In the field of

molecular biology Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. The study of chemical and physi ...

, the Mi-2/NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex, is a group of associated proteins with both ATP-dependent

chromatin remodeling Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out ...

and

histone deacetylase Histone deacetylases (, HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around his ...

activities. , Mi-2/NuRD was the only known protein complex that couples chromatin remodeling ATPase and chromatin deacetylation enzymatic functions. The NuRD

complex Complex commonly refers to: * Complexity, the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe ** Complex system, a system composed of many components which may interact with each ...

contains seven subunits: the histone deacetylase core proteins

HDAC1 Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC1'' gene. Function Histone acetylation and deacetylation, catalyzed by multisubunit complexes, play a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. T ...

and

HDAC2 Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC2'' gene. It belongs to the histone deacetylase class of enzymes responsible for the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues at the N-terminal region of the co ...

, the histone-binding proteins RbAp46 and

RbAp48 #REDIRECT RBBP4 #REDIRECT RBBP4 #REDIRECT RBBP4 {{R from other capitalization ... {{R from other capitalization ... {{R from other capitalization ...

, the metastasis-associated proteins

MTA1 Metastasis-associated protein MTA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTA1'' gene. MTA1 is the founding member of the MTA family of genes. MTA1 is primarily localized in the nucleus but also found to be distributed in the extra-nucl ...

(or

MTA2 MTA may refer to: Organizations Transportation * Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the public transport agency in the metropolitan area of New York City, United States * Metropolitan Transit Authority (disambiguation), which may refer to sev ...

MTA3 Metastasis-associated protein MTA3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTA3'' gene. MTA3 protein localizes in the nucleus as well as in other cellular compartments MTA3 is a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylate (NuRD ...

), the methyl-CpG-binding domain protein

MBD3 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MBD3'' gene. Function DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Human proteins MEC ...

(or

MBD2 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MBD2'' gene. Function DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Human proteins MECP2 ...

) and the chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein

CHD3 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CHD3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the CHD family of proteins which are characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organizati ...

(aka Mi-2alpha) or

CHD4 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CHD4'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. It represents the main component of the nucleosome remodeling ...

(aka Mi-2beta). The histone deacetylases

and

and the histone binding proteins RbAp48 and RbAp46 form a core complex shared between NuRD and Sin3-histone deacetylase complexes. Overexpression of Mbd3, a subunit of NuRD, inhibits induction of iPSCs. Depletion of Mbd3, on the other hand, improves reprogramming efficiency only in

fibroblast A fibroblast is a type of cell (biology), biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (Stroma (tissue), stroma) for animal Tissue (biology), tissues, and plays a critical role in wound ...

, that results in deterministic and synchronized iPS cell reprogramming (near 100% efficiency within seven days from mouse and human cells).

References

{{reflist, 33em Protein complexes