The National Radical Camp ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR) refers to at least three groups that are
fascist
Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
,
far-right
Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are political beliefs and actions further to the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being ...
, and
ultranationalist
Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its sp ...
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
organisations with doctrines stemming from pre-
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
nationalist ideology.
The current incarnation revived in 1993 is a far-right movement in
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
much like its historical predecessors.
It has often been described as
fascist
Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
and sometimes as
neo-Nazi
Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazism, Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and Supremacism#Racial, racial supremacy (ofte ...
.
As of 2012 it is registered as a
common-interest association.
The ONR considers itself an ideological descendant of the 1930s-era National Radical Camp, an ultranationalist, patriotic, and
antisemitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
political movement which existed in the pre-
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of ...
, an illegal Polish
anti-communist
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in the Russian Empire, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, w ...
,
[Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny]
WIEM Encyklopedia
WIEM Encyklopedia (full name in pl, Wielka Interaktywna Encyklopedia Multimedialna - "Great Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia"; in Polish, ''wiem'' also means 'I know') is a Polish Internet encyclopedia.
The first printed edition was released i ...
and
nationalist
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: The ...
political party formed on 14 April 1934 mostly by the youth radicals who left the
National Party of the
National Democracy National Democracy may refer to:
* National Democracy (Czech Republic)
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Philippines)
* National Democracy (Poland)
* National Democracy (Spain)
See also
* Civic nationalism, a general concept
* Na ...
movement.
The Falanga National Radical Camp ( pl, Ruch Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga, links=Ruch_Narodowo-Radykalny), RNR-Falanga or ONR-Falanga colloquially, was a minor Polish
third position
The Third Position is a set of neo-fascist political ideologies that were first described in Western Europe following the Second World War. Developed in the context of the Cold War, it developed its name through the claim that it represented a ...
political grouping of the 1930s, as was National Radical Camp ABC ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny ABC) or ONR-ABC for short following the split of the original party in 1934. ''"Falanga"'' is
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
for "
phalanx
The phalanx ( grc, φάλαγξ; plural phalanxes or phalanges, , ) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar pole weapons. The term is particularly use ...
", ''"ABC"'' refers to a newspaper printed by the organisation at the time.
First incarnation (1934)
The party was influenced by the ideas of
Italian Fascism. It rejected
parliamentary democracy
A parliamentary system, or parliamentarian democracy, is a system of democratic governance of a state (or subordinate entity) where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support ("confidence") of the ...
and called for the construction of a "national state," based on the principles of hierarchy, one-person leadership, and elimination of national minorities from public life.
Dominated by youth, National Radical Camp was an outgrowth of the
Endecja movement, an ultra-nationalist movement that had arisen in the 1920s.
The emergence of the National Radical Camp was part of broader movement of the Polish right toward radicalization in the 1930s.
Virulently
antisemitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
and
eliminationist
Eliminationism is the belief that one's political opponents are, in the words of Oklahoma City University School of Law professor Phyllis E. Bernard, "a cancer on the body politic that must be excised—either by separation from the public at la ...
, ONR's members were responsible for an increase in antisemitic violence after 1935.
The party was created on the insistence of former members of the
(''Obóz Wielkiej Polski''),
including
Jan Mosdorf
Jan Mosdorf (30 May 1904 – 11 October 1943), was a Polish right-wing politician, director of the nationalist organization All-Polish Youth (''Młodzież Wszechpolska'', MW) and member of the far-right political party National Radical Camp ...
,
Tadeusz Gluziński and
Henryk Rossman
Henryk Rossman (24 December 1896 – 23 February 1937) was a Polish lawyer and political activist of the nationalist movement, co-founder of the National Radical Camp
The National Radical Camp ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR) refers to ...
.
It supported "class solidarity,"
nationalization
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to pri ...
of foreign and Jewish-owned companies and introduction of
antisemitic laws
Anti-Jewish laws have been a common occurrence throughout Jewish history. Examples of such laws include special Jewish quotas, Jewish taxes and Disabilities (Jewish), Jewish "disabilities".
Some were adopted in the 1930s and 1940s in Nazi Germany ...
.
The ONR was mostly supported by students and other groups of urban youth. ONR openly encouraged
anti-Jewish pogroms
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
, and became the main force in the organization of attacks against Jews. It organized fighting squads, attacked Jews and leftist politicians, destroyed Jewish property, and provoked clashes with the police.
Because of its involvement in
boycott
A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict som ...
of Jewish-owned stores, as well as numerous attacks on left-wing worker demonstrations, the ONR was outlawed after three months of existence, in July 1934.
Several leaders were interned in the
Bereza Kartuska Detention Camp
Bereza Kartuska Prison (, "Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska") was operated by Poland's Sanation government from 1934 to 1939 in Biaroza, Bereza Kartuska, Polesie Voivodeship (today, Biaroza, Belarus). Because the inmates were detained with ...
, where the organization split into two separate factions: the
ONR-Falanga (''Ruch Narodowo-Radykalny'') led by
Bolesław Piasecki
Bolesław Bogdan Piasecki, alias Leon Całka, Wojciech z Królewca, Sablewski (18 February 1915 – 1 January 1979) was a Polish politician and writer.
Biography
In the Second Polish Republic he was one of the more prominent Polish nationa ...
, and the
ONR-ABC (''Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny'') formed around the ''ABC'' journal and led by
Henryk Rossman
Henryk Rossman (24 December 1896 – 23 February 1937) was a Polish lawyer and political activist of the nationalist movement, co-founder of the National Radical Camp
The National Radical Camp ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR) refers to ...
.
Both organizations were officially illegal.
During World War II
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, both organizations created underground resistance organizations: ONR-ABC was transformed into
Grupa Szańca (''Rampart Group''), whose military arm became the
Związek Jaszczurczy
Organizacja Wojskowa Związek Jaszczurczy (''Military Organization Lizard Union'', short form: ''Związek Jaszczurczy'', abbreviated ''OW ZJ'') was an organization of Polish resistance in World War II. Created in 1939 and transformed into National ...
(''Lizard Union''),
while the ONR-Falanga created the
Konfederacja Narodu
Konfederacja Narodu (; ''Confederation of the Nation'') was one of the Polish resistance organizations in occupied Poland during World War II. KN was created in 1940 by the far-right National Radical Camp Falanga (ONR-Falanga) political party from ...
(''Confederation of the Nation''). They were not supportive of the mainstream
Polish Underground State
The Polish Underground State ( pl, Polskie Państwo Podziemne, also known as the Polish Secret State) was a single political and military entity formed by the union of resistance organizations in occupied Poland that were loyal to the Gover ...
related to the
Polish government in exile
The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile ( pl, Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Pola ...
.
During the German
occupation of Poland
Occupation commonly refers to:
*Occupation (human activity), or job, one's role in society, often a regular activity performed for payment
*Occupation (protest), political demonstration by holding public or symbolic spaces
*Military occupation, th ...
, many of the former ONR activists belonged to
National Armed Forces
National Armed Forces (NSZ; ''Polish:'' Narodowe Siły Zbrojne) was a Polish right-wing underground military organization of the National Democracy operating from 1942. During World War II, NSZ troops fought against Nazi Germany and communist pa ...
resistance groups. After World War II, the forced exile of many ONR members was made permanent by the newly created
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million nea ...
, which branded them
enemies of the state
An enemy of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the state such as treason, among other things. Describing individuals in this way is sometimes a manifestation of political repression. For example, a government may purport to ...
.
Falanga
Formation and ideology
The RNR-Falanga was formed in the spring of 1935 following a split by members of the National Radical Camp held in
Detention Camp Bereza Kartuska
Bereza Kartuska Prison (, "Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska") was operated by Poland's Sanation government from 1934 to 1939 in Bereza Kartuska, Polesie Voivodeship (today, Biaroza, Belarus). Because the inmates were detained without trial ...
. Adopting the name of ''Oboz Narodowo-Radykalny'' (National Radical Camp), it soon became known as ''Falanga'' after the title of its journal (the rival group would also soon be named after its own journal, thus becoming known as National Radical Camp-ABC).
[C.P. Blamires, ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ABC-Clio, 2006, p. 523]
The Falanga was led by
Bolesław Piasecki
Bolesław Bogdan Piasecki, alias Leon Całka, Wojciech z Królewca, Sablewski (18 February 1915 – 1 January 1979) was a Polish politician and writer.
Biography
In the Second Polish Republic he was one of the more prominent Polish nationa ...
and advocated a '
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and reg ...
' inspired by Spanish
Falangism
Falangism ( es, falangismo) was the political ideology of two political parties in Spain that were known as the Falange, namely first the Falange Española de las JONS, Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de la ...
. However, although clearly derived from Falangism, it has been argued that their Catholicism was even more central than that of the Spanish group and indeed their pronouncement that "God is the highest form of man" recalled the religious fanaticism of
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (; born Corneliu Codreanu, according to his birth certificate; 13 September 1899 – 30 November 1938) was a Romanian politician of the far right, the founder and charismatic leader of the Iron Guard or ''The Legion ...
. The group is widely considered to have been a
fascist
Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
movement.
[Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland Volume 2: 1795 to the Present'', Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 262] Harshly critical of
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for Profit (economics), profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, pric ...
and supportive of removing citizenship rights from Poland's
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
it presented itself as the vanguard of the opposition to
Józef Piłsudski
), Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire (now Lithuania)
, death_date =
, death_place = Warsaw, Poland
, constituency =
, party = None (formerly PPS)
, spouse =
, children = Wan ...
.
Development
Largely based on university campuses, the Falanga followed a policy of
anti-Semitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
and although it had few members,
from its power bases in schools it attempted to launch attacks on Jewish students and businesses. Left-wing activists were also as part of this violent activity.
The group soon came under scrutiny from the Polish government. Indeed, unlike similar movements in other European countries that regularly held public rallies, the ONR-Falanga held only two such gatherings, in 1934 and 1937, both of which were quickly broken up by the police.
For a time the movement became associated with the
Camp of National Unity
''Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego'' (, en, Camp of National Unity; abbreviated "''OZN''"; and often called "''Ozon''" (Polish for "ozone") was a Polish political party founded in 1937 by sections of the leadership in the Sanacja movement.
A year ...
( pl, Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego, ''OZN'') as Colonel
Adam Koc
Adam Ignacy Koc (31 August 1891 – 3 February 1969) was a Polish politician, MP, soldier, journalist and Freemason. Koc, who had several ''noms de guerre'' (Witold, Szlachetny, Adam Krajewski, Adam Warmiński and Witold Warmiński), fought ...
, impressed by the organisation of the ONR-Falanga, placed Piasecki in charge of the OZN youth group. Koc called for the creation of a one-party state and hoped to use the youth movement to ensure this although his pronouncements upset many pro-government moderates. As such, Koc was removed from the leadership of the OZN in 1938 and replaced by General
Stanisław Skwarczyński Stanisław Skwarczyński (1888–1981) was a soldier of the Austro-Hungarian Army, officer of Polish Legions in World War I, and General brygady of the Polish Army. He fought in several conflicts, including World War I, Polish-Czechoslovak War, Po ...
who quickly severed any ties to the ONR-Falanga.
Disappearance
As a Polish nationalist movement the RNR-Falanga opposed the
German occupation of Poland
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
after the 1939 invasion, and thus was quickly subsumed by the
Konfederacja Narodu
Konfederacja Narodu (; ''Confederation of the Nation'') was one of the Polish resistance organizations in occupied Poland during World War II. KN was created in 1940 by the far-right National Radical Camp Falanga (ONR-Falanga) political party from ...
, a group within the
Polish resistance that retained certain
far right
Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are political beliefs and actions further to the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being ...
views.
However, following the establishment of a
communist government
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Comint ...
in 1945, Piasecki was allowed to lead the
PAX Association
The PAX Association () was a pro-communist Catholic organization created in 1947 in the People's Republic of Poland at the onset of the Stalinist period. The association published the ''Słowo Powszechne'' daily for almost fifty years between 19 ...
( pl, Stowarzyszenie PAX), a supposedly Catholic organisation that was in fact a front group of the
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
...
which aimed to promote the new communist regime to Poland's Catholics whilst turning them away from the Vatican.
ABC
The ''ONR-ABC'' was the second splinter group besides ''Falanga'' founded by
Henryk Rossman
Henryk Rossman (24 December 1896 – 23 February 1937) was a Polish lawyer and political activist of the nationalist movement, co-founder of the National Radical Camp
The National Radical Camp ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR) refers to ...
.
Modern incarnation (1993)
Ideology
The modern National Radical Camp, like its predecessors, is
fascist
Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
.
The
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...
Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers the organization a fascist group promoting racial and national hatred and has called on Poland to de-legalize it by enforcing its constitutional ban on such groups. In 2021, Poland’s Supreme Court ruled that the National Radical Camp could be called fascist.
The party flag of the organization was included in the police handbook as an explicitly racist symbol and has made usage of the
Celtic Cross
The Celtic cross is a form of Christian cross featuring a nimbus or ring that emerged in Ireland, France and Great Britain in the Early Middle Ages. A type of ringed cross, it became widespread through its use in the stone high crosses er ...
, an old symbol appropriated by
neo-Nazi
Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazism, Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and Supremacism#Racial, racial supremacy (ofte ...
s.
The
Interior Ministry
An interior ministry (sometimes called a ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government department that is responsible for internal affairs.
Lists of current ministries of internal affairs
Named "ministry"
* Ministry ...
subsequently pulled the book from circulation after a complaint from MP
Adam Andruszkiewicz
Adam Andruszkiewicz (born 30 June 1990 in Grajewo) is a far-right Polish politician, who has been the President of the All-Polish Youth (Polish: Młodzież Wszechpolska) from 2015 to 2016, Member of the Polish Parliament (Polish: Sejm) of the V ...
.
In 2015, an ONR demonstration ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew. Proceedings were opened for violating laws against "insulting people based on religion, ethnicity, race or nationality".
In 2019, the Lublin-Południe District Prosecutor's Office opened proceedings against ONR for "public propagation of a totalitarian regime" after they published a Tweet celebrating Belgian fascist and
SS officer
The ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS; also stylized as ''ᛋᛋ'' with Armanen runes; ; "Protection Squadron") was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe duri ...
Léon Degrelle
Léon Joseph Marie Ignace Degrelle (; 15 June 1906 – 31 March 1994) was a Belgian Walloon politician and Nazi collaborator. He rose to prominence in Belgium in the 1930s as the leader of the Rexist Party (Rex). During the German occupation ...
.
Marches
Myślenice rallies
ONR attracted publicity in 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for unauthorized marches during the anniversary of the anti-Jewish riot in
Myślenice
Myślenice is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998). Population: 20,261 (2007). The town is divided into six districts. One of them, Zarabie, is a popula ...
in 1936.
In 2005 the group had a couple of hundred members.
An illegal rally held on June 30, 2007 resulted in a court case, in which the ONR leader, Wojciech Mazurkiewicz, was
acquitted
In common law jurisdictions, an acquittal certifies that the accused is free from the charge of an offense, as far as criminal law is concerned. The finality of an acquittal is dependent on the jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the ...
only because the magistrate warning was issued too late, according to the presiding
judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...
.
The 2008 rally led by the same ONR leader was taped by police with the intention of sharing the video with the local prosecutors office according to
Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland, often known by its Polish name Małopolska ( la, Polonia Minor), is a historical region situated in southern and south-eastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Kraków. Throughout centuries, Lesser Poland developed a s ...
Police.
[Bartłomiej Kuraś]
Bezkarne gesty ONR-u w Myślenicach
Source: Gazeta Wyborcza
''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first Polish daily newspaper after the era of "real socialism" and one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the g ...
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
ONR members at a 2008 rally in Myślenice made a
Roman salute
The Roman salute, alternatively called the Fascist salute, is a gesture in which the right arm is fully extended, facing forward, with palm down and fingers touching. In some versions, the arm is raised upward at an angle; in others, it is held ...
before disbanding. When questioned by reporters at the scene, the ONR leader claimed it is different from the
Nazi salute
The Nazi salute, also known as the Hitler salute (german: link=no, Hitlergruß, , Hitler greeting, ; also called by the Nazi Party , 'German greeting', ), or the ''Sieg Heil'' salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. Th ...
.
[PAP (2008-06-21)]
Faszystowskie gesty w Myślenicach.
''Dziennik.pl'' Kraj. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Independence Day marches
The association has also been known as initiators of marches during the
National Independence Day
National Independence Day ( pl, Narodowe Święto Niepodległości) is a national day in Poland celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918 from the G ...
of Poland. One of them (in Warsaw), as a co-initiative of several different nationalist movements in 2010, evolved in 2012 into one of the biggest events during the day, which now attracts a more diverse community. Since 2012, it has been organized by a registered association which was founded and is co-chaired by ONR.
On 11 November 2017, 60,000 people marched in an Independence Day celebration procession co-organized by the ONR along with the
All-Polish Youth
The All-Polish Youth ( pl, Młodzież Wszechpolska) refers to two inter-linked Polish far-right ultranationalist youth organizations, with a Catholic-nationalist philosophy. Its agenda declares that its aim is "''to raise Polish youth in a Cath ...
. People from the group "Black Block", which consisted of associations "Niklot" and "Szturmowcy", carried banners that read "White Europe", "Europe Will Be White" and "Clean Blood, Sober mind -
sXe.
There were also others who were chanting "Death to enemies of the homeland" and "Catholic Poland, not secular".
Foreign guests included self-identified Italian fascist
Roberto Fiore
Roberto Fiore (born 15 April 1959) is an Italian politician and the leader of the party Forza Nuova, convicted in Italy for subversion and armed gang for his links to the right wing terrorism organization "Terza posizione". He self-identifies ...
, Slovak
neo-Nazi
Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazism, Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and Supremacism#Racial, racial supremacy (ofte ...
MP
Milan Mazurek
Milan Mazurek (born 24 January 1994) is a Slovak MP for People's Party Our Slovakia (ĽSNS; Marian Kotleba's party). In 2019, he was convicted of defamation of race based on his anti-Romani statements, and became the first Slovak parliamentarian ...
, and several members of Hungary's far-right
Jobbik
The Movement for a Better Hungary ( hu, Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom), commonly known as Jobbik (), is a conservative political party in Hungary.
Originating with radical and nationalist roots, at its beginnings, the party described itself ...
party. American
white supremacist
White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other Race (human classification), races and thus should dominate them. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any Power (social and polit ...
Richard Spencer planned to speak at the march, but was banned from doing so, with the Ministry announcing in a later statement that Spencer's views were "in conflict with the legal order of Poland".
The march was cited in a
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts ...
resolution that called for member states to act decisively against far-right extremism.
For the march in 2018, the
neo-fascist
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sent ...
party
Forza Nuova
New Force ( it, Forza Nuova, FN) is an Italian neo-fascist political party. It was founded by Roberto Fiore and Massimo Morsello. The party is a member of the Alliance for Peace and Freedom and was a part of the Social Alternative from 2003 to 20 ...
was invited. Far-right activists and groups from Hungary, Estonia, Belarus, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, USA and Portugal joined the event in 2021 and formed the “Nationalistic Column” with Polish far-right organizations and movements, including but not limited to: “Trzecia Droga”, “Szturmowcy”, Autonomiczni Nacjonaliści, the National Radical Camp (ONR), All-Polish Youth, National Rebirth of Poland (NOP).
See also
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Falange
The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS; ), frequently shortened to just "FET", was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco F ...
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Confederation of the Nation
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Nara (disambiguation)
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It i ...
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National Movement (Poland)
National Movement ( pl, Ruch Narodowy, RN) is an ultranationalist political party in Poland. It is led by Robert Winnicki.
It was founded in 2012 as an organization, and in 2014 it was registered as a political party. It is a part of the Confe ...
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ONR (disambiguation) ONR may refer to:
* ''Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny'', three far-right fascist Polish nationalist organisations known as National Radical Camp
* Office for Nuclear Regulation in the United Kingdom
* Office of Naval Research of the U.S. Navy
* ON-Regel, ...
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Camp of National Unity
''Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego'' (, en, Camp of National Unity; abbreviated "''OZN''"; and often called "''Ozon''" (Polish for "ozone") was a Polish political party founded in 1937 by sections of the leadership in the Sanacja movement.
A year ...
(''Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego'')
References
Further reading
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External links
Official website
{{Fascism movement
1935 establishments in Poland
1939 disestablishments in Poland
Defunct political parties in Poland
Falangist parties
Far-right political parties in Poland
Polish nationalist parties
Polish nationalism
Political parties disestablished in 1939
Political parties established in 1935
National radicalism
1934 disestablishments in Poland
1934 establishments in Poland
Anti-communism in Poland
Anti-communist parties
Antisemitism in Europe
Antisemitism in Poland
Right-wing antisemitism
Formerly banned far-right parties
Nationalist parties in Poland
Neo-Nazism in Poland
Political parties disestablished in 1934
Political parties established in 1934
Political parties established in 1993
1993 establishments in Poland