , title=Oakland Mayor Jean Quan Admits 18 Cities Were Consulting on #Occupy Crackdowns, publisher=Alternet.org , date=15 November 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{Cite news , publisher=AlterNet , date=8 November 2011 , title=4 Occupations Embracing the Homeless (As Cities Increasingly Can't Take Care of Them: It is impossible to separate homelessness from Occupy Wall Street's struggle for economic justice) , url=http://www.alternet.org/story/153020/occupy_movement_brings_attention_to_the_homeless_ , access-date=23 December 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502085652/http://www.alternet.org/story/153020/occupy_movement_brings_attention_to_the_homeless_ , archive-date=2 May 2012 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite news, title=Occupy-demonstraties vandaag in Amsterdam en Den Haag , url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/2968474/2011/10/15/Occupy-demonstraties-vandaag-in-Amsterdam-en-Den-Haag.dhtml , newspaper=de Volkskrant , access-date=15 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017112035/http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/2968474/2011/10/15/Occupy-demonstraties-vandaag-in-Amsterdam-en-Den-Haag.dhtml , archive-date=17 October 2011 ]
[{{cite web, last=Gupta, first=Arun, title=An Occupy Road Trip, url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/12271/an_occupy_road_trip/, work=In These Times, access-date=13 February 2012]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9641806/Occupy-protesters-were-right-says-Bank-of-England-official.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9641806/Occupy-protesters-were-right-says-Bank-of-England-official.html , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live, title=Occupy protesters were right, says Bank of England official, newspaper=The Daily Telegraph, first=James, last=Kirkup, date=29 October 2012, access-date=30 October 2012, location=London{{cbignore]
[{{cite video , people=[Barack Obama, Louis Farrakhan], ]Anonymous
Anonymous may refer to:
* Anonymity, the state of an individual's identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown
** Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author
* Anonym ...
, title=An Anonymous Message Concerning #occupywallstreet , medium=Internet video , publisher=user TheAnonMessage via YouTube , date=17 September 2011 , url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM4qu2I3FyY, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203210921/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM4qu2I3FyY&feature=youtu.be, archive-date=2012-02-03 , url-status=dead
[{{cite news, url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Anti-capitalists-set-camp-Leicester-city-centre/story-13853230-detail/story.html, title=Anti-capitalists set up camp in Leicester city centre, access-date=17 November 2011, work=Leicester Mercury, date=15 November 2011, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116153712/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Anti-capitalists-set-camp-Leicester-city-centre/story-13853230-detail/story.html, archive-date=16 November 2011, url-status=dead]
[{{cite web, title=Arrests as Halifax Cops Evict Occupy protesters, url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/arrests-as-halifax-cops-evict-occupy-protesters-1.724586, work=CTV News, date=11 November 2011, publisher=Canadian Television Network, access-date=20 November 2011]
[{{cite news, url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/opinion/1305625181_425614.html , title=Indignados en la calle , newspaper=EL PAÍS , date=17 May 2011 , access-date=22 May 2011, archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103628/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/opinion/1305625181_425614.html, archive-date= 22 May 2011 , url-status= live]
[{{cite news, url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/actualidad/1305661201_570313.html , title=Los sábados de Islandia llegaron al 15-M (Icelandic saturdays appear on 15-M) , work=El País , date=17 May 2011 , access-date=22 May 2011, archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110522092642/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/05/17/actualidad/1305661201_570313.html, archive-date= 22 May 2011 , url-status= live]
["Asamblea", the Spanish word for assembly, is a common term often used instead of "general assembly"]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3b89ef38-61ab-11e1-94fa-00144feabdc0.html , title=Authorities clear St Paul's Occupy camp , work=Financial Times , first=Tom , last=Burgis , date=28 February 2012 , access-date=22 March 2012 {{registration required]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15326561 , title=Rome counts cost of violence after global protests , publisher=BBC , date=16 October 2011 , access-date=17 October 2011]
[{{cite news , first=Joanna , last=Walters , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis , title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities , work= The Observer , date=8 October 2011 , access-date=13 October 2011 , location=London]
[{{cite web, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/news/world-europe-13437819 , title=Spanish youth rally in Madrid echoes Egypt protests , publisher=BBC , date=18 May 2011 , access-date=22 May 2011]
[{{cite news, first=Ryan , last=Devereaux , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/08/occupy-wall-street-bridge-victory , title=Occupy Wall Street protesters win legal victory in Brooklyn bridge arrests , work=The Guardian , date=8 June 2012 , access-date=9 December 2012 , location=London]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-15568057 , title=US Occupy protesters clash with police at Oakland port , publisher=BBC , date=3 November 2011 , access-date=4 November 2011]
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[{{cite news , last=Bender , first=Kristen , title=Early morning police raid ousts Occupy Oakland , url=http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_19188591 , access-date=25 October 2011 , newspaper=San Jose Mercury News , date=25 October 2011]
[{{cite web , url=http://brightgreenscotland.org/index.php/2012/01/occupy-belfast-create-the-peoples-bank/ , title=Occupy Belfast create 'The People's Bank' , publisher=Bright Green , date=30 January 2012 , access-date=18 April 2011]
[{{cite news , last=Penny , first=Laura , title=Protest By Consensus , url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/laurie-penny/2011/10/spain-movement-square-world , access-date=11 November 2011 , newspaper=New Statesman , date=16 October 2011]
[{{cite web , last=Campion , first=Vikki , url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/occupy-sydney-cbd-sit-in-silliness/story-e6freuzi-1226172340817 , title=Occupy Sydney CBD sit-in silliness, work=The Daily Telegraph, location=Australia , date=21 March 2011 , access-date=22 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2dd6f264-2d6c-11e1-b985-00144feabdc0.html, title= Capitalism is dead; long live capitalism, work= Financial Times, author= Editorial, date = 27 December 2011, access-date=21 October 2011 {{registration required]
["Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top."Center on Budget and Policy Priorities](_blank)
Retrieved October 2011.
[{{cite web, url=http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2011/11/19/uc-davis-launches-probe-after-pepper-spray-incident/ , title=Protesters Silently Watch As UCD Chancellor Leaves After Press Conference , publisher=CBS Sacramento , date=19 November 2011 , access-date=24 November 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/10/15/501364/main20120893.shtml , title="Occupy" protests go global, turn violent , work=CBS News , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=19 October 2011]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/10/16/national/main20121154.shtml , title=Occupy Wall Street has raised $300,000 , work=CBS News , date=17 October 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011]
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[Hawley, Chris (16 October 2011.]
"Thousands of ‘Occupy‘ protesters fill New York Times Square."''Chicago Sun-Times''
Retrieved October 2011. {{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018150732/http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/8245614-418/thousands-of-occupy-protesters-fill-new-york-times-square.html , date=18 October 2011
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[{{cite web, last=Wilson , first=Simone , url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/10/city_council_passes_occupy_la_resolution_democrats_unions.php , title=City Council Unanimously Passes Occupy L.A. Resolution – Protesters Struggle to Distance Themselves From Democrats, Unions – Los Angeles News – The Informer , publisher=Blogs.laweekly.com , date=12 October 2011 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{Cite news , publisher=CNET News , date= 12 March 2012 , title= Al Gore with Sean Parker at SXSW: 'Occupy democracy! , url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-57395936-52/al-gore-with-sean-parker-at-sxsw-occupy-democracy/ , access-date=23 December 2012]
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[{{cite web , author=Handmade by Peter O.E. Bekker for The New York Press Club , url=http://www.newyorkpressclub.org/coalition.php , title=Coalition For the First Amendment , publisher=The New York Press Club , access-date=6 March 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410003457/http://www.newyorkpressclub.org/coalition.php , archive-date=10 April 2012 , url-status=dead ]
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[{{cite web, url= http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/0130/Weekend-violence-in-Oakland-Is-Occupy-movement-back-or-broken-video, title= Weekend violence in Oakland: Is Occupy movement back, or broken? (+video), work= The Christian Science Monitor, first = Gloria, last = Goodale, date=30 January 2012, access-date=8 February 2012]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/15/rome-protests-black-bloc-militants-turn-occupy-protests-violent.html , date=15 October 2011 , title=Anarchists Hijack Rome Protests, access-date=15 November 2010, work=The Daily Beast]
[{{cite news, last=Bennett, first=Drake, title=David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street, url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/david-graeber-the-antileader-of-occupy-wall-street-10262011.html, access-date=13 February 2012, newspaper=Business Week, date=26 October 2011: "While there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that"]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=100176, title=Occupy Prescott protesters call for more infrastructure investment, access-date=17 November 2011, publisher=Western News&Info, Inc., url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404102155/http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=100176, archive-date=4 April 2012]
[{{cite news, url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=157423 , title="Occupy Norway" protest held in Oslo , access-date=1 December 2011 , publisher=APA , date=16 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017084655/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=157423 , archive-date=17 October 2011 ]
[{{Cite news , publisher=Democracy Now , date= 25 January 2012 , title= Former Obama Adviser: Focus on U.S. Inequality in Election-Year State of the Union Has Occupy Wall Street's Imprint , url= http://www.democracynow.org/2012/1/25/fmr_obama_adviser_focus_on_us , access-date =23 December 2012]
[{{cite news, last=Dorling, first=Philip, title=Assange can still Occupy centre stage, url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/assange-can-still-occupy-centre-stage-20111028-1mo8x.html, access-date=29 October 2011, newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald, date=29 October 2011]
[Top Earners Doubled Share of Nation’s Income, Study Finds](_blank)
New York Times By Robert Pear, 25 October 2011
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/18/occupy-wall-street-six-month-anniversary?newsfeed=true, title=Dozens arrested as Occupy Wall Street marks anniversary with fresh protests, first=Ryan, last=Devereaux, work=The Guardian, date=18 March 2012, access-date=22 March 2012, location=London]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10759329 , archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111015234439/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10759329 , url-status=dead , archive-date=15 October 2011 , title=Dozens injured in Rome as 'Occupy' movement swells – World – NZ Herald News , work=The New Zealand Herald , date=17 March 2011 , access-date=17 October 2011]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-15610181 , title=Ed Miliband warns of St Paul's protest 'danger signals' , publisher=BBC , date=6 November 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/temadeldia/articulo-310888-estudiantes-comenzaron-acampada-plena-universidad , title=Estudiantes comenzaron acampada en plena universidad , access-date=20 November 2011 , newspaper=El Espectador , date=11 November 2011]
[{{cite news, last=Lynch , first=David J. , url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-21/ex-british-chief-brown-says-wall-street-protests-seek-fairness.html , title=Ex-British Chief Gorden Brown States Protests Seek Fairness , publisher=Bloomberg L.P. , date=21 October 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{Cite news , date=15 October 2011, url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/2011/10/15/stock-exchange-occupation-blocked-91466-29601928/ , title=Stock exchange occupation blocked , work=WalesOnline , location=Wales]
[{{cite web, url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Taking-Back-South-Africa-2011-Worldwide-Revolution/199917050019973 , title=Taking Back South Africa! 2011: Worldwide Revolution , via=Facebook , date=23 February 2012 , access-date=6 March 2012]{{Primary source inline, date=December 2020
[{{cite news, last=Fleming, first=Andrew, title=Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S, url=http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html, newspaper=The Vancouver Courier, date=27 September 2011, access-date=30 September 2011, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011160015/http://www.vancourier.com/Adbusters+sparks+Wall+Street+protest/5466332/story.html, archive-date=11 October 2012]
[Occupy Wall Street And The Rhetoric of Equality](_blank)
''Forbes'' 1 November 2011 by Deborah L. Jacobs
[{{cite web , last=Friedman , first=Uri , url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/18/occupy_wall_street_99_percent , title=The World's 99 Percent , date=18 November 2011 , access-date=18 November 2011 , work=Foreign Policy , publisher=The Slate Group , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022005829/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/18/occupy_wall_street_99_percent , archive-date=22 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/09/four-arrested-occupy-protest-lancaster , title=Four arrested at Occupy protest in Lancaster , access-date=29 January 2012 , work=The Guardian , date=9 January 2012 , location=London , first=Ben , last=Quinn]
[{{cite web, url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20120227-occupy-armenia-occupiers-squat-yerevan-last-public-park-mashtots-construction-freeze , title=Occupy…Armenia? Protesters battle to save Yerevan public park , publisher=France 24, access-date=23 April 2012]
[{{cite web, url=http://pnhp.org/blog/2012/01/06/francis-fukuyama-on-the-decline-of-the-middle-class/ , title=Francis Fukuyama on the decline of the middle class – PNHP's Official Blog , publisher=Pnhp.org , date=6 January 2012 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{cite news , title=From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world , first=Ben , last=Berkowitz , url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/technology/technology-news/from-a-single-hashtag-a-protest-circled-the-world-20111019-1m72j.html , newspaper=Brisbane Times , date=19 October 2011 , access-date=19 October 2011]
[{{Cite news, url= http://www.thenation.com/article/163924/occupy-wall-street-occupy-everywhere, title= From Occupy Wall Street to Occupy Everywhere, work= The Nation, first= Nathan, last= Schneider, date=31 October 2011, access-date=4 January 2012]
[{{cite news, publisher=granthamjournal.co.uk , url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0516/occupy-galway-protest-camp-is-being-removed.htmlhttp://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/gardai-dismantle-last-occupy-camp-1-3845162 , title=Gardaí dismantle last Occupy camp , access-date=16 May 2012 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123171206/http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0516/occupy-galway-protest-camp-is-being-removed.htmlhttp%3A//www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/gardai-dismantle-last-occupy-camp-1-3845162 , archive-date=23 November 2012 ]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fdd2f1e0-0f5b-11e1-88cc-00144feabdc0.html , title=Authorities move against Occupy protest , work=Financial Times , first=Shannon , last=Bond , date=15 November 2011 , access-date=15 November 2011 {{registration required]
[{{cite news, last=Graeber, first=David, title=Occupy Wall Street's Anarchist Roots, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/2011112872835904508.html, access-date=13 February 2012, publisher=Al Jazeera]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/oct/12/occupy-london-stock-exchange-protests , title=Occupy Wall Street protests come to London , work=The Guardian , date=12 October 2011 , agency=Press Association , access-date=12 October 2011 , quote=Protests against the global financial system which have seen huge demonstrations in New York's Wall Street will spread to the City of London this weekend. [...] the so-called OccupyLSX [...] We stand in solidarity with Occupy Wall Street, protesters in Spain, Greece and the Middle East who started this movement.]
[{{cite news, author=Joanna Walters in Seattle , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis , title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities , work= The Observer , location=UK , access-date=13 October 2011 , date=8 October 2011]
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[{{cite news , url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-16/occupy-central-hong-kong-protesters-enter-their-second-day.html, title=Occupy Central Hong Kong Protesters Enter Their Second Day, access-date=18 November 2011 , publisher=Bloomberg L.P., date=16 October 2011, first=Frederik, last=Balfour]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/eastasia/view/1164843/1/.html, title="Occupy Central" protests continue in Hong Kong, access-date=18 November 2011 , publisher=Channel NewsAsia, date=11 November 2011]
[{{cite web , url=http://occupyseoul.hourb.com/ , title=#OccupySeoul , publisher=Occupyseoul.hourb.com , access-date=28 December 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216170213/http://occupyseoul.hourb.com/ , archive-date=16 December 2011 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite web , work= Webpage of Rep. Ted Deutsch , publisher=U.S. Congress , date= 18 November 2011 , title= Rep. Deutch Unveils OCCUPIED Constitutional Amendment Bans Corporate Money in Elections and Declares Corporations Are Not People , url=http://deutch.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=269672 , access-date=23 December 2012]
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[{{cite news, url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nathan-robinson/occupy-new-haven_b_1175440.html , title=In New Haven, an Occupy Encampment Stays Alive and Keeps Inequality on the Agenda, 2011 Dec. 30, "In New Haven, an Occupy Encampment Stays Alive and Keeps Inequality on the Agenda" , work=HuffPost , access-date=23 January 2012 , first=Nathan , last=Robinson]
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[{{cite web, url=http://www.francetv.fr/info/live/message/4ee/4f6/8fa/399/167/f99/002/e1e.html , title=Huit personnes ont été placées en garde à vue après la dispersion par la police d'une , publisher=Francetv.fr , access-date=28 December 2011]
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[Zúquete, José Pedro (2012)]
Another World is Possible? Utopia Revisited
" New Global Studies
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[{{cite web , url=http://www.trust.org/trustmedia/news/ipi-journalists-arrested-across-the-us/ , title=IPI: Journalists Arrested Across the U.S. – TrustMedia , publisher=Trust.org , access-date=6 March 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117034131/http://www.trust.org/trustmedia/news/ipi-journalists-arrested-across-the-us , archive-date=17 January 2012 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite news, url= http://blogs.ft.com/the-a-list/2011/11/15/its-camp-is-gone-but-the-occupy-movement-will-grow/, title= Its camp is gone, but the Occupy movement will grow, work= Financial Times, first= Richard, last= Lambert, date = 15 November 2011, access-date=15 November 2011, author-link= Richard Lambert {{registration required]
[{{cite web, url= http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5487, title= As 'Occupy' Protesters Promise New Strategies for 2012, Global Citizens Are in the Dark but Sympathetic, publisher= Ipsos, date = 20 January 2012, access-date=20 January 2012]
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[{{cite news , last1=McKinley , first1=Jesse , last2=Goodnough , first2=Abby , title=Some Cities Begin Cracking Down on 'Occupy' Protests. , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/us/oakland-and-other-cities-crack-down-on-occupy-protests.html , access-date=27 October 2011 , date=26 October 2011 , work=The New York Times]
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[Indignados en Brasil: manifestaciones son pacíficas y cuentan con el apoyo de presidenta](_blank)
''La Tercera'', 15 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
[{{cite news , url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/12/06/real_estate/occupy_movement_spreads/index.htm , title=Occupy protesters take over foreclosed homes , first=Les , last=Christie , date=6 December 2011 , publisher=CNNMoney , access-date=7 December 2011]
[Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007](_blank)
by Edward N. Wolff, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, March 2010
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By Roger Lowenstein, Bloomberg Businessweek
''Bloomberg Businessweek'', previously known as ''BusinessWeek'', is an American weekly business magazine published fifty times a year. Since 2009, the magazine is owned by New York City-based Bloomberg L.P. The magazine debuted in New York City ...
27 October 2011
['Occupy Dataran' group dispersed by police](_blank)
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018110413/http://malaysiakini.com/news/178797 , date=18 October 2011 , Malaysiakini, 16 October 2011
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[{{cite web, url=http://www.onlyphotos.org/article-manifestation-des-indignes-paris-le-10-decembre-2011-92043480.html , title=Manifestation des Indignés. Paris le 10 décembre 2011 – Only Photos – le blog d'un photographe de rue , publisher=Onlyphotos.org , access-date=28 December 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526114601/http://www.onlyphotos.org/article-manifestation-des-indignes-paris-le-10-decembre-2011-92043480.html , archive-date=26 May 2012 ]
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[The Free University of NYC](_blank)
Retrieved 16 July 2012 {{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712100721/http://maydaynyc.org/freeuniversity , date=12 July 2012
[{{cite news, url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/story/2012-01-25/davos-world-economic-forum-protest/52785898/1, title=Merkel tells Davos forum Europe will fix debt problem, first=Pan, last=Pylas, work=]USA Today
''USA Today'' (stylized in all uppercase) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15, 1982, the newspaper operates from Gannett's corporate headquarters in Tysons, Virgini ...
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[{{cite news , url=http://www.metro.co.uk/news/878306-occupy-london-stock-exchange-attracts-9-000-followers-on-facebook , title=Occupy London Stock Exchange attracts 9,000 followers on Facebook , work=Metro (British newspaper), Metro , date=12 October 2011 , access-date=12 October 2011 , quote=A group called Occupy London Stock Exchange said a Facebook page about the protests had attracted more than 9,000 followers with more than 3,500 confirmed attendees. Campaigning organisations, including direct action group UK Uncut, confirmed they will support the action in the heart of the capital's financial centre on Saturday.]
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[{{cite web, title=We Are the 99 Percent Creators Revealed, url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators, publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress, access-date=17 November 2011]
[{{cite magazine, title=Occupy Wall Street: FAQ, first=Nathan, last=Schneider, date=29 September 2011, magazine=The Nation, url=http://www.thenation.com/article/163719/occupy-wall-street-faq, access-date=12 October 2011]
[{{cite web, title=New democratic occupation, url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F11%2F20%2Fnation%2F9942775&sec=nation, publisher=The Star, 20 November 2011, access-date=8 January 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623162715/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F11%2F20%2Fnation%2F9942775&sec=nation, archive-date=23 June 2012, url-status=dead]
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[{{cite news , url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/oct2011/nzop-o17.shtml , title=New Zealand: Occupy protests in six cities , publisher=wsws.org , first1=Tom , last1=Peters , first2=John , last2=Braddock , name-list-style=amp , date=17 October 2011 , access-date=29 October 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/occupation_works_on_winterization/id_43339 , title=Occupation Winterizes, 2012 Jan. 5, "Occupation Winterizes" , work=New Haven Independent, date=5 January 2012 , access-date=23 January 2012]
[{{cite web , url=http://english.news.mn/content/84101.shtml , title=S.Ganbaatar to join "Occupy Wall Street" movement , publisher=English.news.mn , access-date=22 October 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023063450/http://english.news.mn/content/84101.shtml , archive-date=23 October 2011 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite web, first=Dan , last=Burritt , url=http://www.news1130.com/news/local/article/288656--occupy-vancouver-draws-5-000-downtown-to-protest-greed , title=Occupy Vancouver draws 5,000 downtown to protest greed , publisher=News1130 , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=4 November 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018105340/http://www.news1130.com/news/local/article/288656--occupy-vancouver-draws-5-000-downtown-to-protest-greed , archive-date=18 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/local/anti_capitalist_protestors_brave_ulster_rain_1_3179545 , title=Anti-capitalist protestors [sic] brave Ulster rain , newspaper=News Letter , date=25 October 2011 , access-date=28 October 2011]
[{{cite web, url=https://www.usatoday.com/USCP/PNI/NEWS/2011-12-23-APUSOccupyLawsuits_ST_U.htm, title=Occupy protesters sue over free speech, force, work=USA Today]
[{{cite news , first1=Vladimir , last1=Duthiers , first2=Faith , last2=Karimi , publisher=CNN , url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/12/world/africa/nigeria-strike/?hpt=hp_t1 , date=13 January 2012 , access-date=19 January 2012 , title=No deal in Nigeria as protests widen ]
[{{cite news, url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/14edd8fc-71c4-11e1-b853-00144feab49a.html, title=No more inaction on income inequality, work= Financial Times, first= Roger, last= Altman, date = 21 March 2012, access-date=22 March 2012, author-link=Roger Altman {{registration required]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/11/11/des-indignes-manifestent-dans-le-quartier-de-la-defense_1602706_3224.html#xtor=AL-32280258 , title= Nouveau ressemblent des indignés de la Défense , access-date=11 November 2011 , work=Le Monde , date=11 November 2011]
[{{cite news , title=Citing Police Trap, Protesters File Suit , first=Elizabeth A. , last=Harris , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/nyregion/citing-police-trap-protesters-file-suit.html, newspaper=The New York Times , date=5 October 2011 , page=A25 , access-date=17 October 2011]
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[{{cite news, url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/01/25/MN8U1MUJT7.DTL, title= Obama's speech echoes Occupy movement themes, work= San Francisco Chronicle, first = Joe, last = Garofoli, date=26 January 2012, access-date=8 February 2012]
[Rosen, Daniel Edward]
"Is Ray Kelly’s NYPD Spinning Out of Control?"
''The [New York] Observer'', 11 January 2011 6:39 pm. 3 November 2011.
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/dec/12/occupy-west-coast-ports-shut-down, title=Occupy aims to shut down west coast ports – as it happened, first=Adam, last=Gabbatt, work=The Guardian, date=12 December 2011, access-date=21 February 2012, location=London]
[{{cite news, last=Graeber, first=David, title=Occupy and anarchism's gift of democracy, url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/15/occupy-anarchism-gift-democracy, work=Guardian Comment is Free, access-date=13 February 2012, date=15 November 2011]
[{{cite web, last=Butler, first=Judith, title=Occupy as Form, url=http://arcdirector.blogspot.com/2012/02/occupy-as-form-judith-butler.html, work=ARC Muses, date=2 February 2012, access-date=13 February 2012: "So articulating demands that can be satisfied depends fundamentally on the attribution of legitimacy to those who have the power to satisfy the demands. And when one ceases to direct demands to those authorities, as happens in the general strike, then it is the illegitimacy of those authorities that is exposed."]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/17/occupy-bristol-activists-camp , title=Occupy Bristol activists set up camp , access-date=15 October 2011 , work=The Guardian , date=16 October 2011 , location=London , first=Steven , last=Morris]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/10/13/occupy-canada-protests.html , title=Occupy Canada rallies spread in economic 'awakening' , publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , date=13 October 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-15810623 , title=Occupy Cardiff sets up new camp at Transport House , access-date=25 November 2011 , work=BBC News , date=20 November 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/15794 , title=Occupy Edinburgh ecstatic with official recognition , date=26 November 2011 , publisher=Ekklesia.co.uk , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{cite news , author=Radio Teilifís Éireann, url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0516/occupy-galway-protest-camp-is-being-removed.html , title=Occupy Galway protest camp is being removed by gardaí, access-date=16 May 2012, publisher=RTÉ News, date=16 May 2012]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikels/2011/10/29/occupy-gent-trekt-400-mensen-naar-zuidpark, title=Occupy Gent trekt 400 mensen naar zuidpark , work=De Wereld Morgen.be , date=29 October 2011 , access-date=2 November 2011 ]
[{{cite news, last=Bahceli , first=Simon , title=Occupy Ledra Street has UN's Blessing , url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/occupy-ledra-street-has-un-s-blessing/20111124 , access-date=25 November 2011 , newspaper=Cyprus Mail , date=24 November 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128004706/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/occupy-ledra-street-has-un-s-blessing/20111124 , archive-date=28 November 2011 ]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.gva.be/nieuws/binnenland/aid1087914/occupy-leuven-bezet-leuvense-grote-markt.aspx , title=Occupy Leuven bezet Leuvense Grote Markt , publisher=Gva.be , date=8 November 2011 , access-date=12 November 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029145619/http://www.gva.be/nieuws/binnenland/aid1087914/occupy-leuven-bezet-leuvense-grote-markt.aspx , archive-date=29 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-15934218, title=Occupy Liverpool protesters pledge to stay for winter, access-date=6 December 2011, work=BBC News, date=29 November 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.occupyliverpool.org/ , title=Occupy Liverpool , publisher=Occupy Liverpool , access-date=28 December 2011]
[{{Cite news, url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/nov/28/occupy-london-policy-vision-corporations?newsfeed=true, title= Occupy London sets out agenda on how it wants to change the economic world, work= The Guardian, first= Peter, last= Walker, date=28 November 2011, access-date=28 November 2011]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/occupy-movement-returns-for-may-day-protests-in-dc-new-york-and-around-us/2012/05/01/gIQASDqQvT_story.html , title=Occupy movement returns for May Day protests in D.C., New York and around U.S., first= Annie, last= Gowen, newspaper=The Washington Post, date=1 May 2012, access-date=2 May 2012]
[{{Cite news, url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-occupy-oakland-idUSTRE8101BI20120201, title= Occupy movement split over confrontational tactics, work= Reuters, first = Laird, last = Harrison, date=1 February 2012, access-date=8 February 2012]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.occupynewhaven.org , title=Occupy New Haven official website , access-date=23 January 2012]
[{{cite web, url= http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/0116/Occupy-Nigeria-victory-president-to-cut-fuel-prices, title= Occupy Nigeria victory: president to cut fuel prices, work= The Christian Science Monitor, first = Ovetta, last = Sampson, date=16 January 2012, access-date=17 January 2012]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/id/3991/title/occupy-nottingham , title=Occupy Nottingham – Nottingham Culture , publisher=Leftlion.co.uk , access-date=19 October 2011]
[{{cite news , last=Farooq , first=Sajid , title=Occupy Oakland Gets Shut Down , url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Occupy-Oakland-Gets-Shut-Down-132527503.html , access-date=25 October 2011 , date=25 October 2011 "The raid was violent and chaotic at times, but Oakland Police Chief Howard Jordan said he was pleased with the way things went because there were no injuries to the public or his officers."]
[{{cite news, last=Farooq , first=Sajid , title=Occupy Oakland Gets Shut Down , url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45031758 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185458/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45031758 , url-status=dead , archive-date=27 October 2011 , date=25 October 2011 , access-date=25 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news , title=Occupy Oakland: demonstrators prepare for police action – Monday 11 November 2011 , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/nov/14/occupy-oakland-police-action-live , access-date=13 December 2011 , date=14 November 2011 , location=London , work=The Guardian , first=Adam , last=Gabbatt]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-16650613, title=Occupy protest movement to go into schools, first = Hannah, last = Richardson, publisher=BBC, date=20 January 2012, access-date=8 February 2012]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/10/occupy-sf-movement-takes-root-market-street , title=Occupy SF , first=Dan , last=Schreiber , work=San Francisco Chronicle , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006193546/http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/10/occupy-sf-movement-takes-root-market-street , archive-date=6 October 2011 ]
[{{cite web, url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/occupy-wall-street-protests-a-warning-pm-184054 , title=Occupy Wall Street protests a warning: PM , publisher=Profit.ndtv.com , date=16 December 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121032840/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/occupy-wall-street-protests-a-warning-pm-184054 , archive-date=21 January 2012 ]
[{{cite news , title=Occupy Wall Street protests continue worldwide , first=Karla , last=Adam , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=16 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news , title=Occupy Wall Street protests go global , first=Karla , last=Adam , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/occupy-wall-street-protests-go-global/2011/10/15/gIQAp7kimL_story.html , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=8 November 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.canada.com/news/Occupy+Wall+Street+coming+home+Canada/5553452/story.html , title=Occupy Wall Street Protests hit Canada , publisher=Canada.com , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=28 December 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216121833/http://www.canada.com/news/Occupy%2BWall%2BStreet%2Bcoming%2Bhome%2BCanada/5553452/story.html , archive-date=16 December 2011 ]
[{{cite web, url= http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/10/20111078196449621.html, title= Occupy Wall Street: All day, all week, publisher= Al Jazeera, first= Ben, last= Piven, date = 7 October 2011, access-date=21 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/17/politics/occupy-wall-street/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 , title=Occupy Wall Street: How long can it last? , publisher=CNN , access-date=19 October 2011 , date=18 October 2011]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2011/nov/15/occupy-wall-street-police-action-live , location=London , work=The Guardian , first1=Peter , last1=Walker , first2=Matt , last2=Wells , title=Occupy Wall Street: police evict protesters – as it happened , date=15 November 2011]
[{{Cite news, url= http://www.thenation.com/article/163844/occupy-wall-street-most-important-thing-world-now, title= Occupy Wall Street: The Most Important Thing in the World Now, work= The Nation, first= Naomi, last= Klein, date=6 October 2011, access-date=4 January 2012, author-link= Naomi Klein]
[{{cite web , url=https://occupywiki.org.uk/Main_Page#Occupations , archive-date=12 October 2017 , archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012011748/https://occupywiki.org.uk/wiki/Main_Page#Occupations , url-status=dead, title=Occupy Wiki – Occupations Underway , access-date=14 November 2011 ]
[{{cite web, url=https://www.facebook.com/occupywollongong , title=Occupy Wollongong , via=Facebook , access-date=17 November 2011]{{Primary source inline, date=December 2020
[{{Cite news , date=16 October 2011 , url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/16/occupy-london-protest-second-day , title=Occupy London protest continues into second day , work=The Guardian, location=London, first=Caroline, last=Davies]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.occupybirmingham.co.uk/ , title=Occupy Birmingham UK – Occupying Birmingham Since 15/10/11 , publisher=occupybirmingham.co.uk , access-date=15 November 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130091610/http://www.occupybirmingham.co.uk/ , archive-date=30 November 2011]
[{{cite web, url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.272945439394045.63585.242787935743129&type=1 , title=Photos of the first Occupy Dataran , via=Facebook , access-date=28 December 2011]{{Primary source inline, date=December 2020
[{{cite news, last=Mulligan, first=Carol, url=http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3344268, newspaper=The Sudbury Star, title=Occupy movement reaches city]
[{{cite news , last=Beck , first=Ulrich , url=http://taz.de/Das-Potenzial-der-Occupy-Bewegung/!80859/ , title=Ohnmächtig, aber legitim , work=Die Tageszeitung , date=28 October 2011 , access-date=28 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/volby/praha/clanek.phtml?id=742873 , title=Okupuj Klárov. V Praze roste tábor nespokojených , publisher=aktualne.cz , date=28 April 2012]
[{{cite news , last=Hinkle , first=A. Barton , title=OWS protesters have strange ideas about fairness , url=http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/rtd-opinion/2011/nov/04/tdopin02-hinkle-ows-protesters-have-strange-ideas--ar-1433590/ , access-date=11 November 2011 , newspaper=Richmond Times Dispatch , date=4 November 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815151314/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/rtd-opinion/2011/nov/04/tdopin02-hinkle-ows-protesters-have-strange-ideas--ar-1433590/ , archive-date=15 August 2012]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2011/11/28/peaceful-protestors-against-government-cuts-camp-outside-liverpool-gallery-gallery-100252-29852840/, title=Peaceful protestors against government cuts camp outside Liverpool gallery, access-date=6 December 2011, work=Liverpool Echo, date=28 November 2011]
[{{cite web, author=People Before Profit – United Left Alliance , url=http://www.peoplebeforeprofit.ie/node/714 , title=Over 2,000 take part in Occupy Dame Street Demonstration | People Before Profit – United Left Alliance , publisher=Peoplebeforeprofit.ie , access-date=28 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025231251/http://www.peoplebeforeprofit.ie/node/714 , archive-date=25 October 2011 ]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.pirati.cz/tiskove-zpravy/pirati-se-zucastni-occupy-klarov , title=Piráti se úcastní Occupy Klárov , publisher=Pirati.cz , date=28 April 2012 , access-date=30 May 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621221330/http://www.pirati.cz/tiskove-zpravy/pirati-se-zucastni-occupy-klarov , archive-date=21 June 2012 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite news , last=Peter , first=By , url=http://www.news.com.au/top-stories/occupy-melbourne-riot-police-drag-protesters-from-city-square/story-e6frfkp9-1226172791776 , title=Police and Occupy Melbourne protesters clash again , work=News.com.au , date= 22 October 2011, access-date=22 October 2011]
[{{cite news, last=Bulwa , first=Demian , title=Police clear Occupy Oakland camps, arrest dozens , url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/10/25/BAUB1LLTC9.DTL , access-date=25 October 2011 , newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle , date=25 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025183706/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2FBAUB1LLTC9.DTL , archive-date=25 October 2011 ]
[{{Cite news , work=Politico , date= 11 November 2011 , title= Occupy Wall Street is Winning , url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1111/Occupy_Wall_Street_is_winning.html , first=Dylan , last=Byers , access-date=23 December 2012]
[{{cite web, author=AF Jens Anton Tingstrøm Klinken og Kasper Iversen , url=http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE1423073/forhadte-bankdirektoerer-fik-verbale-taev-paa-raadhuspladsen/ , title=Article in Politiken 15. October 2011 , language=da , work=Politiken , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=9 December 2012]
[{{cite news, url=http://politicker.com/2012/09/38955/, title=Unoccupied: The Morning After in Zuccotti Park, last=Walker, first=Hunter, date=18 September 2012, series=Politicker Network, work=The New York Observer, access-date=26 September 2012]
[{{cite news, url=http://tdn.com/news/local/port-of-longview-signs-off-on-ilwu-and-egt-settlement/article_881013da-4943-11e1-8929-0019bb2963f4.html , title=Port of Longview signs off on ILWU and EGT settlement, first = Erik, last = Olsen, publisher=The Daily News (Longview), date=28 January 2012, access-date=21 February 2012]
[{{cite news , url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=742027 , title=Prague sees largest anti-government protest since 1997 , publisher=aktualne.cz , date=21 April 2012]
[{{cite magazine, last=Schwartz, first=Mattathias, title=Pre-Occupied, magazine=]The New Yorker
''The New Yorker'' is an American weekly magazine featuring journalism, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues ...
, url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/28/111128fa_fact_schwartz?currentPage=all, date=28 November 2011, access-date=19 January 2012
[{{cite news , date=16 October 2011, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15324901 , title=Occupy London: Protest continues for second day , work=BBC News , location=London]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/protesters-arrested-as-chaos-descends-on-cbd-20111021-1mb07.html , title=Protesters arrested as chaos descends on CBD , work=The Age , date=21 October 2011 , first1=Megan , last1=Levy , first2=Benjamin , last2=Preiss , name-list-style=amp , access-date=22 October 2011 ]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-22/occupy-forrest-place/3595138 , title=Protesters to Occupy Perth during CHOGM , date=22 October 2011 , publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation , access-date=22 October 2011]
[Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time Perspectives on Psychological Science January 2011 6: 9–12]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/us/politics/top-earners-doubled-share-of-nations-income-cbo-says.html, title=Top Earners Doubled Share of Nation's Income, Study Finds, access-date=17 November 2011, first=Robert, last=Pear, date=25 October 2011, work=The New York Times]
[{{cite news , last1=Henderson , first1=Peter , last2=Randewich , first2=Noel , title=Oakland protesters plan march, mayor apologizes , work=Reuters , date=29 October 2011 , url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-wallstreet-protests-oakland-idUSTRE79R5LH20111029 , access-date=29 October 2011 , quote=Olsen, 24, [...], was struck in the head by a tear gas canister fired on Tuesday by police, protest organizers said.]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/robinhood.html , title=OCTOBER 29 – #ROBINHOOD GLOBAL MARCH , publisher= Adbusters , date=17 October 2011 , access-date=21 October 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145233/http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/robinhood.html , archive-date=20 October 2011 ]
[Geen tentjes op Beursplein Rotterdam, wel in Amsterdam en Den Haag](_blank)
''NRC Handelsblad''
[{{cite news , date=21 October 2011, url=http://www.news.com.au/about-100-turn-out-as-us-occupy-wall-street-protest-hits-brisbane/story-e6freoof-1226167349037 , title=Running update as the US Occupy Wall Street protest hits Brisbane , work=News.com.au , access-date=22 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20111023000008, title=S. Korean activists hold another 'Occupy Seoul' protests , access-date=15 November 2011, work=The Korea Herald , date=23 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/11/07/sale-temps-pour-les-indignes-de-la-defense_1599896_3224.html/ , archive-url=https://archive.today/20120511034646/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/11/07/sale-temps-pour-les-indignes-de-la-defense_1599896_3224.html/ , url-status=dead , archive-date=11 May 2012 , title=Sale Temps pour les indignés de la Défense , access-date=11 November 2011 , work=Le Monde , date=11 November 2011]
[{{Cite news , work=Salon , date= 27 October 2011 , title= The Victory OWS Has Already Won: The Protests Have Helped Shift the National Dialogue from the Deficit to the Real Problems Americans Face , url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/27/the_victory_ows_has_already_won/ , access-date=23 December 2012]
[{{cite press release, url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1111/S00476/community-to-occupy-pomare-to-protest-housing-demolition.htm , title=Community to occupy Pomare to protest housing demolition , publisher=scoop.co.nz , date=18 November 2011 , access-date=23 December 2012]
[{{cite news , last=Gabbatt , first=Adam , title=Scott Olsen injuries prompt review as Occupy Oakland protests continue , work=The Guardian , location=United Kingdom , date=26 October 2011 , url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/scott-olsen-occupy-oakland-review , access-date=29 October 2011]
[{{cite web, last=Joshua Clover, Clover , first=Joshua , title=Seize the Ponies , url=http://lareviewofbooks.org/post/12736956288/seize-the-ponies , work=Los Angeles Review of Books , access-date=13 February 2012 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206095557/http://lareviewofbooks.org/post/12736956288/seize-the-ponies , archive-date=6 February 2012 ]
[{{cite news , url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/15/c_131193462.htm , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018061926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/15/c_131193462.htm , url-status=dead , archive-date=18 October 2011 , title=Seoul joins Occupy Wall Street movement , access-date=15 November 2011 , agency=Xinhua News Agency , date=15 October 2011]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-16059348, title=Sheffield students end protest after injunction pulled, access-date=6 December 2011, work=BBC News, date=6 December 2011]
[{{cite news , title=Singapore leads Asian reticence in denouncing corporate greed , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-protests-asia-idUSTRE79F08O20111016 , work=Reuters , date=16 October 2011]
[{{cite web , url=http://www.skai.gr/news/greece/article/170468/oi-aganaktismenoi-diadilonoun-stis-ellinikes-poleis-/ , title=Στα χνάρια των Ισπανών αγανακτισμένων (In the footsteps of the Spanish 'indignados') , language=el , date=25 May 2011 , publisher=skai.gr , access-date=26 May 2011]
[{{Cite news, url=http://www.itn.co.uk/home/41691/Riot+police+smash+Occupy+Wall+Street+demo , title=Riot police smash Occupy Wall Street demo , publisher=ITN , date=22 March 2012 , access-date=22 March 2012 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324123752/http://www.itn.co.uk/home/41691/Riot%2Bpolice%2Bsmash%2BOccupy%2BWall%2BStreet%2Bdemo , archive-date=24 March 2012 ]
[{{cite news , last=McKinley , first=Jesse , title=Some Cities Begin Cracking Down on 'Occupy' Protests. , newspaper=The New York Times , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/us/oakland-and-other-cities-crack-down-on-occupy-protests.html , access-date=27 October 2011 , date=26 October 2011]
[{{cite news, last=Barr, first=Meghan, title=1-year after encampment began, Occupy in disarray, url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2019179284_apusoccupyanniversary.html, date=17 September 2012, work=The Seattle Times, agency=Associated Press, access-date=26 September 2012]
[{{cite news, url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/jan/25/state-of-the-union-president-obama, title= State of the union: President Obama addresses inequality, work=The Guardian, first= Gary, last= Younge, date=25 January 2012, access-date=8 February 2012, location=London]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/5993885/Occupy-Pomare-protest-planned , title=Occupy Pomare Protest Planned , work=Stuff (company) , first=Paul , last=Easton , date=18 November 2011 , access-date=23 December 2012]
[It's the Inequality, Stupid](_blank)
By Dave Gilson and Carolyn Perot in Mother Jones, March/April 2011 Issue
[{{cite news , last=Bradley , first=Simon , url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-indignados-take-to-streets/31356288 , title=Swiss Indignados take to streets , access-date=12 November 2011 , work=SWI swissinfo.ch , date=15 October 2011]
[{{cite news , url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/anticorporate-protests-to-hit-london-20111012-1lk1e.html , title=Anti-corporate protests to hit London , work=The Sydney Morning Herald , date=12 October 2011 , agency=Agence France-Presse , access-date=12 October 2011 , quote=Protests against corporate power that have taken hold in the US are to hit Britain on Saturday with a rally in front of the London Stock Exchange. Occupy London Stock Exchange (OccupyLSX) [...] is backed by British anti-austerity group UK Uncut, the London-based Assembly of the Spanish 15M movement and the People's Assemblies Network Global Day of Action.]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/25/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true, title=Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street, access-date=15 November 2011, work=The Guardian, date=25 October 2011, location=London, first1=Jack, last1=Shenker, first2=Adam, last2=Gabbatt]
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[{{Cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/business/media/the-branding-of-the-occupy-movement.html, title=The Branding of the Occupy Movement , work=The New York Times , first=William , last=Yardley , date=27 November 2011 , access-date=9 December 2011 ]
[{{cite magazine, first1=Michael , last1=Hardt , first2=Antonio , last2=Negri , name-list-style=amp , url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136399/michael-hardt-and-antonio-negri/the-fight-for-real-democracy-at-the-heart-of-occupy-wall-street , title=The Fight for 'Real Democracy' at the Heart of Occupy Wall Street , magazine=Foreign Affairs , date=11 October 2011 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{cite web, last=Fukuyama , first=Francis , url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136782/francis-fukuyama/the-future-of-history , title=The Future of History , work=Foreign Affairs , date=1 January 2012 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{cite web, title=The Great Occupation , url=http://www.esquire.my/InTheMagazine/Sneak-Peek/article/The-Great-Occupation , magazine=Esquire Magazine , date=January 2012 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314002805/http://www.esquire.my/InTheMagazine/Sneak-Peek/article/The-Great-Occupation , archive-date=14 March 2012 ]
[{{Cite news, url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/25/shocking-truth-about-crackdown-occupy, title= The shocking truth about the crackdown on Occupy, work= The Guardian, first= Naomi, last= Wolf, date=25 November 2011, access-date=30 November 2011, location=London, author-link= Naomi Wolf]
[{{cite news , title=Occupy the World: The '99 Percent' Movement Goes Global , first=Derek , last=Thompson , url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/occupy-the-world-the-99-percent-movement-goes-global/246757/ , newspaper=The Atlantic , date=15 October 2011 , access-date=15 October 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.thetakeaway.org/2011/nov/15/after-ouster-occupy-oakland-protesters-return/, date=15 November 2011, title=After Ouster, Occupy Oakland Protesters Return, publisher=The Takeaway, access-date=28 December 2011, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209004314/http://www.thetakeaway.org/2011/nov/15/after-ouster-occupy-oakland-protesters-return/, archive-date=9 December 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline , title=Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline , work=The Week , date=21 November 2011 , access-date=9 December 2012]
[{{cite web , website=Think Progress , date= 18 November 2011 , title= Rep. Deutch Introduces OCCUPIED Constitutional Amendment To Ban Corporate Money in Politics , url=http://thinkprogress.org/special/2011/11/18/372361/rep-deutch-introduces-occupied-constitutional-amendment-to-ban-corporate-money-in-politics/ , access-date=23 December 2012]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/gerald-caplan/this-is-what-democracy-looks-like-occupying-wall-street-and-bay-street/article2198405 , title=This is what democracy looks like: Occupying Wall Street and Bay Street , work=The Globe and Mail , access-date=28 December 2011 , location=Toronto]
[{{Cite news , publisher=Tikkun , date= 9 November 2011 , title= An Important Occupy Wall Street Victory: Shifting the Conversation from 'National Deficit' to 'Personal Debt,' , url=http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2011/11/09/occupy-wall-streets-victory-shifting-the-conversation-from-national-defecit-to-personal-debt/ , access-date=23 December 2012]
[{{Cite news , url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2105976,00.html , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202140736/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2105976,00.html , url-status=dead , archive-date=2 February 2012 , title=Companies Are the New Countries , first= Rana, last= Foroohar, date=13 February 2012 , access-date=23 December 2012 , magazine=Time, author-link=Rana Foroohar ]
[{{Cite news, url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/25/occupy-movement-tahrir-square-cairo, title=To the Occupy movement – the occupiers of Tahrir Square are with you, newspaper=The Guardian, date=25 October 2011, access-date=13 December 2011, location=London]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/911/top-words-of-2011/, title=Top Words of 2011, access-date=4 November 2012, publisher=The Global Language Monitor, date=9 November 2011, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102102543/http://www.languagemonitor.com/911/top-words-of-2011/, archive-date=2 January 2013, url-status=dead]
[{{cite web, url=http://savemashtotspark.tumblr.com/post/19444907454/applying-to-the-ombudsmans-office , title=Applying to the Ombudsman's office , publisher=WordPress.com , access-date=23 April 2012]
[{{cite news , first=Laura , last=Batchelor , title=Occupy Wall Street lands on private property , work=CNNMoney , quote=Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they really got lucky when they decided to gather together at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan , date=6 October 2011 , url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/06/news/companies/occupy_wall_street_park/index.htm , access-date=7 October 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://www.davisenterprise.com/local-news/crime-fire-courts/protests-again-gathering-steam-on-campus/ , title=UCD police chief placed on administrative leave , publisher=Davis Enterprise , date=20 November 2011 , access-date=24 November 2011]
["Financial wealth" is defined by economists a]
"total net worth minus the value of one's home,"
including investments and other liquid assets.
[{{cite web , url=http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html , title=Wealth, Income, and Power , author= G. William Domhoff of the UC-Santa Barbara Sociology Department]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-16039370, title=University of Sheffield 'not banning protests', access-date=6 December 2011, work=BBC News, date=5 December 2011]
[{{cite news, url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/facts-and-arguments/social-studies/university-offers-course-on-occupy-movement/article2328422/?from=sec434, title=University offers Occupy Wall Street course where students earn class credit by working 'in the field', first = Michael, last = Kesterton, work=The Globe and Mail, date=6 February 2012, access-date=8 February 2012, location=Toronto]
[{{cite web , publisher=City of Vancouver, Canada , url =http://vancouver.ca/files/cov/pdf/committees/minutes-civic-asset-naming-20120705.pdf , title=Minutes, Vancouver Civic Asset Naming Committee , date= 5 July 2012]
[{{Cite video , url= http://video.foxnews.com/v/1275437870001/violence-and-the-occupy-movement , title= Violence and the 'Occupy' Movement, publisher= Fox News Channel, date=15 November 2011, access-date=4 January 2012]
[{{cite news, last=Marcinek , first=Laura , title=Wall Street Areas Blocked as Police Arrest Seven in Protest , url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-19/wall-street-areas-blocked-as-police-arrest-seven-in-protest.html , access-date=19 September 2011 , newspaper=Bloomsberg Businessweek , date=19 September 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923200006/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-19/wall-street-areas-blocked-as-police-arrest-seven-in-protest.html , archive-date=23 September 2011 ]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8881273/Occupy-is-most-commonly-used-word-in-English-language-media-claims-study.html , archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8881273/Occupy-is-most-commonly-used-word-in-English-language-media-claims-study.html , archive-date=12 January 2022 , url-access=subscription , url-status=live , title='Occupy' is most commonly used word in English language media, claims study , access-date=15 November 2011 , work=The Daily Telegraph , date=10 November 2011 , location=London , first=Murray , last=Wardrop{{cbignore]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/will-occupy-wall-streets-spark-reshape-our-politics/2011/10/10/gIQArPJjcL_story.html , title=Will Occupy Wall Street's spark reshape our politics? , newspaper=The Washington Post , date=24 February 2011 , access-date=13 October 2011 , first=Emily , last=Matchar]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cbo-incomes-of-top-earners-grow-at-a-pace-far-faster-than-everyone-elses/2011/10/26/gIQAHlVFKM_story.html, title=CBO: Incomes of top earners grow at a pace far faster than everyone else's, access-date=17 November 2011, newspaper=The Washington Post, date=26 October 2011, first=Neil, last=Irwin]
[{{cite news , url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-police-say-more-than-10000-are-protesting-against-the-banks-dominance/2011/11/12/gIQAvSewEN_story.html, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209050910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-police-say-more-than-10000-are-protesting-against-the-banks-dominance/2011/11/12/gIQAvSewEN_story.html, url-status=dead, archive-date=9 December 2018, title=German police say more than 10,000 are protesting against the banks' dominance, access-date=12 November 2011, newspaper=The Washington Post, date=12 November 2011, first=Greg, last=Jaffe]
[{{cite web, title=Cornel West on Occupy Wall Street: It's the Makings of a U.S. Autumn Responding to the Arab Spring , url=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring , work=Democracy Now!, date=29 September 2011, access-date=30 September 2011]
[{{cite news , last=Seltzer , first=Sarah , title=Where Are the Women at Occupy Wall Street? , url=http://www.truth-out.org/where-are-women-occupy-wall-street/1319895284 , access-date=11 November 2011 , newspaper=The Nation , date=29 October 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031173548/http://www.truth-out.org/where-are-women-occupy-wall-street/1319895284 , archive-date=31 October 2011 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite news, url=http://www.channel4.com/news/the-occupy-movement-fighting-the-global-mubarak, title=Where now for the Occupy protesters?, access-date=15 November 2011, publisher=Channel 4 News, date=4 November 2011]
[{{cite magazine, first=Sidney , last=Tarrow , url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136401/sidney-tarrow/why-occupy-wall-street-is-not-the-tea-party-of-the-left , title=Why Occupy Wall Street is Not the Tea Party of the Left , magazine=Foreign Affairs , date=10 October 2011 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{cite news , title=Woman Dies at Occupy Vancouver Site , url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/woman-dies-occupy-vancouver-site-14890400 , archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111106174947/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/woman-dies-occupy-vancouver-site-14890400 , url-status=dead , archive-date=6 November 2011 , agency=Associated Press , date=6 November 2011 , access-date=9 November 2011]
[{{cite web, url=http://bicyclebarricade.wordpress.com/2011/11/19/open-letter-to-chancellor-linda-p-b-katehi/ , title=Open Letter to Chancellor Linda P.B. Katehi | UCDavis Bicycle Barricade , publisher=Bicyclebarricade.wordpress.com , date=19 November 2011 , access-date=24 November 2011]
[{{cite web , url=http://ecosquared.wordpress.com/activists-occupy-mashtots-park-yerevan-dont-despoil-our-parks/ , title=Activists Occupy Mashtots Park – Yerevan: Don't despoil our parks! , publisher=Tumblr , access-date=23 April 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120315/http://ecosquared.wordpress.com/activists-occupy-mashtots-park-yerevan-dont-despoil-our-parks/ , archive-date=19 April 2012 , url-status=dead]
[{{cite web, url=http://takebacksa.wordpress.com , title=Taking Back South Africa! 2011 , publisher=Takebacksa.wordpress.com , date=14 April 2011 , access-date=6 March 2012]
[{{cite web, title = "Geração à rasca" é referência para Espanha – JN, access-date = 22 May 2011, url = http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Mundo/Interior.aspx?content_id=1857358]
[{{cite news, url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/16/c_131193582.htm, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018173643/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/16/c_131193582.htm, url-status=dead, archive-date=18 October 2011, title="Occupy Norway" protest held in Oslo, access-date=1 December 2011, agency=Xinhua News Agency, date=16 October 2011]
[{{cite news , title=Youths congregate in Kuala Lumpur in Occupy-inspired movement , url=http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/xinhua/2011-10-16/content_4075723.html , work=China Daily , date=16 October 2011 {{Dead link, date=November 2018 , bot=InternetArchiveBot , fix-attempted=yes ]
[{{cite web, title=RAW VIDEO: Chopper footage of 100,000+ Occupy Oakland Takes back Highway, url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4jYdCaHrjQ, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104065142/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4jYdCaHrjQ&gl=US&hl=en, archive-date=2011-11-04 , url-status=dead, work=San Francisco Chronicle, via=YouTube, access-date=3 November 2011]
Further reading
{{Library resources box
* Berg, A.G. and Ostry, J.D. (September 2011
"Equality and Efficiency"''Finance and Development'' (Washington, D.C.:
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster globa ...
)
* Byrne, Janet (editor). (2012) ''The Occupy Handbook'', Back Bay Books {{ISBN, 978-0316220217
* {{cite journal, last=Gibson, first=Morgan Rodgers (2013), title=The 'Anarchism' of the Occupy Movement, journal= The Australian Journal of Political Science, volume= 48, issue= 3 , doi=10.1080/10361146.2013.820687, pages=335–348, year=2013, s2cid=144776094
*{{cite journal , last1 = Marlies , first1 = Glasius , last2 = Pleyers , first2 = Geoffrey , year = 2013 , title = The moment of 2011: Democracy, Social Justice, Dignity , url = https://www.academia.edu/3545279 , journal = Development and Change , volume = 44 , issue = 3, pages = 547–567
* Goldin, Frances et al (2014). ''Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA.'' Harper Perennial. {{ISBN, 0062305573
* Michael A. Gould-Wartofsky (2015).
The Occupiers: The Making of the 99 Percent Movement'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN, 0199313911
* {{cite web, last=Graeber, first=David, author-link=David Graeber , title=Concerning the Violent Peace-Police: An Open Letter to Chris Hedges, date=9 February 2012, url=http://nplusonemag.com/concerning-the-violent-peace-police, access-date=9 February 2012
*{{Cite book, last=Schram , first=Sanford F. , author-link=Sanford Schram, title=The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy , year=2015, publisher=Oxford University Press, url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-return-of-ordinary-capitalism-9780190253011?cc=us&lang=en& , isbn=978-0190253028
* Henkel, Scott (2015). "The Advantages of Leaderlessness," in T. Comer, Ed. ''What Comes After Occupy?: The Regional Politics of Resistance''.
* Mitchell, W. J. T., Harcourt, Bernard E. and Michael Taussig (2013).
Occupy: Three Inquiries in Disobedience'' University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN, 022604274X
* Ingar Solty (2014). "Is the Global Crisis Ending the Marriage of Capitalism and Liberal Democracy? (Il-)Legitimate Political Power and the New Global Anti-Capitalist Mass Movements in the Context of the Internationalization of the State," in M. Lakitsch, Ed., ''Political Power Reconsidered: State Power and Civic Activism between Legitimacy and Violence'' (LIT), pp 161–20
Is the Global Crisis Ending the Marriage of Capitalism and Liberal Democracy? (Il-)Legitimate Political Power and the New Global Anti-Capitalist Mass Movements in the Context of the Internationalization of the State* {{Cite journal , year= 2013 , last1= Steger , first1= Manfred B. , last2= James , first2= Paul , author-link2= Paul James (academic) , title= Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies , url= https://www.academia.edu/4311113 , journal= Perspectives on Global Development and Technology , volume= 12 , issue= 1–2, pages= 17–40 , doi= 10.1163/15691497-12341240
* Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (2009). ''The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better.'' Allen Lane.
* Horizontalism]
and the Occupy Movements By Marina Sitrin. ''Dissent (American magazine), Dissent'', Spring 2012.
* Richard D. Wolff, Wolff, Richard and David Barsamian, Barsamian, David (8 May 2012). ''Occupy the Economy: Challenging Capitalism.'' City Lights Publishers. {{ISBN, 0872865673
External links
{{External links, section, date=June 2013
{{Commons category, Demonstrations and protests by the Occupy movement
{{div col
Occupywallstreet.net, official Occupy Wall Street websiteOccupy.comnycga.net website of Occupy Wall Street NYC General Assembly
Occupy Together, OccupyTogether.orgOccupy Movement Directory* {{cite web
, url = http://bjsonline.org/2011/12/understanding-the-occupy-movement-perspectives-from-the-social-sciences/
, title = Portal to various essays by social scientists written on the movement
, access-date = 29 October 2015 , publisher = University of California, Berkeley
, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112075453/http://bjsonline.org/2011/12/understanding-the-occupy-movement-perspectives-from-the-social-sciences/
, archive-date = 12 January 2012
10 Films that Explain Why Occupy Wall St Exists* [http://www.wealloccupy.com/ We All Occupy Directory/Resource Lists]
Occupy Educated: Collection of literature and documentation relevant to the movementOccupy Agenda{{div col end
News media
* {{Internet Archive collection, id=flickr-ows, name=Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive
* {{Guardian topic
* {{NYTtopic, organizations/o/occupy_wall_street, Occupy Wall Street
* {{cite news , last=Blodget , first=Henry , author-link= Henry Blodget, title=Charts: Here's What The Wall Street Protesters Are So Angry About... , url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-wall-street-protesters-are-so-angry-about-2011-10?op=1 , access-date=22 October 2011 , newspaper=Business Insider , date=11 October 2011
"Occupy" photographs from around the nation{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019162911/http://photos.denverpost.com/mediacenter/2011/10/photos-wall-street-protests-around-the-nation/ , date=19 October 2011 from the ''Denver Post''
{{Revwave
{{Occupy movement
{{Arab Spring
{{2008 economic crisis
{{Anarchism
{{Authority control
Occupy movement,
2010s in politics
2011 protests
21st-century social movements
Anti-capitalism
Anti-globalization movement
Civil disobedience
Community organizing
Cultural globalization
Culture jamming
Impact of the Arab Spring
Populism
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Revolutionary waves