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Noureddin Kianouri ( fa, نورالدین کیانوری; 1915–1999) was an Iranian construction engineer,
Urban planner An urban planner (also known as town planner) is a professional who practices in the field of town planning, urban planning or city planning. An urban planner may focus on a specific area of practice and have a title such as city planner, town ...
Professor of Bauakademie der DDR in Berlin and a
communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
political leader. He studied first at
University of Tehran The University of Tehran (Tehran University or UT, fa, دانشگاه تهران) is the most prominent university located in Tehran, Iran. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching pro ...
until 1934 and later in Germany from 1934 to 1939. Before his return to Iran he practiced architecture as well though he is mostly remembered as a construction engineer in Munich office of
Philipp Holzmann Philipp Holzmann AG was a German construction company based in Frankfurt am Main. History Early years The company was founded in 1849 by Johann Philipp Holzmann (1805-1870) at Sprendlingen in present-day Dreieich near Frankfurt am Main as Phil ...
. About a year after foundation of Tudeh Party he joined the party with the membership number 444 on May 1942. Later he became one of the influential members of the
Central Committee Central committee is the common designation of a standing administrative body of Communist party, communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, of both ruling and nonruling parties of former and existing socialist states. In such party org ...
for the communist
Tudeh Party The Tudeh Party of Iran ( fa-at, حزب تودۀ ایران, Ḥezb-e Tūde-ye Īrān, lit=Party of the Masses of Iran) is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in i ...
, Following the
1953 Iranian coup d'état The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état ( fa, کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of ...
the party was banned and Kianouri was imprisoned. He fled, and lived in Italy and later East Germany; under the pseudonym "Dr. Silvio Macetti" he was an influential architect and theorist of socialist architecture and city planning. After his second return to Iran following the
1979 Islamic Revolution The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynas ...
, he continued his political activities and acted as the Tudeh party's
general secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...
from 1979 to 1984. Again he came under scrutiny, and again the party was banned. Kianouri was arrested and tortured (and so was his wife), and read a forced confession on national TV. He was released and placed under house arrest, and died on 5 November 1999.


History


Family and education

Kianouri was born into the Iranian upper class. His grandfather was
Sheikh Fazlollah Noori Sheikh Fazlollah bin Abbas Mazindarani (; 24 December 1843 – 31 July 1909), also known as Fazlollah Noori (), was a twelver Shia Muslim scholar and politician in Qajar Iran during the late 19th and early 20th century and founder of islamist S ...
, a conservative politician who was executed in 1909; his father, on the other hand, had fought on the side of the constitutional revolutionaries. After attending the
University of Tehran The University of Tehran (Tehran University or UT, fa, دانشگاه تهران) is the most prominent university located in Tehran, Iran. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching pro ...
, he was trained in Germany, and graduated from the
University of Aachen RWTH Aachen University (), also known as North Rhine-Westphalia Technical University of Aachen, Rhine-Westphalia Technical University of Aachen, Technical University of Aachen, University of Aachen, or ''Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hoch ...
in 1939. His thesis was on the Healthcare & Hospital Constructions in Iran.


First return to Iran

In the early 1940s he married feminist and communist activist
Maryam Firouz Maryam Firouz or Maryam Farman Farmaian (1914, in Kermanshah, Iran – 23 March 2008, in Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian politician. She was a daughter of Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma and Batoul Khanoum. She founded the women's section of t ...
; at the time he taught structure at
Tehran University The University of Tehran (Tehran University or UT, fa, دانشگاه تهران) is the most prominent university located in Tehran, Iran. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching pro ...
. Throughout the period he had an active political and professional life, and was one of the few educated Iranian construction engineers and architects in 1940's. He was one of the first members of the
Association of Iranian Architects The Association of Iranian Architects was founded in 1945. It was placed in charge of major housing developments in the city of Tehran. The Association put in place the guidelines of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, and translat ...
(1945), which was placed in charge of major housing developments in the city of Tehran. The Association put in place the guidelines of the
Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne The ''Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne'' (CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a series of events and congresses arranged across Europ ...
, and translated them into "building codes, regulations, and protocols that had the fundamental role in shaping the Middle East's first modern metropolis". Kianouri was described as a "key figure", who formulated the organization's theoretical and ideological mission statements. On the political side, he joing the
Tudeh Party The Tudeh Party of Iran ( fa-at, حزب تودۀ ایران, Ḥezb-e Tūde-ye Īrān, lit=Party of the Masses of Iran) is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in i ...
in 1942 about a year after its foundation, and was a member of the Tudeh Party's central committee in 1945, one of the party's "key figures".


Assassination accusations, escape from prison, exile

In February 1949, Kianouri along with other party members were accused of having planned an assassination attempt on
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , title = Shahanshah Aryamehr Bozorg Arteshtaran , image = File:Shah_fullsize.jpg , caption = Shah in 1973 , succession = Shah of Iran , reign = 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 , coronation = 26 October ...
, the Shah. Later it came to light that Kianouri was aware of the assassination but had not reported the attempt to the central committee. He was sentenced to ten years (his wife was sentence, ''in absentia'', to death). He spent two years in jail and then escaped, seeking exile in Italy where, with the help of the Italian Communist Party, he received a new identity as Dr. Silvio Macetti, professor of architecture. He remained active in the Iranian communist party, from abroad. He was one of the "hard liners" in the party, who formed a more dogmatically Marxist faction compared to the moderates, and this faction generally opposed
Mohammad Mosaddegh Mohammad Mosaddegh ( fa, محمد مصدق, ; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, after appointment by the 16th Majlis. He was a member of ...
's government. By 1952 the moderates had gained the upper hand and the party did not stockpile any weapons, lest it be seen as hostile to Mosaddegh (according to Kianouri); the party was caught flat-footed when Mosaddegh was overthrown in the
CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian intelligence agency, foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gat ...
and
MI6 The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 ( Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the foreign intelligence service of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligenc ...
-sponsored
1953 Iranian coup d'état The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état ( fa, کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of ...
. Kianouri moved to Moscow in 1952 and for two years worked with
Georgy A. Gradov Georgy may refer to: *Georgy (given name) *Diminituve for Georgina *Georgy, the protagonist in '' Georgy Girl'' novel, film, and song * ''Georgy'' (musical), a musical from the novel ''Georgy Girl'' See also *Georgi (disambiguation) *Georgiy Georgy ...
, also an architect and an urban planner. He continued that collaboration after moving to
East Berlin East Berlin was the ''de facto'' capital city of East Germany from 1949 to 1990. Formally, it was the Allied occupation zones in Germany, Soviet sector of Berlin, established in 1945. The American, British, and French sectors were known as ...
, where he became a research director of the (DBA), developing theories of socialist architecture and urban planning and cooperating with Gradov. He also collaborated with German architect and city planner Bruno Flierl, furthering the work of Gradov. In 1968 he published ''Großwohneinheiten'', which included the strip building as a solution for mass residential construction. A few years later, Gradov published ''Stadt und Lebensweise'' (1971). The two never finalized the research project they worked on for decades, and many of the manuscripts proposals were never published. According to Hamed Khosravi, it is not easy to assess how much practical impact their theoretical work had, but it was clear what the essence of the work was: "For Macetti the key to make any social and political change in the society lied in the question of domestic space", less about fulfilling individual necessities, desires, and needs", and more about "the collective mobilization of those lives through maximization of the communal facilities and minimization of the living units to the bare essential infrastructures." Kianouri and his wife were tried ''in absentia'' by the regime of
Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ( fa, محمدرضا پهلوی, ; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (), was the last ''Shah'' (King) of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Irani ...
and sentenced to hard labour for life. As a research director of Bauakademie der DDR in Berlin, he designed a new model for
high-rise building A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdictio ...
s in accordance with socialist urban development concepts differing from East Germany's
Plattenbau (plural: , german: Platte + Bau, lit=panel/slab' + 'building/ construction) is a building constructed of large, prefabrication, prefabricated concrete slabs. The word is a compound of (in this context: panel) and (building). Such buildings ...
concept. His architectural and urban planning designs (''GroßWohnEinheiten'') were later used as the basis of urban planning in the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. He stayed in East Berlin until 1977, when he was selected as the Secretary General of the Iranian Communist Party.


Second return to Iran

The couple returned to Iran following the
Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynas ...
of 1979. The Tudeh party was reinstated, and in January 1979, the party's First Secretary
Iraj Eskandari Iraj Eskandari ( fa, ایرج اسکندری; 1907–1985) was an Iranian communist politician. A Qajar prince, Eskandari received French education.Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran'. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. ...
was replaced by Kianouri, and for a short period of time the party remained legal; his wife led the
Democratic Organization of Iranian Women The Democratic Organization of Iranian Women (DAW; fa, تشکیلات دموکراتیک زنان ایران) is women's wing of the Tudeh Party of Iran. Led by Maryam Firouz, it was founded in 1943 as the 'Organization of Iranian Women' (OIW) ( ...
. The party at that time supported the Iranian Revolution. Kianouri, interviewed for ''
Newsweek ''Newsweek'' is an American weekly online news magazine co-owned 50 percent each by Dev Pragad, its president and CEO, and Johnathan Davis (businessman), Johnathan Davis, who has no operational role at ''Newsweek''. Founded as a weekly print m ...
'', expressed the party's view that it should work with
Ruhollah Khomeini Ruhollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Imam Khomeini ( , ; ; 17 May 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of ...
, and that "he is playing a totally progressive part in the development of Iran".


Arrest, forced confession, house arrest, and death

In 1982 the Iranian regime received a list of alleged Soviet agents supplied by KGB defector
Vladimir Kuzichkin Vladimir Anatolyevich Kuzichkin ''Владимир Анатольевич Кузичкин'' (born 1947) is a former Soviet KGB ( PGU KGB SSSR) officer who defected to the Tehran Station of the British secret intelligence service in 1982. Informat ...
(who had been the Soviet contact for the Tudeh Party) from
MI6 The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 ( Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the foreign intelligence service of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligenc ...
and the
CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian intelligence agency, foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gat ...
, possibly so the British could find favor with the Iranian regime. The British also found the repression of the communist party in Iran to be useful. A series of mass arrests followed, including that of Kianouri and his wife; the Tudeh Party was again banned, accused of espionage for the Soviet Union. In February 1983, Kianouri and his wife were imprisoned and later forced to publicly confess on a televised broadcast at the height of the persecution of communists in Iran. The public confession happened in May 1983, when Kianouri and Behazin, a well-known writer and translator and member of the Tudeh party, appeared on national television, each giving a recantation that was a kind of "history lesson", in which they outlined how communism had betrayed the people of Iran. Kianouri mentioned how he had come to realize that communism was essentially alien to the people of Iran, and that the party was plagued by private jealousies and corruption. Throughout his presentation he kept his hands under the table: it had been broken during interrogation. (In 1995, he testified to the
United Nations Human Rights Commission The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) was a functional commission within the overall framework of the United Nations from 1946 until it was replaced by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006. It was a subsidiary body of t ...
, denouncing "the torture and other inhumane practices carried out in the Islamic Republic's prisons".) His wife, who had fallen ill during solitary confinement, was released on medical ground and placed under house arrest; he joined her a year later, on the condition that he remain quiet to the media. Later, "in an open letter to Khomeini, Kianouri recorded a horrific catalogue of maltreatment and tortures meted out to him and his wife during their imprisonment". He died in 1999.


Bibliography


Some Architecture articles & -books of Noureddin Kianouri in Persian Language

* 1946, Reconstruction of Buildings in Soviet-Union. "Tajdid Sakhteman-haye Kharab Shode dar Etehad Jamahir Shoravi" Arshitekt, 1(2), 58–63. Tehran" (Реконструкция зданий в Советском Союзе После второй мировой войны 1941–44) * 1950, Buildings of "Health and Care" Noureddin Kianouri Tehran.


Some Architecture articles & -books of Noureddin Kianouri in German and Russian Language (Noureddin Kianouri Wrote under a Pseudonym of Silvio Macetti N. K.)

* 1338, Krankenhausbau für Iran, Der heutige Stand und die Neuordnung der Volksgesundheits-und Kranken-Fürsorge in Iran. * 1961, "Forschungskomplex zur »Herausbildung sozialistischer Wohnverhältnisse und zur Entwicklung des Lebensraumes im entwickelten gesellschaftlichen System des Sozialismus" FDJ-Wettbewerb "Haus der Zukunft" (1961) Bruno Flierl und "Silvio Macetti" (Noureddin Kianouri),
Free German Youth The Free German Youth (german: Freie Deutsche Jugend; FDJ) is a youth movement in Germany. Formerly, it was the official youth movement of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The organization was meant ...
Architectural design competition An architectural design competition is a type of design competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning design is usually chosen by an independent panel o ...
"Future house" (1961). * 1964 (1964) Das industrielle Bauen und die Gestaltung der Fassade, Erfahrungen aus dem Ausland, Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of Dr. Ing. Silvio Macetti 7/1964 Deutsche Architektur VEB Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin(N.K

* 1965, "Grosswohneinheiten-Article" 10/1965 Deutsche Architektur VEB Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin, 1965, "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti". * 1966, Artikle "Bemerkungen zu dem Beitrag, Grosswohneinheiten" von Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Dr. Macetti" iskussionsbeitrag in 18. Plenartagung der Deutsche Bauakademie Berlin Deutsche Architecture 1966, S. 79–81. * 1966, Zeit und Raum – Entscheidende Faktoren der künftigen Entwicklung der sozialistischen Architektur.In: Deutsche Architektur (1966), H. 1, S. 10–11, Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of Dr. Ing. Silvio Macett

* 1967, "Konzeption NK — ein Vorschlag für den industriellen Wohnungsbau" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Silvio Macetti" Deutsche Architektur 3/196

* 1956-1966, "Großwohneinheiten" Noureddin Kianouri Under A Pseudonym of "Macetti,Silvio. N.K." VEB für Bauwes

* 1968, "Wohnhochhäuser" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 8/1968. * 1968, "Probleme des Wohnungsbaus" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 10/1968. * 1968, "Berlinerinnen Und Berliner Wohnen wir nur in der Wohnung?" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Macetti, Silvio" Zeitschrift ND Neues Deutschland
Neues Deutschland ''Neues Deutschland'' (''nd''; en, New Germany, sometimes stylized in lowercase letters) is a left-wing German daily newspaper, headquartered in Berlin. For 43 years it was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ...
Organ Des Zentral Kommititees der Sozialistischen Einheitpartei Deutschland 10/1968. * 1968, Bruno Flierl Zusammen mit Silvio Macetti. Bemerkungen zu dem Buch „Stadt und Lebensweise“ von G.A. Gradow(Moskau). 12. September 1968 1968/13. * 1969, "Ein Aktuelles Problem-Grosswohneinheiten" Deutsche Architektur Band 18 ausgabe 7-12 Deutsche Bauakademie, Bund Deutsche Architekten, original von: Pennsylvania State University digitalisiert 21.sep.2010. "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti". * 1969, Vgl. BArch, DY 34/10771, Bundesvorstand des FDGB 
Free German Trade Union Federation The Free German Trade Union Federation (german: Freier Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund or ''FDGB'') was the sole national trade union centre of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) which existed from 1946 and 1990. As a mass organisat ...
– Abteilung Sozialpolitik, Gewerkschaftliche Sozialpolitik, Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen, Wohnungsbau und Verteilung des Wohnraums: Grundsätzlicher Standpunkt der Gewerkschaften zu den perspektivischen und prognostischen wohnungspolitischen Aufgaben zur weiteren Entwicklung sozialistischer Wohnbedingungen. Thema 7 des Forschungsplanes des Bundesvorstandes des FDGB, Februar 1969, 173 Seiten, darin: Silvio Macetti, Standpunkt der Gewerkschaften zur Herausbildung sozialistischer Wohnverhältnisse und zur Entwicklung des Lebensraumes im entwickelten gesellschaftlichen System des Sozialismus, S. 41–90. * 1970, "Die weitere Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise und das Problem des städtischen Personenverkehrs" Noureddin Kianouri under codename "Silvio Macetti" Deutsche Architectur Juli 1970
''Die weitere Entwicklung der sozialistischen Lebensweise und das Problem des städtischen Personenverkehrs'']

* 1970, Sozialistische Architektur kontra Konvergenztheorie, Heinz Heuer. Umfrage: Perspektiven der sozialistischen Architektur,
Edmund Collein Edmund Collein (10 January 1906 – 21 January 1992) was an East Germany, East German architect and urban planner. He is also known for his photography while studying at the Bauhaus art school. As a functionary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germ ...
u. a. Bernhard Geyer, Noureddin Kianouri under codname Dr. Silvio Macetti, Otto Patze Helmut Trauzettel. Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 8/1970. * 1971, Ökonomie der Stadt und komplexe Ökonomie des Städtebaus, "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti" Zeitschrift Deutsche Architektur 10/1971

* 1971, Сильвио Масетти - Крупные жилые комплексы Издание: Издательство литературы по строительству, Москва, 1971 Объем: 185 стр. * 1972, Wo steht mein Bett im Jahre 2000? "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti" Zeitschrift "form+Zweck"

* 1972, Ökonomie der Freizeit und Stadtgestalt — Silvio Macetti (Berlin). * 1968-1978 "Skizze einer Problemstellung für die Ausarbeitung einer Wissenschaftlichen Prognose der entscheidenden Entwicklungstendenzen des Städtbaus und der Architektur bis zum Jahre 2000 und darüber hinaus, Deutsche Bauakademie zu Berlin, Wissenschafliche Direktion, Abteilung Prognose (unv. Mat.)", "Noureddin Kianouri" under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti". * 1979, "Die komplexe Ökonomie der baulich-räumlichen Umwelt" Noureddin Kianouri under codename Dr. "Silvio Macetti", DH2/21675 Bundes Archive.


Some Architecture articles & -books about Noureddin Kianouri

* Iran Ministry of Information; ,


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kianouri, Noureddin 1915 births 1999 deaths First Secretaries of Tudeh Party of Iran Iranian revolutionaries Iranian people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union Iranian expatriates in East Germany Central Committee of the Tudeh Party of Iran members Second Secretaries of Tudeh Party of Iran RWTH Aachen University alumni Iranian architects People who have been placed under house arrest in Iran Escapees from Iranian detention