Nucleolin is a
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''NCL''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
Gene
The human NCL gene is located on
chromosome 2
Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost e ...
and consists of 14
exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term ''exon'' refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequen ...
s with 13
intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word ''intron'' is derived from the term ''intragenic region'', i.e. a region inside a gene."The notion of the cistron .e., gene. ...
s and spans approximately 11kb. The intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a
small nucleolar RNA
In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs. There are two main classes of snoRNA, t ...
, termed U20.
Function
Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats.
Nucleolin is also able to act as a transcriptional coactivator with Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (
COUP-TFII
COUP-TFII (COUP transcription factor 2), also known as NR2F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NR2F2'' gene. The COUP acronym stands for chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter.
Functio ...
).
Clinical significance
Midkine
Midkine (MK or MDK), also known as neurite growth-promoting factor 2 (NEGF2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MDK'' gene.
Midkine is a basic heparin-binding growth factor of low molecular weight, and forms a family with pleiotr ...
and
pleiotrophin
Pleiotrophin (PTN) also known as heparin-binding brain mitogen (HBBM) or heparin-binding growth factor 8 (HBGF-8) or neurite growth-promoting factor 1 (NEGF1) or heparin affinity regulatory peptide (HARP) or heparin binding growth associated mole ...
bind to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.
Nucleolin at the cell surface is the receptor for the
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), also called human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human orthopneumovirus, is a common, contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. ...
(RSV) fusion protein.
Interference with the nucleolin - RSV fusion protein interaction has been shown to be therapeutic against RSV infection in cell cultures and animal models.
Interactions
Nucleolin has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with:
*
MTDH
Metadherin, also known as protein LYRIC or astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein (AEG-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTDH'' gene.
Function
MTDH (AEG-1) is involved in HIF-1alpha mediated angiogenesis. MTDH also interacts with S ...
,
*
CSNK2A2
Casein kinase II subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2A2'' gene.
Interactions
CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with over 160 different substrates.
CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with:
* Activating transcri ...
,
*
Centaurin, alpha 1
Arf-GAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ADAP1'' gene.
Interactions
Centaurin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with:
* Casein kinase 1, alpha 1
* Nucleolin,
* P110α,
* PRKCI,
* P ...
,
*
HuR
Hur or HUR may refer to:
People
* Hur (Korean name), also spelled Heo
* Hur (Bible), a number of biblical figures
* Hur-ul-Nisa Begum, first of the fourteen children of Mumtaz Mahal
Places
* Hur, Iran (disambiguation), a number of places
* Hur ...
,
*
NPM1
Nucleophosmin (NPM), also known as nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 or numatrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPM1'' gene.
Function
NPM1 is associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-stranded and do ...
,
*
P53
p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often s ...
,
*
PPP1CB
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1CB'' gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). PP1 is a serine/ ...
,
*
S100A11
S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''S100A11'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A ...
,
*
Sjogren syndrome antigen B,
*
TOP1,
and
*
Telomerase reverse transcriptase
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (abbreviated to TERT, or hTERT in humans) is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase, which, together with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), comprises the most important unit of the telomerase complex.
T ...
.
References
Further reading
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{{PDB Gallery, geneid=4691
Proteins