Northwestern Greek

Doric or Dorian ( grc, Δωρισμός, Dōrismós), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, that included northern Greece (Acarnania, Aetolia, Epirus, western and eastern Locris, Phocis, Doris, and possibly ancient Macedonia), most of the Peloponnese (Achaea, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolid, Aegina, Corinth, and Megara), the southern Aegean (Kythira, Milos, Thera, Crete, Karpathos, and Rhodes), as well as the colonies of some of the aforementioned regions, in Cyrene, Magna Graecia, the Black Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. It was also spoken in the Greek sanctuaries of Dodona, Delphi, and Olympia, as well as at the four Panhellenic festivals; the Isthmian, Nemean, Pythian, and Olympic Games.

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC. The only living descendant of Doric is the Tsakonian language which is still spoken in Greece today; though critically endangered, with only a few hundred – mostly elderly – fluent speakers left.

It is widely accepted that Doric originated in the mountains of Epirus in northwestern Greece, the original seat of the Dorians. It was expanded to all other regions during the Dorian invasion (c. 1150 BC) and the colonisations that followed. The presence of a Doric state ( Doris) in central Greece, north of the Gulf of Corinth, led to the theory that Doric had originated in northwest Greece or maybe beyond in the Balkans. The dialect's distribution towards the north extends to the Megarian colony of Byzantium and the Corinthian colonies of Potidaea, Epidamnos, Apollonia and Ambracia; there, it further added words to what would become the Albanian language,; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227 probably via traders from a now-extinct Illyrian intermediary. In the north, local epigraphical evidence includes the decrees of the Epirote League, the Pella curse tablet, three additional lesser known Macedonian inscriptions (all of them identifiable as Doric), numerous inscriptions from a number of Greek colonies. Furthermore, there is an abundance of place names used to examine features of the northern Doric dialects. Southern dialects, in addition to numerous inscriptions, coins, and names, have also provided much more literary evidence through authors such as Alcman, Pindar, and Archimedes of Syracuse, among others, all of whom wrote in Doric. There are also ancient dictionaries that have survived; notably the one by Hesychius of Alexandria, whose work preserved many dialectal words from throughout the Greek-speaking world.

Variants

Doric proper

Where the Doric dialect group fits in the overall classification of ancient Greek dialects depends to some extent on the classification. Several views are stated under Greek dialects. The prevalent theme of most views listed there is that Doric is a subgroup of West Greek. Some use the terms Northern Greek or Northwest Greek instead. The geographic distinction is only verbal and ostensibly is misnamed: all of Doric was spoken south of "Southern Greek" or "Southeastern Greek."

Be that as it may, "Northern Greek" is based on a presumption that Dorians came from the north and on the fact that Doric is closely related to Northwest Greek. When the distinction began is not known. All the "northerners" might have spoken one dialect at the time of the Dorian invasion; certainly, Doric could only have further differentiated into its classical dialects when the Dorians were in place in the south. Thus West Greek is the most accurate name for the classical dialects.

Tsakonian, a descendant of Laconian Doric (Spartan), is still spoken on the southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese, in the modern prefectures of Arcadia and Laconia. Today it is a source of considerable interest to linguists, and an endangered dialect.

Laconian

Laconian was spoken by the population of Laconia in the southern Peloponnese and also by its colonies, Taras and Herakleia in Magna Graecia. Sparta was the seat of ancient Laconia.

Laconian is attested in inscriptions on pottery and stone from the seventh century BC. A dedication to Helen dates from the second quarter of the seventh century. Taras was founded in 706 and its founders must already have spoken Laconic.

Many documents from the state of Sparta survive, whose citizens called themselves Lacedaemonians after the name of the valley in which they lived. Homer calls it "hollow Lacedaemon", though he refers to a pre-Dorian period. The seventh century Spartan poet Alcman used a dialect that some consider to be predominantly Laconian. Philoxenus of Alexandria wrote a treatise ''On the Laconian dialect''.

Argolic

Argolic was spoken in the thickly settled northeast Peloponnese at, for example, Argos, Mycenae, Hermione, Troezen, Epidaurus, and as close to Athens as the island of Aegina. As Mycenaean Greek had been spoken in this dialect region in the Bronze Age, it is clear that the Dorians overran it but were unable to take Attica. The Dorians went on from Argos to Crete and Rhodes.

Ample inscriptional material of a legal, political and religious content exists from at least the sixth century BC.

Corinthian

Corinthian was spoken first in the isthmus region between the Peloponnesus and mainland Greece; that is, the Isthmus of Corinth. The cities and states of the Corinthian dialect region were Corinth, Sicyon, Archaies Kleones, Phlius, the colonies of Corinth in western Greece: Corcyra, Leucas, Anactorium, Ambracia and others, the colonies in and around Italy: Syracuse, Sicily and Ancona, and the colonies of Corcyra: Dyrrachium, and Apollonia. Th
earliest inscriptions
at Corinth date from the early sixth century BC. They use a Corinthian epichoric alphabet. (See under Attic Greek.)

Corinth contradicts the prejudice that Dorians were rustic militarists, as some consider the speakers of Laconian to be. Positioned on an international trade route, Corinth played a leading part in the re-civilizing of Greece after the centuries of disorder and isolation following the collapse of Mycenaean Greece.

Northwest Doric

The Northwest Doric (or "Northwest Greek", with "Northwest Doric" now considered more accurate so as not to distance the group from Doric proper) group is closely related to Doric proper, while sometimes there is no distinction between Doric and the Northwest Doric. Whether it is to be considered a part of the southern Doric Group or the latter a part of it or the two considered subgroups of West Greek, the dialects and their grouping remain the same. West Thessalian and Boeotian had come under a strong Northwest Doric influence.

While Northwest Doric is generally seen as a dialectal group, dissenting views exist, such as that of Méndez-Dosuna, who argues that Northwest Doric is not a proper dialectal group but rather merely a case of areal dialectal convergence. Throughout the Northwest Doric area, most internal differences did not hinder mutual understanding, though Filos, citing Bubenik, notes that there were certain cases where a bit of accommodation may have been necessary.

The earliest epigraphic texts for Northwest Doric date to the 6th–5th century BC. These are thought to provide evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not exclusive to it. The Northwest Doric dialects differ from the main Doric Group dialects in the below features:
# Dative plural of the third declension in (''-ois'') (instead of (''-si'')): ''Akarnanois hippeois'' for ''Akarnasin hippeusin'' (to the Acarnanian knights).
# (''en'') + accusative (instead of (''eis'')): ''en Naupakton'' (into Naupactus).
# (''-st'') for (''-sth''): ''genestai'' for ''genesthai'' (to become), ''mistôma'' for ''misthôma'' (payment for hiring).
# ar for er: ''amara'' /Dor. ''amera''/Att. ''hêmera'' (day), Elean ''wargon'' for Doric ''wergon'' and Attic ''ergon'' (work)
# Dative singular in ''-oi'' instead of ''-ôi'': , Doric , Attic (to Asclepius)
# Middle participle in ''-eimenos'' instead of ''-oumenos''

Four or five dialects of Northwestern Doric are recognised.

Phocian

This dialect was spoken in Phocis and in its main settlement, Delphi. Because of that it is also cited as Delphian. Plutarch says that Delphians pronounce ''b'' in the place of ''p'' ( for )

Locrian

Locrian Greek is attested in two locations:
* Ozolian Locris, along the northwest coast of the Gulf of Corinth around Amfissa (earliest c. 500 BC);
* Opuntian Locris, on the coast of mainland Greece opposite northwest Euboea, around Opus.

Elean

The dialect of Elis (earliest c. 600 BC) is considered, after Aeolic Greek, one of the most difficult for the modern reader of epigraphic texts.

Epirote

Spoken at the Dodona oracle, (earliest c. 550–500 BC) firstly under control of the Thesprotians; later organized in the Epirote League (since c. 370 BC).

Ancient Macedonian

Most scholars maintain that ancient Macedonian was a Greek dialect, probably of the Northwestern Doric group in particular. Olivier Masson, in his article for ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'', talks of "two schools of thought": one rejecting "the Greek affiliation of Macedonian" and preferring "to treat it as an Indo-European language of the Balkans" of contested affiliation (examples are Bonfante 1987, and Russu 1938); the other favouring "a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect" with numerous adherents from the 19th century and on (Fick 1874; Hoffmann 1906; Hatzidakis 1897 etc.; Kalleris 1964 and 1976).

Masson himself argues with the largely Greek character of the Macedonian onomastics and sees Macedonian as "a Greek dialect, characterised by its marginal position and by local pronunciations" and probably most closely related to the dialects of the Greek North-West (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). Brian D. Joseph acknowledges the closeness of Macedonian to Greek (even contemplating to group them into a "Hellenic branch" of Indo-European), but retains that " e slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible". Johannes Engels has pointed to the Pella curse tablet, written in Doric Greek: "This has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". Miltiades Hatzopoulos has suggested that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian ‘koine’ resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the ‘Aeolic’-speaking populations around Mount Olympus and the Pierian Mountains with the Northwest Greek-speaking Argead Macedonians hailing from Argos Orestikon, who founded the kingdom of Lower Macedonia. However, according to Hatzopoulos, B. Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)‘ Achaean’ substratum extending as far north as the head of the Thermaic Gulf, which had a continuous relation, in prehistoric times both in Thessaly and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the Pindus mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from Orestis to Lower Macedonia in the 7th c. BC. According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian Greek dialect of the historical period, which is attested in inscriptions, is a sort of koine resulting from the interaction and the influences of various elements, the most important of which are the North- Achaean substratum, the Northwest Greek idiom of the Argead Macedonians, and the Thracian and Phrygian adstrata.

Achaean Doric

Achaean Doric most probably belonged to the Northwest Doric group. It was spoken in Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, on the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea, and in the Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy (including Sybaris and Crotone). This ''strict'' Doric dialect was later subject to the influence of ''mild'' Doric spoken in Corinthia. It survived until 350 BC.

Achaean Doric koine

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, an Achaean Doric koine appeared, exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects, which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine Greek to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.

Northwest Doric koine

The Northwest Doric koine refers to a supraregional North-West common variety that emerged in the third and second centuries BC, and was used in the official texts of the Aetolian League. Such texts have been found in W. Locris, Phocis, and Phtiotis, among other sites. It contained a mix of native Northwest Doric dialectal elements and Attic forms. It was apparently based on the most general features of Northwest Doric, eschewing less common local traits.

Its rise was driven by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors, with non-linguistic motivating factors including the spread of the rival Attic-Ionic koine after it was recruited by the Macedonian state for administration, and the political unification of a vast territories by the Aetolian League and the state of Epirus. The Northwest Doric koine was thus both a linguistic and a political rival of the Attic-Ionic koine.

Phonology

Vowels

Long a

Proto-Greek long *ā is retained as ''ā'', in contrast to Attic developing a long open ''ē'' (eta) in at least some positions.
* Doric ''gā mātēr'' ~ Attic ''gē mētēr'' 'earth mother'

Compensatory lengthening of e and o

In certain Doric dialects (Severe Doric), *e and *o lengthen by compensatory lengthening or contraction to eta or omega, in contrast to Attic ''ei'' and ''ou'' (spurious diphthongs).
* Severe Doric ''-ō'' ~ Attic ''-ou'' (second-declension genitive singular)
* ''-ōs'' ~ ''-ous'' (second-declension accusative plural)
* ''-ēn'' ~ ''-ein'' (present, second aorist infinitive active)

Contraction of a and e

Contraction: Proto-Greek *ae > Doric ''ē'' (eta) ~ Attic ''ā''.

Synizesis

Proto-Greek *eo, *ea > some Doric dialects' ''io, ia''.

Proto-Greek *a

Proto-Greek short *a > Doric short ''a'' ~ Attic ''e'' in certain words.
* Doric ''hiaros'', ''Artamis'' ~ Attic ''hieros'' 'holy', ''Artemis''

Consonants

Proto-Greek *-ti

Proto-Greek *-ti is retained (assibilated to ''-si'' in Attic).
* Doric ''phāti'' ~ Attic ''phēsi'' 'he says' (3rd sing. pres. of athematic verb)
* ''legonti'' ~ ''legousi'' 'they say' (3rd pl. pres. of thematic verb)
* ''wīkati'' ~ ''eikosi'' 'twenty'
* ''triākatioi'' ~ ''triākosioi'' 'three hundred'

Proto-Greek *ts

Proto-Greek *ts > ''-ss-'' between vowels. (Attic shares the same development, but further shortens the geminate to ''-s-''.)
* Proto-Greek *métsos > Doric ''messos'' ~ Attic ''mesos'' 'middle' (from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos, compare Latin ''medius'')

Digamma

Initial *w ( ϝ) is preserved in earlier Doric (lost in Attic).
* Doric ''woikos'' ~ Attic ''oikos'' 'house' (from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-, *woyḱ-, compare Latin ''vīcus'' 'village')
Literary texts in Doric and inscriptions from the Hellenistic age have no digamma.

Accentuation

For information on the peculiarities of Doric accentuation, see .

Morphology

Numeral ''tetores'' ~ Attic ''tettares'', Ionic ''tesseres'' "four".

Ordinal ''prātos'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''prōtos'' "first".

Demonstrative pronoun ''tēnos'' "this" ~ Attic–Ionic ''(e)keinos''

''t'' for ''h'' (from Proto-Indo-European ''s'') in article and demonstrative pronoun.
* Doric ''toi'', ''tai''; ''toutoi'', ''tautai''
* ~ Attic-Ionic ''hoi'', ''hai''; ''houtoi'', ''hautai''.

Third person plural, athematic or root aorist ''-n'' ~ Attic ''-san''.
* Doric ''edon'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''edosan''

First person plural active ''-mes'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-men''.

Future ''-se-ō'' ~ Attic ''-s-ō''.
* ''prāxētai'' (''prāk-se-etai'') ~ Attic–Ionic ''prāxetai''

Modal particle ''ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''an''.
* Doric ''ai ka, ai de ka, ai tis ka'' ~ ''ean, ean de, ean tis''

Temporal adverbs in ''-ka'' ~ Attic–Ionic ''-te''.
* ''hoka'', ''toka''

Locative adverbs in ''-ei'' ~ Attic/Koine ''-ou''.
* ''teide'', ''pei''.

Future tense

The aorist and future of verbs in ''-izō'', ''-azō'' has ''x'' (versus Attic/Koine ''s'').
* Doric ''agōnixato'' ~ Attic ''agōnisato'' "he contended"
Similarly ''k'' before suffixes beginning with ''t''.

Glossary

Common

* ''aigades'' (Attic ''aiges'') "goats"
* ''aiges'' (Attic ''kymata'') "waves"
*
halia
' (Attic '' ekklēsia'') "assembly" (Cf. Heliaia)
*
brykainai
' (Attic ''hiereiai'') "priestesses"
*
bryketos
' (Attic ''brygmos'', ''brykēthmos'') "chewing, grinding, gnashing with the teeth"
*
damiorgoi
' (Attic ''archontes'') "high officials". Cf. Attic '' dēmiourgos'' "public worker for the people (dēmos), craftsman, creator"; Hesychius "prostitutes". Zamiourgoi Elean.
*
Elôos
' Hephaestus
*
karrōn
' (Attic ''kreittōn'') "stronger" (Ionic kreissōn, Cretan kartōn )
*
korygēs
' (Attic ''kēryx'') "herald, messenger" (Aeolic karoux)
*
laios
' (Homeric, Attic and Modern Greek ''aristeros'') "left".Cretan: ''laia'', Attic aspis shield, Hesych. ''laipha'' ''laiba'', because the shield was held with the left hand. Cf.Latin:'' laevus''
* ''laia'' (Attic, Modern Greek ''leia'') "prey"
* ''le(i)ō'' (Attic ''ethelō'') "will"
* ''oinōtros'' "vine pole" (: Greek ''oinos'' "wine"). Cf. Oenotrus
* ''mogionti'' (Ionic ''pyressousi'') "they are on fire, have fever" (= Attic ''mogousi'' "they suffer, take pains to")
*
myrmēdônes
' (Attic ''myrmēkes'') "ants". Cf. Myrmidons
* ''
optillos
or optilos 'eye' (Attic ophthalmos) (Latin oculus) (Attic ''optikos'' of sight, Optics)
*
paomai
' (Attic ''ktaomai'') "acquire"
*
rhapidopoios
' poet, broiderer, pattern-weaver, boot-maker (''rhapis'' needle for Attic
rhaphis
')
* ''skana'' (Attic skênê) tent, stage, scene) (Homeric ''klisiê'') (Doric ''skanama'' encampment)
* ''tanthalyzein'' (Attic ''tremein'') "to tremble"
* ''tunē'' or ''tounē'' 'you nominative' (Attic συ) dative ''teein'' (Attic soi)
* ''chanaktion'' (Attic ''mōron''
chan
goose)

Doric proper

Argolic

* ''Ballacrades'' title of Argive athletes on a feast-day (Cf.achras wild pear-tree)
*
Daulis
' mimic festival at Argos (acc. Pausanias 10.4.9 daulis means thicket) (He
daulon
fire log)
*
droon
' strong (Attic ischyron, dynaton)
*
kester
' youngman (Attic neanias)
*
kyllarabis
' discus and gymnasium at Argos
*
semalia
' ragged, tattered garments Attic rhakē, cf. himatia clothes)
* ''ôbea'' eggs (Attic ôa )

Cretan

* ''agela'' "group of boys in the Cretan '' agōgē''". Cf. Homeric Greek
agelē
' "herd" (Creta
apagelos
not yet received in agelê, boy under 17)
*
adnos
' ''holy, pure'' (Attic hagnos) (Ariadne)
*
aWtos
' (Attic autos) Hsch. ''aus''
*
akara
'legs (Atti
skelê

*
hamakis
' once (Attic hapax)
*
argetos
' juniper, cedar (Attic arkeuthos)
*
auka
' power (Attic alkê)
* ''aphrattias'' strong
*
balikiôtai
' Koine synepheboi (Attic hêlikiotai 'age-peers' of the same age ''hêlikia'')
*
britu
' sweet (Attic glyku)
*
damioô
', Cretan and Boeotian. for Attic zêmioô to damage, punish, harm
* ''dampon'' first milk curdled by heating over embers (Attic puriephthon, puriatê)
*
dôla
' ears (Attic ôta) (Tarentin
ata

*
Welchanos
' for Cretan Zeus and Welchanios, Belchanios
Gelchanos
(Elchanios Cnossian month)
* ''wergaddomai'' I work (Attic ergazomai)
*
Wêma
' garment (Attic heima) (Aeolic emma) (Koine (h)immation)(Cf.Attic amphi-ennumi I dress, amph-iesis clothing)
*
ibên
' wine (Dialectal Woînos Attic oinos) (accusative ibêna)
*
itton
' one (Attic hen )
*
karanô
' goat
*
kosmos
' and
kormos
' archontes in Crete, body of kosmoi (Attic order, ornament, honour, world - ''kormos'' trunk of a tree)
*
kypheron, kuphê
' head (Attic kephalê)
*
lakos
' rag, tattered garment (Attic rhakos) (Aeolic brakos long robe, lacks the sense 'ragged')
*
malkenis
' (Attic parthenos) Hsch: malakinnês.
*
othrun
' mountain (Attic oros) (Cf.Othrys)
*
rhyston
' spear
*
seipha
' darkness (Attic zophos, skotia) (Aeolic dnophos)
*
speusdos
' title of Cretan officer (Cf.speudô speus- rush)
*
tagana
' (Attic tauta) these things
*
tiros
' summer (Homeric, Attic theros)
*
tre
' you, accusative ( Attic se )

Laconian

*
abêr
' storeroom
* ''awôr'' dawn (Attic ἠώς êôs) (Latin aurora)
* ''adda'' need, deficiency (Atti
endeia
Aristophanes of Byzantium(fr. 33)
*
addauon
' dry (i.e. azauon) or addanon (Attic xêron)
* ''aikouda'' (Attic aischunē)
*
haimatia
' blood-broth, Spartan Melas Zomos Black soup) (haima haimatos blood)
* ''aïtas'' (Attic '' erōmenos'') "beloved boy (in a pederastic relationship)"
*
akkor
' tube, bag (Attic askos)
*
akchalibar
' bed (Attic skimpous)(Koine krabbatos)
*
ambrotixas
' having begun, past participle(amphi or ana..+ ?) (Attic aparxamenos, aparchomai) (Doric -ixas for Attic -isas)
*
ampesai
' (Attic amphiesai) to dress
* ''apaboidôr'' out of tune (Attic ekmelôs) (Cf.Homeric singer Aoidos) / ''emmelôs, aboidôr'' in tune
* ''apella'' (Attic '' ekklēsia'') "assembly in Sparta" (verb apellazein)
* ''arbylis'' (Attic ''aryballos'') (Hesychius: ἀρβυλίδα λήκυθον. Λάκωνες)
*
attasi
' wake up, get up (Attic anastêthi)
*
babalon
' imperative of cry aloud, shout (Attic kraugason)
*
bagaron
' (Attic χλιαρόν ''chliaron'' 'warm') (Cf. Attic φώγω ''phōgō'' 'roast') (Laconian word)
*
bapha
' broth (Attic zômos) (Atti
baphê
dipping of red-hot iron in water (Koine and Modern Greek βαφή ''vafi'' dyeing)
* ''weikati'' twenty (Attic εἴκοσι eikosi)
*
bela
' sun and dawn Laconian (Attic helios Creta
abelios

*
bernômetha
' Attic ''klêrôsômetha'' we will cast or obtain by lot (inf. ''berreai'') (Cf.Attic ''meiresthai'' receive portion, Dori
bebramena
for heimarmenê, allotted by Moirai)
*
beskeros
' bread (Attic artos)
*
bêlêma
' hindrance, river dam (Laconian)
*
bêrichalkon
' fennel (Attic marathos) ( bronze)
*
bibasis
' Spartan dance for boys and girls
*
bidyoi
' ''bideoi, bidiaioi also'' "officers in charge of the ephebes at Sparta"
*
biôr
' almost, maybe (Attic , ) wihôr (ϝίὡρ)
*
blagis
' spot (Attic kêlis)
*
boua
' "group of boys in the Spartan '' agōgē''"
* ''bo(u)agos'' "leader of a ''boua'' at Sparta"
*
bullichês
' Laconian dancer (Attic )
*
bônêma
' speech (Homeric, Ionic eirêm
eireo
(Cf.Attic phônêma sound, speech)
*
gabergor
' labourer (ga earth wergon work) (Cf.geôrgos farmer)
*
gaiadas
' citizens, people (Attic )
* ''gonar'' mother Laconian (gonades children Eur. Med. 717)
*
dabelos
' torch (Attic dalos)(Syracusa
daelos, dawelos
(Modern Greek davlos) (Laconian ' (Attic ''kauthêi'') it should be burnt)
*
diza
' goat (Attic aix) and Hera aigophagos Goat-eater in Sparta
* ''eirēn'' (Attic '' ephēbos'') "Spartan youth who has completed his 12th year"
*
eispnēlas
' (Attic '' erastēs'') one who inspires love, a lover (Atti
eispneô
inhale, breathe)
* ''
exôbadia
(Attic ; ears)
* ''ephoroi'' (Attic ''archontes'') "high officials at Sparta". Cf. Attic ''ephoros'' "overseer, guardian"
*
Thoratês
' Apollon
thoraios
containing the semen, god of growth and increase
*
thrônax
' drone (Attic kêphên)
*
kapha
' washing, bathing-tub (Attic loutêr) (C
skaphê
basin, bowl)
*
keloia
' (kelya, kelea also) "contest for boys and youths at Sparta"
*
kira
'fox (Attic ) (Hsch kiraphos).
*
mesodma, messodoma
' woman an

(Attic )
*
myrtalis
' Butcher's broom (Attic oxumursinê) (Myrtale real name of Olympias)
* ''pasor'' passion (Attic pathos)
*
por
' leg, foot (Attic )
*
pourdain
' restaurant (Koine mageirion) (C
purdalon
purodansion (from ''pyr'' fire hence pyre)
*
salabar
' cook (Common Doric/Attic )
*
sika
' 'pig' (Attic hus) an
grôna
female pig.
*
siria
' safeness (Attic )
* ''psithômias'' ill, sick (Attic asthenês)
*
psilaker
' first dancer
* ''ôba'' (Attic ''kōmē'') "village; one of five quarters of the city of Sparta"

Magna Graecia's Doric

* ''astyxenoi'' Metics, Tarentine
*
bannas
' king basileus, wanax, anax
*
beilarmostai
' cavalry officers Tarentine (Atti
ilarchai
(ilē, squadron + Laconian harmost-)
* ''dostore'' 'you make' Tarentine (Attic )
* ''Thaulia'' "festival of Tarentum", ''thaulakizein'' 'to demand sth with uproar' Tarentine, ''thaulizein'' "to celebrate like Dorians", ''Thaulos'' " Macedonian Ares", Thessalian ''Zeus Thaulios'', Athenian ''Zeus Thaulon'', Athenian family ''Thaulonidai''
*
rhaganon
' easy Thuriian (Attic ) (Aeolic )
*
skytas
' 'back-side of neck' (Attic )
*
tênês
' till Tarentine (Attic )
*
tryphômata
' whatever are fed or nursed, children, cattle (Attic thremmata)
* ''huetis'' jug, amphora Tarentine (Attic hydris, hydria
huetos
rain)

North-West

Aetolian-Acarnanian

* ''agridion'' 'village' Aetolian (Attic chôrion)(Hesychius text: dim. o
agros
countryside, field)
* ''aeria'' fog Aetolian (Attic omichlê, aêr air)(Hsch.)
*
kibba
' wallet, bag Aetolian (Attic pêra) (Cypr. kibisis) (Cf.Attic kibôtos ark kibôtion box Suid. cites kibos)
*
plêtomon
' Acarnanian old, ancient (Atti
palaion
''palaiotaton'' very old)

Delphic-Locrian

*
deilomai
' will, want Locrian, Delphian(Attic boulomai) ( Coan dêlomai) (Doric bôlomai) (Thessalian belloumai)
*
Wargana
' female worker epithet for Athena (Delphic) (Attic Erganê) (Attic ergon work, Doric Wergon, Elea
Wargon
*
Werrô
' go away Locrian (Attic errô) (Hsch
berrês
fugitive, berreuô escape)
* ''Wesparioi Lokroi'' Epizephyrian (Western) Locrians (Attic ''hesperios'' of evening, western, Doric ''wesperios'') (cf. Latin Vesper)
*
opliai
' places where the Locrians counted their cattle

Elean

*
aWlaneôs
' without fraud, honestly IvO7 (Attic adolôs)(Hsc
alanes
true)(Tarentinian alaneôs absolutely)
*
amillux
' scythe (Attic drepanon) in accus. (Boeotian amillakas wine)
*
attamios
' unpunished (Attic azêmios) from an earliest ''addamios'' (cf.Cretan, Boeotian ''damioô'' punish)
*
babakoi
' cicadas Elean (Attic tettiges) (in Pontus babakoi frogs)
*
baideios
' ready (Attic hetoimos) (heteos fitness)
* ''beneoi'' Elean
* ''
borsos
cross (Attic stauros)
*
bra
' brothers, brotherhood (Cf.Atti
phratra

*
bratana
' ladle (Attic torune) (Doric ''rhatana'') (cf. Aeolic ''bradanizô'' brandish, shake off)
*
deirêtai
' small birds ( Macedonian ''drêes'' or ''drêges'') (Attic strouthoi) (Hsc. ''trikkos'' small bird and king by Eleans)
*
Wratra
' law, contract (Attic rhetra)
*
seros
' yesterday (Attic chthes)
* ''sterchana'' funeral feast (Attic perideipnon)
* ''philax'' young oak ( Macedonian ''ilax'', Latin ''ilex'' (Laconian ''dilax'' ariocarpus, sorbus)( Modern Cretan ''azilakas'' Quercus ilex)
*
phorbuta
' gums (Attic oula) (Homeric pherbô feed, eat)

Epirotic

* ''anchôrixantas'' having transferred, postponed Chaonian (Attic metapherô, anaballô) (anchôrizo ''anchi'' near +''horizô'' define and Doric ''x'' instead of Attic ''s'') (Cf. Ioni
anchouros
neighbouring) not to be confused with Dori
anchôreô
Attic ana-chôreô go back, withdraw.
* ''akathartia'' impurity (Attic/Doric akatharsia) (Lamelles Oraculaires 14)
* ''apotrachô'' run away (Attic/Dori
apotrechô

*
aspaloi
' fishes Athamanian (Attic ichthyes) ( Ionic chlossoi) (Cf.LS
aspalia
angling, ''aspalieus'' fisherman
aspalieuomai
I angle metaph. of a lover, aspalisai: halieusai, sagêneusai.
hals
sea)
* ''Aspetos'' divine epithet of Achilles in Epirus (Homericbr>aspetos
'unspeakable, unspeakably great, endless' (Aristotle F 563 Rose; Plutarch, Pyrrhus 1; SH 960,4)Pokorny
aspetos
/ref>
* ''gnôskô'' know (Attic gignôskô) (Ionic/Koine ginôskô) (Latin nōsco)(Attic gnôsis, Latin notio knowledge) (ref. Orion p. 42.17)
* ''diaitos'' (Hshc. judge kritês) (Attic diaitêtês arbitrator) Lamelles Oraculaires 16
*
eskichremen
' lend out (Lamelles Oraculaires 8 of Eubandros) (Attic eis + inf. kichranai from chraomai use)
* ''Weidus'' knowing (Doric ) weidôs) (Elean weizos) (Attic ) eidôs) (PIE *weid- "to know, to see", Sanskrit veda I know) Cabanes, L'Épire 577,50
*
kaston
wood Athamanian (Atti
xylon
' fro
xyô
scrape, hence xyston); Sanskrit '' kāṣṭham'' ("wood, timber, firewood") (Dialectica
kalon
wood, traditionally derived fro
kaiô
bur
kauston
sth that can be burnt, ''kausimon'' fuel)
* ''lêïtêres'' Athamanian priests with garlands Hes.text (LSJ
lêitarchoi
public priests ) (hence Leitourgia
*
manu
' small Athamanian (Attic mikron, brachu) (Cf
manon
rare) (PIE *men- small, thin) (Hsch. ''banon'' thin) ( ''manosporos'' thinly sown ''manophullos'' with small leaves Thphr.HP7.6.2-6.3)
* ''Naios'' or ''Naos'' epithet of Dodonaean Zeus (from the spring in the oracle) (cf. Naiades and Pan Naios in Pydna SEG 50:622 (Homeri
naô
flow, Attic ''nama'' spring) (PIE *sna-)
*
pagaomai
' 'wash in the spring' (of Dodona) (Doric ''paga'' Attic ''pêgê'' running water, fountain)
* ''pampasia'' (to ask ''peri pampasias'' cliché phrase in the oracle) (Atti
pampêsia
full property) (Doric ''paomai'' obtain)
* ''Peliganes'' or ''Peligones'' ( Epirotan, Macedonian senators)
* ''prami'' do optative (Attic prattoimi) Syncope (Lamelles Oraculaires 22)
* ''tine'' (Attic/Doric tini) to whom (Lamelles Oraculaires 7)
* ''trithutikon'' triple sacrifice tri + thuo(Lamelles Oraculaires 138)

Achaean Doric

* ''kairoteron'' (Attic: ἐνωρότερον enôroteron) "earlier" (kairos time, enôros early cf. Horae)
* ''kephalidas'' (Attic: κόρσαι korsai) "sideburns" (''kephalides'' was also an alternative for ''epalxeis'' 'bastions' in Greek proper)
* ''sialis'' (Attic: βλέννος blennos) (cf. blennorrhea, mud (Greek ''sialon'' or ''sielon'' saliva, modern Greek σάλιο salio)

See also

* Griko language

References

Further reading

*Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. ''A companion to the Ancient Greek language.'' Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Cassio, Albio Cesare. 2002. "The language of Doric comedy." In ''The language of Greek comedy.'' Edited by Anton Willi, 51–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. ''A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. ''Greek: A history of the language and its speakers.'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. ''The Greek language.'' London: Faber & Faber.

External links

Doric Greek
in Encyclopædia Britannica
* Grammar of the Greek Language
M1 Doric
by Benjamin Franklin Fisk (1844)
* The Elements of Greek Gramma
Doric
by Richard Valpy, Charles Anthon (1834)

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