National Exhibition Of Fine Arts (Spain)
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The National Exhibition of Fine Arts (Spanish: Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes) was a regular event that took place in Spain from 1856 to 1968; usually in
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
. These exhibitions were in the form of a competition, established by a
Royal Decree A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution). It has the force of law. The particular term used for ...
from Queen
Isabella II Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868. Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successio ...
in 1853. It was the largest official exhibition of Spanish art. It was initially divided into five categories:
Painting Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ...
,
Sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
,
Engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ...
,
Architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...
, and
Decorative Arts ] The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usual ...
. Painting was always considered the most prestigious category, however, and Decorative Arts was only occasional. Although the decree specified that they were to be held biennale, biennially, this was not always strictly observed.


Origins and proposals

The process began when it was noted by many critics that Spain was underrepresented in most international exhibitions. There were also widespread feelings that Spanish art had become decadent since the old patronage system, supported by the Catholic church and the aristocracy, had disappeared; due in large part to the continuing
Confiscation Confiscation (from the Latin ''confiscatio'' "to consign to the ''fiscus'', i.e. transfer to the treasury") is a legal form of seizure by a government or other public authority. The word is also used, popularly, of spoliation under legal forms, o ...
. Then, in 1851, the Parisian cultural journal, ''
L'Illustration ''L'Illustration'' was a weekly French language, French newspaper published in Paris from 1843 to 1944. It was founded by Édouard Charton with the first issue published on 4 March 1843, it became the first illustrated newspaper in France then, a ...
'', ran an article on the International Exposition of Fine Arts in Brussels with the headline, "L'Espagne n'existe plus!" (Spain no longer exists).Jesús Gutiérrez Burón, ''Exposiciones nacionales de Bellas Artes, Historia 16'', Cuadernos de arte español, 1992, At that time, the recognized model for art exhibitions was the Paris
Salon Salon may refer to: Common meanings * Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments * French term for a drawing room, an architectural space in a home * Salon (gathering), a meeting for learning or enjoyment Arts and entertainment * Salon (P ...
, with its regulations, juries, formal critiques, public exposure, established hierarchies of prize categories and opportunities for acquisition. In a proposal sent to the
Congress of Deputies The Congress of Deputies ( es, link=no, Congreso de los Diputados, italic=unset) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spain's legislative branch. The Congress meets in the Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid, Palace of the Parliament () in Ma ...
by the painter, José Galofré y Coma, the need for establishing such an exhibition was strongly argued. His proposition was accepted and forwarded to , the Minister of Development. After the questions of organization and funding had been settled, it was presented to the Royal Family for final approval. The exhibition was maintained in largely the same form until the 1920s, although the frequency became erratic; sometimes every two years, sometimes every three. There were also longer intervals due to political and social disruptions; notably the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...
. The original concepts and criteria slowly became obsolete, and the last exhibition was held in 1968.


Prizes and winners

The prizes awarded were "First Class", "Second Class", "Third Class" and "Honorable Mention". In the painting category, anywhere from 300 to 500 works might be entered. The other categories rarely exceeded 10% of that. ;Winners of the First Class medal in the Painting category * 1856: ** Eduardo Cano, ''Christopher Columbus in the Convent of La Rábida'' **
Luis de Madrazo Luis de Madrazo y Kuntz (27 February 1825 – 9 February 1897) was a Spanish painter of portraits and religious scenes from a well-known family that included his father José (a painter), and his brothers Federico (also a painter), Pedro (an ar ...
, ''Don Pelayo in Covadonga'' * 1858: ** Eduardo Cano, ''The Burial of the Constable, Don Álvaro de Luna'' **
Antonio Gisbert Antonio Gisbert Pérez (19 December 1834 – 27 November 1901) was a Spanish artist situated on the cusp between the realist and romantic movements in art. He was known for painting pictures of important events in a country's history in a re ...
, ''The Last Moments of Prince Don Carlos'' **
Carlos de Haes Carlos Sebastián Pedro Hubert de Haes (January 25, 1829 – June 17, 1898) was a Spanish painter from Belgium.Caso, E. F., ''Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole,'' ACR edition, 1997, p. 128 He was noted for the Realism in his landscapes, a ...
, ''View of the Surroundings of the Monasterio de Piedra'' * 1860: ** Antonio Gisbert, ''The Comuneros, Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado on the Scaffold'' **
José Casado del Alisal José María Casado del Alisal (1830/32 – 8 October 1886)Brief bi ...
, ''The Last Moments of Fernando IV, the Summoned'' ** Carlos de Haes, ''A Landscape: Memories of Andalucía'' **
Dionisio Fierros Dionisio Fierros Álvarez (5 May 1827 – 24 June 1894) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style who specialized in historical and costumbrista scenes. For many years, he was a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. B ...
, ''A Pilgrimage in the Neighborhoods of Santiago'' ** Pablo Gonzalvo, ''View of the Transept of the Cathedral of Toledo'' * 1862: **
Alejo Vera Alejo Vera y Estaca (14 July 1834, Viñuelas – 4 February 1923, Madrid) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style who specialized in history painting. Biography At an early age, his teachers in the public school noticed that he had a ...
, ''The Burial of San Lorenzo'' **
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, ''The First Landing of Christopher Columbus in America'' **
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, ''Journey of the Virgin and Saint John to Ephesus'' **
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, ''A Peasant Girl from Naples Named Pascuccia'' **
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, ''Sister Marcela of San Félix, Watching the Funeral of her Father, Lope de Vega, Pass By'' ** Carlos de Haes, ''Landscape in Losoya'' ** Pablo Gonzalvo, ''Chapel of the Constable in the Cathedral of Toledo'' * 1864: **
Eduardo Rosales Eduardo Rosales Gallinas (4 November 1836 – 13 September 1873) was a Spanish painter. He was an adherent of the Italian-based art movement known as " Purismo" and specialized in historical scenes. Biography He was born in Madrid. The second ...
, ''Isabella the Catholic Dictating her Will and Testament'' ** Antonio Gisbert, ''The Landing of the Puritans in North America'' ** José Casado del Alisal, ''The Surrender of Bailén'' ** Pablo Gonzalvo, ''The Interior of the Courtyards of the Kingdom of Valencia'' * 1867: ** Benet Mercadé, ''The Ascension of Saint Francis of Assisi'' ** Vicente Palmaroli, ''Sermon in the Cistine Chapel'' ** Alejo Vera, ''A Chorus of Monkeys'' ** Dióscoro Puebla, ''The Compromise of Caspe'' * 1871: ** Eduardo Rosales, ''The Death of Lucretia'' ** Manuel Domínguez Sánchez, ''The Death of Seneca'' **
Francisco Domingo Marqués Francisco José Domingo y Marqués (12 March 1842 – 22 July 1920) was a Spanish painter in the Eclectic style. Biography He was born in Valencia, where he began his studies at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos, as a student of ...
, ''Santa Clara ** Vicente Palmaroli, ''The Fusillades of May Third on the Hill of Príncipe Pío'' ** Alejo Vera, ''A Pompeian Lady in her Boudoir'' * 1876: No First Class prizes were awarded this year. * 1878: **
Alejandro Ferrant Alejandro Ferrant y Fischermans (9 September 1843 – 20 January 1917) was a Spanish painter. Life He was born in Madrid, and studied with his uncle, Luis Ferrant Llausàs, and at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. He also rec ...
, ''The Burial of Saint Sebastian'' ** Emilio Sala, ''Guillén de Vinatea, before Alonso IV, demanding that he Revoke the Partition of Valencia'' **
Casto Plasencia Casto Plasencia y Maestro (17 July 1846 – 18 May 1890) was a Spanish painter of landscapes, portraits and murals. Biography Plasencia was born in Cañizar. His father was a rural doctor, and he was orphaned as a teenager. Under the spo ...
, ''Origin of the Roman Republic'' **
Salvador Martínez Cubells Salvador Martínez Cubells (9 November 1845 – 21 January 1914) was a Spanish painter and art restorer ( Paintings conservator), who specialized in history painting and Costumbrismo. Biography He was born in Valencia, and received his fi ...
, ''The Education of Prince Don Juan'' * 1881: **
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, ''Othello and Desdemona'' ** Emilio Sala, ''Novus Ortus, an Allegory of the Renaissance'' **
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, ''Prince Don Carlos of Viana'' * 1884: **
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, ''Spoliarium'' ** Antonio Muñoz Degrain, ''The Lovers of Teruel'' ** José Moreno Carbonero, ''The Conversion of the Duke of Gandía'' * 1887: **
Ricardo Villodas y de la Torre Ricardo Villodas y de la Torre (23 February 1846, Madrid6 August 1904, Soria) was a Spanish painter; best known for his classical and historical scenes. Biography He began his studies at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, with ...
, ''Victoribus Gloria'' **
Ulpiano Checa Ulpiano Fernández-Checa y Sanz (April 3, 1860 – January 5, 1916), known as Ulpiano Checa, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, poster designer and illustrator. He used both impressionistic and academic techniques, and mainly painted historical s ...
, ''The Invasion of the Barbarians'' ** Francisco Javier Amérigo, ''The Sack of Rome'' ** José Benlliure, ''The Vision of the Colosseum'' **
Salvador Viniegra Salvador Viniegra y Lasso de la Vega (November 23, 1862 – April 29, 1915) was a Spanish historical painter and patron of the arts. Biography Born in Cádiz, Viniegra began studying law but soon decided to be a painter and entered the Escuel ...
, ''The Blessing of the Field in 1800'' ** Salvador Martínez Cubells, ''Doña Inés de Castro'' * 1890: **
Luis Álvarez Catalá Luis Álvarez Catalá (1836 – 4 October 1901) was a Spanish painter of historical scenes and Director of the Museo del Prado from 1898 to 1901. Biography He is believed to have been born in Madrid, to an Asturias, Asturian family from ...
, ''The Seat of Felipe II in the Escorial'' ** José Jiménez Aranda, ''A Misfortune'' ** Justo Ruiz Luna, ''Naval Combat at Trafalgar'' * 1892: ** Francisco Javier Amérigo, ''The Right of Asylum'' **
Vicente Cutanda Vicente Cutanda y Toraya (1850, Cella, Aragon, Cella or Madrid - 1925, Toledo, Spain, Toledo) was a Spanish painter and watercolorist. He is best known for historical scenes and Social realism, social realist depictions of the lives of working peo ...
, ''A Workers' Strike in Vizcaya'' ** Alejandro Ferrant, ''Cisneros, Founder of the Hospital of Illescas'' **
José Garnelo José Santiago Garnelo y Alda (25 July 1866 – 28 October 1944) was a Spanish painter in the Naturalist style. He mostly did genre scenes, portraits and scenes from Classical history. Biography Garnelo was born in Enguera. His father ...
, ''Cornelia'' ** Luis Jiménez Aranda, ''A Hospital Room During the Doctor's Visit'' ** Luis Menéndez Pidal, ''The Empty Cradle'' ** José Nogales Sevilla, ''Santa Casilda'' **
Enrique Simonet Enrique Simonet Lombardo (February 2, 1866 – April 20, 1927) was a Spanish painter. Early life Simonet was born in Valencia. His first vocation of childhood was religious studies, but he abandoned it to devote himself to painting. Despite ...
, ''Flevit Super Illam'' **
Joaquín Sorolla Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida ( va, Joaquim Sorolla i Bastida, 27 February 1863 – 10 August 1923) was a Spanish Valencian painter. Sorolla excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes and monumental works of social and historical themes. Hi ...
, ''Another Marguerite!'' ** Jaime Morera y Galicia, ''The Coast of Normandy'' * 1895: ** Joaquín Sorolla, ''And They Still Say That Fish is Expemsive!'' ** Alberto Pla y Rubio, ''To the War!'' **
Modest Urgell Modest Urgell i Inglada, also known by the nickname Katúfol (13 June 1839, Barcelona - 3 April 1919, Barcelona) was a Spanish landscape painter and comic playwright. He used his nickname for cartoons and illustrations. Biography He was born to ...
, ''El Pedregal, a Civilized Village'' * 1897: **
Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench (January 11, 1849 – October 18, 1916) was a Spanish painter from Valencia. He was one of the most prominent Impressionist painters from late nineteenth century Spain. Biography Born into a poor family in Valencia, P ...
, ''Portrait of Don José María Mellado'' **
Sebastián Gessa y Arias Sebastián Gessa y Arias (8 May 1840, Chiclana de la Frontera - 9 January 1920, San Agustín del Guadalix) was a Spanish painter; known as ''El pintor de las flores'', for his dedication to floral themes, bodegones and still-lifes. Biography He ...
, ''Flowers and Fruits'' * 1899: ** Luis Menéndez Pidal, ''Salus Infirmorum'' ** Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, ''The Memory Lesson'' ** Gonzalo Bilbao, ''Sea of the Levant'' * 1901: ** Gonzalo Bilbao, for an ensemble of related works ** , ''The Prisoners' Rope'' * 1904: ** Eduardo Chicharro y Agüera, ''The Poem of Armida and Rinaldo'' **
Ramon Casas Ramon Casas i Carbó (; 4 January 1866 – 29 February 1932) was a Catalan artist. Living through a turbulent time in the history of his native Barcelona, he was known as a portraitist, sketching and painting the intellectual, economic, and ...
, ''The Charge'' ** Enrique Martínez Cubells, ''Work, Rest and Family'' **
Manuel Benedito Manuel Benedito Vives (25 December 1875 – 20 June 1963) was a Spanish painter. He was born in Valencia on Christmas 1875. His father was a taxidermist, and his brother was a musician. At age 13 he was enrolled in the San Carlos School of F ...
, ''Canto VII of Dante's Inferno'' * 1906: **
Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...
, ''The Grandparents'' ** Manuel Benedito, ''Mother'' **
Fernando Cabrera Cantó Fernando Cabrera Cantó (1866–1937) was a Spanish painter and sculptor; whose themes ranged from the cheerful and satiric to the darkly morbid. He also did landscapes. Biography He began his artistic education at the Real Academia de Bellas ...
, ''To the Abyss...'' ** Eliseo Meifrén y Roig, ''Prayers, Pontevedra'' * 1908: ** Eduardo Chicharro y Agüera, ''The Three Wives'' ** José María Rodríguez-Acosta, ''The Gypsies of Sacromonte'' **
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, ''The Gypsy Muse'' **
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, ''The Garden of Aranjuez'' * 1910: ** José María López Mezquita, ''Portrait of the Mr."B"s and Children'' **
Carlos Vázquez Úbeda Carlos Vázquez Úbeda (31 December 1869, Ciudad Real31 August 1944, Barcelona) was a Spanish painter, illustrator and poster artist. Biography His father, was a journalist and politician; the son of General . His first drawing lessons came ...
, ''The Wounded Torero'' **
Marceliano Santa María Sedano Marceliano Santa María (18 June 1866 Burgos - 12 October 1952 in Madrid) was a Spanish painter, noted for his Castilian landscapes, historical art, and portraits. Life Santa María was born into a religious family with strong religious views ...
, ''Angelica and Medoro'' ** Manuel Ramírez Ibáñez, ''Before the Class'' * 1912: ** Enrique Martínez Cubells, ''Return from the Catch'' ** , ''The Procession of the Corpus in Lezo'' ** Santiago Rusiñol, ''The Old Faun'' ** José María Rodríguez-Acosta, for an ensemble of related works * 1915: ** José Ramón Zaragoza, ''Portrait of Mr. Th. S.'' ** Enrique Galwey, ''Nightfall in the Pine Grove'' ** José Pinazo Martínez, ''Floreal'' ** Ventura Álvarez Sala, ''Our Daily Bread'' * 1917: **
Joaquim Mir Joaquin Mir Trinxet or Joaquin Mir y Trinxet (Catalan: ''Joaquim Mir i Trinxet'') (Barcelona 6 January 1873 – 8 April 1940) was a Catalan artist known for his use of color in his paintings. He lived through a turbulent time in the history o ...
, ''The Waters of Moguda'' **
Eugenio Hermoso file:Eugenio Hermoso. Autorretrato c. 1930. 03.jpg, Eugenio Hermoso. Autorretrato c. 1930. 03. Eugenio Hermoso Martínez (Fregenal de la Sierra, February 26, 1883Madrid, February 2, 1963) was a Spanish people, Spanish painter active in Badajoz. He ...
, ''At the Village Fiesta'' ** , ''Versolaris'' * 1920: ** Julio Moisés Fernández (1888-1968), ''Portrait'' **
Álvaro Alcalá Galiano y Vildósola Álvaro Alcalá Galiano y Vildósola, conde del Real Aprecio (21 May 1873, Bilbao - 27 November 1936, Madrid) was a Spanish painter and decorative artist. Biography He was born to an old, aristocratic family and held several titles, including , ...
, ''The Path'' * 1922: ** Francisco Llorens Díaz, ''Rías Baixas'' ** , ''Portrait'' **
José Gutiérrez Solana José Romano Gutiérrez-Solana y Gutiérrez-Solana (28 February 1886, Madrid – 24 June 1945, Madrid) was a Spanish painter, engraver and author. He usually signed his paintings as "J. Solana". Generally, he is considered to be an Expression ...
, ''The Return from Fishing'' * 1924: **
Antonio Ortiz Echagüe Antonio Ortiz Echagüe (15 October 1883, Guadalajara, Spain – 8 January 1942, Buenos Aires, Argentina ) was a Spanish costumbrista painter, who spent much of his career in other countries. Alongside Ignacio Zuloaga and Joaquín Sorolla, Joaquin ...
, ''Jacob van Amstel at My House'' ** Ramón de Zubiaurre, ''The Basque Sailor, Shanti-Andia the Fearless'' ** , ''The Snows of El Cirbunal'' * 1926: ** José Bermejo Sobera (1879-c.1953), ''The Coffee Shop'' ** José Cruz Herrera, ''The Harvest Offering'' ** Aurelio García Lesmes, ''The Fields of Zaratán'' * 1929: ** Joaquín Mir, ''Landscape'' ** Santiago Rusiñol, ''Almond Trees in Bloom'' ** José Gutiérrez Solana, ''The Showgirls'' **
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, ''Women of the South'' ** Francisco Soria Aedo, ''Christmas Eve in the Village'' * 1930: ** , ''Borgia'' * 1932: **
Aurelio Arteta Aurelio Arteta Errasti (2 December 1879 – 10 November 1940) was a Spanish painter who worked in several styles, including Symbolism, Cubism and Social Realism. He is remembered mostly for his murals. Biography Arteta was born in Bilbao; his ...
, ''The Men of the Sea'' ** , ''Yesterday'' ** , ''Landscape of Normandy'' * 1936: The exhibition could not be completed, due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. * 1941: ** , ''The School of Hard Knocks'' ** , ''The Valley of Liébana'' ** José Suárez Peregrín (1908-?), ''On the Road to Emmaus'' * 1943: ** Juan Luis López (1894-1984), ''Women Sailors'' ** Luis Muntané (1899-1987), ''Naked'' ** Benjamín Palencia, ''Toledo'' ** , ''Nature'' * 1945: ** , ''Dressing Room'' ** Mariano Sancho (1895-1977), ''Portraits'' ** Luis Mosquera Gómez (1899-1987), ''Fancy Dress'' ** , ''The Visit'' ** , ''Adam and Eve'' * 1948: ** , ''Portrait of the Author, Azorín'' **
Adelardo Covarsí Adelardo Covarsí (Badajoz, 24 April 1885 – Badajoz, 26 August 1951) was a Spanish painter active in Badajoz. 1885 births 1951 deaths 20th-century Spanish painters 20th-century Spanish male artists Spanish male painters People from Badajoz ...
, ''The Hunter of Alpotreque'' ** , ''The Lesson of the Six'' After that time, the exhibitions became more sporadic and perfunctory, and information regarding the results is not readily available.


References


Further reading

* Bernardino de Pantorba, ''Historia y crítica de las Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes celebradas en España'', Alcor 1980 {{ISBN, 978-84-300-2141-3}
Online
* ''Un siglo de arte español: (1856-1956)'', Ministerio de Educación Nacional, Dirección General de Bellas Artes, 1955 * Gregorio Cruzada Villaamil, ''Juicio crítico de la Exposición de Bellas Artes de 1867''


External links



@ Artehistoria
''Los Pintores Extremeños en las Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes (1924-1936)''
Recurring events established in 1853 Recurring events disestablished in 1968 Art exhibitions in Spain Spanish culture